Скочимиш

Скочимиш Временски распон: Средњи миоцен - садашњост
Allactaga tetradactyla
Пустињски скочимиш, Jaculus orientalis
Научна класификација
Домен:	Eukaryota
Царство:	Animalia
Тип:	Chordata
Класа:	Mammalia
Ред:	Rodentia
Натпородица:	Dipodoidea
Породица:	Dipodidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817
Потпородице
Allactaginae Cardiocraniinae Dipodinae Euchoreutinae

Скочимишеви (лат. Dipodidae) су породица сисара из реда глодара. Неке од врста које се називају скочимишима јесу пустињски и монголски скочимиш. Скочимишеви су присутни throughout North Africa and Asia, and are members of the family Dipodidae. They tend to live in hot deserts.

When chased, jerboas can run at up to 24 km/h (15 mph). Some species are preyed on by little owls (Athene noctua) in central Asia. Most species of jerboas have excellent hearing that they use to avoid becoming the prey of nocturnal predators. The typical lifespan of a jerboa is around 6 years.

Таксономија

Jerboas, as previously defined, were thought to be paraphyletic, with the jumping mice (Zapodidae) and birch mice (Sminthidae) also classified in the family Dipodidae. However, phylogenetic analysis split all three as distinct families, leaving just the jerboas in Dipodidae and revealing them to be a monophyletic group.

Анатомија и карактеристике тела

Jerboas look somewhat like miniature kangaroos, and have some external similarities. Both have long hind legs, short forelegs, and long tails. Jerboas move around in a similar manner to kangaroos, which is by hopping, or saltation. However, when examined closely, their locomotion differs: In addition to speed, they make use of sharp turns and great vertical leaps, to confuse and escape predators. Also unlike Kangaroos, primary tendons in the hindlimbs only recovered and reused about 3.1-14.3% of energy contributed to the jump, lower than many hopping animals.

Like other bipedal animals, their foramen magnum — the hole at the base of the skull — is forward-shifted, which enhances two-legged locomotion. The tail of a jerboa can be longer than its head and body, and a white cluster of hair is commonly seen at the end of the tail. Jerboas use their tails to balance when hopping, and as a prop when sitting upright. Jerboa fur is fine, and usually the colour of sand. This colour usually matches the jerboa habitat (an example of cryptic colouration). Some species of the jerboa family have long ears like a rabbit, whilst others have ears that are short like those of a mouse or rat.

Понашање

The bipedal locomotion of jerboas involves hopping, skipping, and running gaits, associated with rapid and frequent, difficult-to-predict changes in speed and direction, facilitating predator evasion relative to quadrupedal locomotion. This may explain why evolution of bipedal locomotion is favored in desert-dwelling rodents that forage in open habitats.

Jerboas are most active at twilight (crepuscular). During the heat of the day, they shelter in burrows. At night, they leave the burrows due to the cooler temperature of their environment. They dig the entrances to their burrow near plant life, especially along field borders. During the rainy season, they make tunnels in mounds or hills to reduce the risk of flooding. In the summer, jerboas occupying holes plug the entrance to keep out hot air and, some researchers speculate, predators. In most cases, burrows are constructed with an emergency exit that ends just below the surface or opens at the surface but is not strongly obstructed. This allows the jerboa to quickly escape predators.

Related jerboas often create four types of burrows. A temporary, summer day burrow is used for cover while hunting during the daylight. They have a second, temporary burrow used for hunting at night. They also have two permanent burrows: one for summer and one for winter. The permanent summer burrow is actively used throughout the summer and the young are raised there. Jerboas hibernate during the winter and use the permanent winter burrow for this. Temporary burrows are shorter in length than permanent burrows. Just like other animals that hibernate, these creatures are heavier pre-hibernation specifically in ungrazed sites (Shuai). Also, more food availability during pre-hibernation contributes to larger jerboa body mass in ungrazed regions, and entices more jerboas to migrate to ungrazed areas during post-hibernation. Grazing negatively impacts the Jerboa pre- and post-hibernation population, but not the survival rate.

Jerboas are solitary creatures. Once they reach adulthood, they usually have their own burrow and search for food on their own. However, occasional "loose colonies" may form, whereby some species of jerboa dig communal burrows that offer extra warmth when it is cold outside.

Исхрана

Most jerboas rely on plant material as the main component of their diet, but they cannot eat hard seeds. Some species opportunistically eat beetles and other insects they come across. Unlike gerbils, jerboas are not known to store their food.

Комуникација и перцепција

Many species within the family Dipodidae engage in dust bathing, often a way to use chemical communication. Their keen hearing suggests they may use sounds or vibrations to communicate.

Репродукција

Mating systems of closely related species in the family Dipodidae suggest that they may be polygynous. For some closely related jerboa species, mating usually happens a short time after awaking from winter hibernation. A female breeds twice in the summer, and raises from two to six young. Gestation time is between 25 and 35 days. Little is known about parental investment in long-eared jerboas. Like most mammals, females nurse and care for their young at least until they are weaned.

Класификација

Скелетон скочимиша

• Фамилија Dipodidae
  • Подфамилија Cardiocraniinae
    • Cardiocranius
      • Cardiocranius paradoxus
    • Salpingotus
      • Salpingotus crassicauda
      • Salpingotus heptneri
      • Salpingotus kozlovi
      • Salpingotus michaelis
      • Salpingotus pallidus
      • Salpingotus thomasi
  • Подфамилија Dipodinae
    • Dipus
      • Dipus sagitta
    • Eremodipus
      • Eremodipus lichensteini
    • Jaculus
      • Jaculus blanfordi
      • Jaculus jaculus
      • Jaculus orientalis
      • Jaculus turcmenicus
    • Stylodipus
      • Stylodipus andrewsi
      • Stylodipus sungorus
      • Stylodipus telum
  • Подфамилија Euchoreutinae
    • Euchoreutes
      • Euchoreutes naso
  • Подфамилија Allactaginae
    • Allactaga
      • Allactaga balikunica
      • Allactaga bullata
      • Allactaga elater
      • Allactaga euphratica
      • Allactaga firouzi
      • Allactaga hotsoni
      • Allactaga major
      • Allactaga severtzovi
      • Allactaga sibirica
      • Allactaga tetradactyla
      • Allactaga vinogradovi
      • Allactodipus bobrinskii
    • Pygeretmus
      • Pygeretmus platyurus
      • Pygeretmus pumilio
      • Pygeretmus shitkovi
  • Подфамилија Paradipodinae
    • Paradipus
      • Paradipus ctenodactylus

Види још

• Hopping mouse – a similar murid rodent native to Australia; an example of parallel evolution
• Jumping mouse – a nondesert-dwelling relative of jerboas in the family Zapodidae, native to China and North America
• Kangaroo rat and kangaroo mouse – similar heteromyid rodents native to North America; an example of convergence
• Kultarr – a distantly related marsupial with a similar body plan and coloration; another example of convergence: They use quadrupedal locomotion, but their large aerial phases cause them to be confused with hopping mice.
• Springhare – a similar pedetid rodent native to southern and eastern Africa

Литература

• Holden, M.E.; Musser, G.G. (2005). „Family Dipodidae”. Ур.: Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd изд.). Johns Hopkins University Press. стр. 871—893. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. 
• Andrew T. Smith; Yan Xie (2008). A guide to the mammals of China. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2. 
• Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan (2013). Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4688-7. 
• McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997. Classification of Mammals: Above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press, 631 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6
• „Fossilworks: Pedetes”. fossilworks.org. Приступљено 17. 12. 2021. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Matthee, C. A.; Robinson, T. J. (1997). „Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and comparative cytogenetics of the springhare, Pedetes capensis (Mammalia: Rodentia)”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 4 (1): 53—73. doi:10.1023/A:1027331727034. 
• Matthee, C. A.; Robinson, T. J. (1997). „Molecular phylogeny of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, based on mitochondrial DNA sequences”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (1): 20—29. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025698 . 
• „TrilobitesMeet the Newest Member of the Fluorescent Mammal ClubThe springhare — whose coat glows a patchy pinkish-orange under UV light — joins the platypus and other mammals with this perplexing trait.By Cara Giaimo” (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-02-18. 
• Kingdon, Jonathan (2015). The Kingdon field guide to African mammals (Second изд.). London. ISBN 978-1-4729-2531-2. OCLC 907676449. 
• T.J. Roberts (2006). Field Guide To The Small Mammals of Pakistan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. стр. 162. 
• The Guinness Book of Records (на језику: енглески). Guinness. 1998. стр. 117. ISBN 9780851120706. 
• Holden, M. E.; Musser, G. G. (2005). „Family Dipodidae”. Ур.: D. E. Wilson; D. M. Reeder. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. стр. 871—893. 

Спољашње везе

• Long Eared Jerboa caught on film BBC - retrieved 10 December 2007
• Taxonomy browser
• Biodiversity Library