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{{short description|Гмизавци суперфамилије Chelonioidea}}{{rut}}
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'''Morska kornjača''' (naporodice -{Chelonioidea}-)<ref>{{cite book|title=Conservation Genetics |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=XHKpPwAACAAJ}}|last=Avise |first=J. C. |last2=Hamrick |first2=J. L. |publisher=Springer |year=1996 |isbn=978-0412055812}}</ref> su [[Гмизавци|reptili]] iz reda -{[[Testudines]]}- i dva podreda -{[[Cryptodira]]}-. Sedam postojećih vrsta morske kornjače su [[zelena morska kornjača]], [[Caretta caretta|glavata kornjača]], [[Kempova morska kornjača]], ''-{[[Lepidochelys olivacea]]}-'', ''-{[[Eretmochelys imbricata]]}-'', ''-{[[Natator depressus]]}-'', i [[džinovska kožasta kornjača]].<ref name=":12">{{cite web|title = Sea Turtles :: NOAA Fisheries|url = http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/|website = www.nmfs.noaa.gov|accessdate=20. 12. 2015|language = en-us|first = NOAA|last = Fisheries}}</ref>
'''Morska kornjača''' (naporodice -{Chelonioidea}-)<ref>{{cite book|title=Conservation Genetics |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=XHKpPwAACAAJ}}|last=Avise |first=J. C. |last2=Hamrick |first2=J. L. |publisher=Springer |year=1996 |isbn=978-0412055812}}</ref> su [[Гмизавци|reptili]] iz reda -{[[Testudines]]}- i dva podreda -{[[Cryptodira]]}-. Sedam postojećih vrsta morske kornjače su [[zelena morska kornjača]], [[Caretta caretta|glavata kornjača]], [[Kempova morska kornjača]], ''-{[[Lepidochelys olivacea]]}-'', ''-{[[Eretmochelys imbricata]]}-'', ''-{[[Natator depressus]]}-'', i [[džinovska kožasta kornjača]].<ref name=":12">{{cite web|title = Sea Turtles :: NOAA Fisheries|url = http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/|website = www.nmfs.noaa.gov|accessdate=20. 12. 2015|language = en-us|first = NOAA|last = Fisheries}}</ref>

All six of the sea turtle species present in US waters (all of those listed above except the flatback) are listed as endangered and/or threatened under the [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|Endangered Species Act]].<ref name=":23">National, Research Council, et al. ''Assessment of Sea-Turtle Status and Trends : Integrating Demography and Abundance'', National Academies Press, 2010. ''ProQuest Ebook Central'', <nowiki>https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.sydney.edu.au/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=3378665</nowiki>.</ref> The seventh sea turtle species is the flatback, which exists in the waters of Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.<ref name=":23" /> Sea turtles can be separated into the categories of hard-shelled ([[Cheloniidae|cheloniid]]) and leathery-shelled ([[Dermochelyidae|dermochelyid]]).<ref name=":24">Wyneken, J. 2001. The Anatomy of Sea Turtles. U.S Department of Commerce NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470, 1-172 pp.</ref> There is only one dermochelyid species which is the leatherback sea turtle.<ref name=":24" />


== Opis ==
== Opis ==
Ред 32: Ред 35:


[[Džinovska kožasta kornjača]] je najveća morska kornjača, dužine 2–3 metra i širine 1–1,5 m, težine do 700 kilograma (1500 funti). Ostale vrste morskih kornjača su manje, uglavnom su dugačke 60–120 cm i proporcionalno su uže.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turtlehospital.org/sea-turtle-species/|title=Sea Turtle Species|website=turtlehospital|accessdate=29. 8. 2015}}</ref>
[[Džinovska kožasta kornjača]] je najveća morska kornjača, dužine 2–3 metra i širine 1–1,5 m, težine do 700 kilograma (1500 funti). Ostale vrste morskih kornjača su manje, uglavnom su dugačke 60–120 cm i proporcionalno su uže.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turtlehospital.org/sea-turtle-species/|title=Sea Turtle Species|website=turtlehospital|accessdate=29. 8. 2015}}</ref>

The skulls of sea turtles have cheek regions that are enclosed in bone.<ref name="Jonesetal2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=MEH|last2=Werneburg|first2=I|last3=Curtis|first3=N|last4=Penrose|first4=RN|last5=O'Higgins|first5=P|last6=Fagan|first6=M|last7=Evans|first7=SE|date=2012 |title=The head and neck anatomy of sea turtles (Cryptodira: Chelonioidea) and skull shape in Testudines|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=11|pages=e47852|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0047852|pmid=23144831|pmc=3492385|bibcode=2012PLoSO...747852J|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Chatterjietal2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Chatterji|first1=RM|last2=Hutchinson|first2=MN|last3=Jones|first3=MEH|date=2020 |title=Redescription of the skull of the Australian flatback sea turtle, ''Natator depressus'', provides new morphological evidence for phylogenetic relationships among sea turtles(Chelonioidea) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=191|issue=4|pages=1090–1113|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa071}}</ref> Although this condition appears to resemble that found in the earliest known fossil reptiles (anapsids), it is possible it is a more recently evolved trait in sea turtles, placing them outside the anapsids.<ref name="Zardoyaetal1998">{{Cite journal|last1=Zardoya|first1=R|last2=Meyer|first2=A|date=1998 |title=Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=95|issue=24|pages=14226–14231|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226|pmid=9826682|pmc=24355|bibcode=1998PNAS...9514226Z|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Jonesetal2012"/>


== Taksonomija i evolucija ==
== Taksonomija i evolucija ==
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== Rasprostranjenost i stanište ==
Sea turtles can be found in all oceans except for the polar regions. The [[flatback sea turtle]] is found solely on the northern coast of [[Australia]]. The [[Kemp's ridley sea turtle]] is found solely in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and along the [[East Coast of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/marine_turtles_factsheet2006.pdf |title=Ancient mariners threatened with extinction}}</ref>

Sea turtles are generally found in the waters over [[continental shelf|continental shelves]]. During the first three to five years of life, sea turtles spend most of their time in the [[pelagic zone]] floating in [[seaweed]] mats. [[Green sea turtle]]s in particular are often found in ''[[Sargassum]]'' mats, in which they find food, [[wikt:shelter|shelter]] and water.<ref name="PelagicDev" /> Once the sea turtle has reached adulthood it moves closer to the shore.<ref name="LS20070918" /><ref name="Reich2007" /> Females will come ashore to lay their eggs on sandy beaches during the nesting season.<ref name="WWFSeaturtles">{{cite web |title = WWF – Marine Turtles|work = Species Factsheets|publisher = World Wide Fund for Nature|date = 4 May 2007|url = http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/marine_turtles/index.cfm|access-date = 13 September 2007}}</ref>

Sea turtles migrate to reach their spawning beaches, which are limited in numbers. Living in the ocean therefore means they usually migrate over large distances. All sea turtles have large body sizes, which is helpful for moving large distances. Large body sizes also offer good protection against the large predators (notably sharks) found in the ocean.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jaffe | first1 = A. L. | last2 = Slater | first2 = G. J. | last3 = Alfaro | first3 = M. E. | year = 2011 | title = The evolution of island gigantism and body size variation in tortoises and turtles | journal =Biology Letters | volume = 7 | issue = 4| pages = 558–561 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.1084 | pmid=21270022 | pmc=3130210}}</ref>

As a result of the [[COVID-19]] virus, human activity on all beaches has virtually ceased, resulting in an increase in sea turtle nesting. In [[Thailand]], the highest number of nests in the last 20 years have been found during 2020. Turtles are thriving across the United States as well, as there is less noise and pollution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/thailand-sea-turtles-coronavirus-scli-intl-scn/index.html|title=Sea turtles thriving in Thailand after beach closures|author1=By Jack Guy |author2=Carly Walsh|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>


== Reference ==
== Reference ==
{{извори|}}
{{извори|refs=
<ref name="PelagicDev">{{cite journal | last =Carr | first =Archie | author-link =Archie Carr | title =New Perspectives on the Pelagic Stage of Sea Turtle Development | journal =Conservation Biology | volume =1 | issue =2 | pages =103–121 | doi = 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00020.x|date=August 1987 | jstor=2385827| hdl =2027/uc1.31822031475700 | url =https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=uc1.31822031475700;orient=0;size=100;seq=1;attachment=0 | hdl-access =free }}</ref>

<ref name="LS20070918">{{cite news | last =Brynner | first =Jeanna | title =Sea Turtles' Mystery Hideout Revealed | work =LiveScience | publisher =Imaginova Corp. | date =19 September 2007 | url =http://www.livescience.com/animals/070919_sea_turtle.html | access-date =20 September 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Reich2007">{{cite journal | last =Reich | first =Kimberly J. | author-link =Kimberly Reich |author2=Karen A. Bjorndal |author3= Alan B. Bolten | title =The 'lost years' of green turtles: using stable isotopes to study cryptic lifestages | journal =Biology Letters |volume= 3|issue=6 |pages=712–714 | date =18 September 2007 | doi =10.1098/rsbl.2007.0394 | pmid =17878144 | pmc =2391226}}</ref>

}}


== Literatura ==
== Literatura ==

Верзија на датум 29. мај 2022. у 04:32

Morska kornjača
Vremenski raspon: donja kreda-današnjost[1]
Lepidochelys olivacea, predstavnik nadporodice morskih kornjača
Naučna klasifikacija e
Domen: Eukaryota
Carstvo: Animalia
Tip: Chordata
Klasa: Reptilia
Red: Testudines
Podred: Cryptodira
Kladus: Americhelydia
Kladus: Panchelonioidea
Natporodica: Chelonioidea
Bauer, 1893[2]
Tipska vrsta
zelena morska kornjača
Porodice
Sinonimi[2]

Chelonii - Oppel, 1811
Chlonopteria - Rafinesque, 1814
Cheloniae - Schmid, 1819
Edigitata - Haworth, 1825
Oiacopodae - Wagler, 1828
Pterodactyli - Mayer, 1849

Morska kornjača (naporodice Chelonioidea)[3] su reptili iz reda Testudines i dva podreda Cryptodira. Sedam postojećih vrsta morske kornjače su zelena morska kornjača, glavata kornjača, Kempova morska kornjača, Lepidochelys olivacea, Eretmochelys imbricata, Natator depressus, i džinovska kožasta kornjača.[4]

All six of the sea turtle species present in US waters (all of those listed above except the flatback) are listed as endangered and/or threatened under the Endangered Species Act.[5] The seventh sea turtle species is the flatback, which exists in the waters of Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.[5] Sea turtles can be separated into the categories of hard-shelled (cheloniid) and leathery-shelled (dermochelyid).[6] There is only one dermochelyid species which is the leatherback sea turtle.[6]

Opis

Važno je da su za svaku od sedam vrsta morskih kornjača ženke i mužjaci iste veličine, tj. da nema seksualnog dimorfizma.[7]

Generalno, morske kornjače imaju u većoj meri raspored tela nalik na vreteno u odnosu na kopnene ili slatkovodne kornjače. Ovo sužavanje na oba kraja smanjuje zapreminu i znači da morske kornjače ne mogu kao druge kornjače da uvuku glavu i udove u svoje školjke radi zaštite.[8] Međutim, racionalizovani plan tela smanjuje trenje i povlačenje u vodi i omogućava morskim kornjačama da plivaju lakše i brže.

Džinovska kožasta kornjača je najveća morska kornjača, dužine 2–3 metra i širine 1–1,5 m, težine do 700 kilograma (1500 funti). Ostale vrste morskih kornjača su manje, uglavnom su dugačke 60–120 cm i proporcionalno su uže.[9]

The skulls of sea turtles have cheek regions that are enclosed in bone.[10][11] Although this condition appears to resemble that found in the earliest known fossil reptiles (anapsids), it is possible it is a more recently evolved trait in sea turtles, placing them outside the anapsids.[12][10]

Taksonomija i evolucija

Morske kornjače, zajedno sa drugim kornjačama, su deo reda Testudines. Sve vrste izuzev džinovske kožaste kornjače su u familiji Cheloniidae. Džinovska kožasta kornjača je jedini postojeći pripadnik familije Dermochelyidae.

Poreklo morskih kornjača seže do kasne jure (pre 150 miliona godina) sa rodovima kao što je Plesiochelys, iz Evrope. U Africi je prva morska kornjača Angolachelys, iz turonske Angole.[13] Međutim, nijedna od njih nije povezana sa postojećim morskim kornjačama; najstariji predstavnik roda koji je vodio do njih bila je Desmatochelys padillai iz rane krede.

Linija nepovezanih morskih kornjača, Pleurodira (bočno-vratnih) botremidida, takođe je preživela dobro u kenozoiku. Za druge pleurodire se takođe smatra da su živeli na moru, poput Araripemys[14] i izumrlih pelomedusida.[15] Moderne morske kornjače predstavljaju jedinstvenu lozu koje je počela da se razlikuje od svih ostalih kornjača pre najmanje 110 miliona godina.[16][17][18]

Udovi i mozgovi morskih kornjača evoluirali su tako da su prilagođeni njihovoj prehrani. Jedna od glavnih izvora hrane koju morske kornjače konzumiraju su meduze, a upotreba njihovih udova za držanje, okretanje i hranjenje im je pomogla da jedu efikasnije. U početku su udovi morskih kornjača bili evoluirani za kretanje, dok su sada oblikovani kako bi im pomogli u dobavljanju hrane.[19][20]

Kladogram

Ispod je kladogram koji prikazuje filogenetičke odnose postojećih i izumrlih morskih kornjačau Chelonioidea na bazi rada Evers et al. (2019):[21]

Filogenetički odnosi postojećih i izumrlih vrsta morske kornjače
 Panchelonioidea 
 

†Toxochelys

 
 
 

 †Protostegidae 

 
 Chelonioidea 
 

†Corsochelys

 
 

Dermochelyidae

 
Pancheloniidae
 

†Nichollsemys

 
 
 

†Allopleuron

 
 
 

Cheloniidae

 
 
 

†Argillochelys

 
 

†Procolpochelys

 
 
 

†Eochelone

 
 

†Puppigerus

 
 
 
 

†Ctenochelys

 
 

†Peritresius

 
 

†Cabindachelys

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Rasprostranjenost i stanište

Sea turtles can be found in all oceans except for the polar regions. The flatback sea turtle is found solely on the northern coast of Australia. The Kemp's ridley sea turtle is found solely in the Gulf of Mexico and along the East Coast of the United States.[22]

Sea turtles are generally found in the waters over continental shelves. During the first three to five years of life, sea turtles spend most of their time in the pelagic zone floating in seaweed mats. Green sea turtles in particular are often found in Sargassum mats, in which they find food, shelter and water.[23] Once the sea turtle has reached adulthood it moves closer to the shore.[24][25] Females will come ashore to lay their eggs on sandy beaches during the nesting season.[26]

Sea turtles migrate to reach their spawning beaches, which are limited in numbers. Living in the ocean therefore means they usually migrate over large distances. All sea turtles have large body sizes, which is helpful for moving large distances. Large body sizes also offer good protection against the large predators (notably sharks) found in the ocean.[27]

As a result of the COVID-19 virus, human activity on all beaches has virtually ceased, resulting in an increase in sea turtle nesting. In Thailand, the highest number of nests in the last 20 years have been found during 2020. Turtles are thriving across the United States as well, as there is less noise and pollution.[28]

Reference

  1. ^ Hirayama R; Tong H (2003). „Osteopygis (Testudines: Cheloniidae) from the Lower Tertiary of the Ouled Abdoun phosphate basin, Morocco”. Palaeontology. 46 (5): 845—56. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00322. 
  2. ^ а б Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Roger, Bour (31. 12. 2011). „Turtles of the world, 2011 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status” (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 5. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 31. 1. 2012. г. 
  3. ^ Avise, J. C.; Hamrick, J. L. (1996). Conservation Genetics. Springer. ISBN 978-0412055812. 
  4. ^ Fisheries, NOAA. „Sea Turtles :: NOAA Fisheries”. www.nmfs.noaa.gov (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 20. 12. 2015. 
  5. ^ а б National, Research Council, et al. Assessment of Sea-Turtle Status and Trends : Integrating Demography and Abundance, National Academies Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.sydney.edu.au/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=3378665.
  6. ^ а б Wyneken, J. 2001. The Anatomy of Sea Turtles. U.S Department of Commerce NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470, 1-172 pp.
  7. ^ Berger, M. Look Out for Turtles. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992. Jay, L. A. Our Wild World: Sea Turtles. Minnetonka, MN: NorthWord Press, 2000. Ripple, J. Sea Turtles. Stillwater: Voyageur Press, Inc., 1996.
  8. ^ „Sea Turtles”. Defenders of Wildlife. 20. 3. 2012. Приступљено 15. 10. 2015. 
  9. ^ „Sea Turtle Species”. turtlehospital. Приступљено 29. 8. 2015. 
  10. ^ а б Jones, MEH; Werneburg, I; Curtis, N; Penrose, RN; O'Higgins, P; Fagan, M; Evans, SE (2012). „The head and neck anatomy of sea turtles (Cryptodira: Chelonioidea) and skull shape in Testudines”. PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e47852. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747852J. PMC 3492385 Слободан приступ. PMID 23144831. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047852 Слободан приступ. 
  11. ^ Chatterji, RM; Hutchinson, MN; Jones, MEH (2020). „Redescription of the skull of the Australian flatback sea turtle, Natator depressus, provides new morphological evidence for phylogenetic relationships among sea turtles(Chelonioidea)”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (4): 1090—1113. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa071. 
  12. ^ Zardoya, R; Meyer, A (1998). „Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (24): 14226—14231. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9514226Z. PMC 24355 Слободан приступ. PMID 9826682. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226 Слободан приступ. 
  13. ^ Mateus; et al. (2009). „The oldest African eucryptodiran turtle from the Cretaceous of Angola” (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (4): 581—588. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0063. 
  14. ^ Kischlat, E.-E & Campos, D. de 1990. Some osteological aspects of Araripemys barretoi Price, 1973 (Chelonii, Pleurodira, Araripemydidae). In Atas do I Simpósio sobre a Bacia do Araripe e Bacias Interiores do Nordeste Crato, 14 a 16 de junho de 1990, pp. 387–395.
  15. ^ The last marine pelomedusoids (Testudines: Pleurodira): a new species of Bairdemys and the paleoecology of Stereogenyina
  16. ^ „Meet the Turtles | SWOT”. www.seaturtlestatus.org. Архивирано из оригинала 20. 09. 2017. г. Приступљено 20. 9. 2017. 
  17. ^ „An Introduction to Sea Turtles” (PDF). SWOT. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 14. 10. 2013. г. Приступљено 06. 12. 2019. 
  18. ^ Kear, Benjamin P (22. 3. 2006). „A primitive protostegid from Australia and early sea turtle evolution”. Biology Letters. 2 (1): 116—119. PMC 1617175 Слободан приступ. PMID 17148342. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0406. 
  19. ^ „Sea Turtles Use Flippers to Manipulate Food”. Newswise.com. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 11. 2018. г. Приступљено 16. 9. 2018. 
  20. ^ „Sea turtles use flippers to manipulate food”. 
  21. ^ Evers, Serjoscha W.; Barrett, Paul M.; Benson, Roger B. J. (1. 5. 2019). „Anatomy of Rhinochelys pulchriceps (Protostegidae) and marine adaptation during the early evolution of chelonioids”. PeerJ. 7: e6811. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6500378 Слободан приступ. PMID 31106054. doi:10.7717/peerj.6811. 
  22. ^ „Ancient mariners threatened with extinction” (PDF). 
  23. ^ Carr, Archie (август 1987). „New Perspectives on the Pelagic Stage of Sea Turtle Development”. Conservation Biology. 1 (2): 103—121. JSTOR 2385827. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00020.x. hdl:2027/uc1.31822031475700 Слободан приступ. 
  24. ^ Brynner, Jeanna (19. 9. 2007). „Sea Turtles' Mystery Hideout Revealed”. LiveScience. Imaginova Corp. Приступљено 20. 9. 2007. 
  25. ^ Reich, Kimberly J.; Karen A. Bjorndal; Alan B. Bolten (18. 9. 2007). „The 'lost years' of green turtles: using stable isotopes to study cryptic lifestages”. Biology Letters. 3 (6): 712—714. PMC 2391226 Слободан приступ. PMID 17878144. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0394. 
  26. ^ „WWF – Marine Turtles”. Species Factsheets. World Wide Fund for Nature. 4. 5. 2007. Приступљено 13. 9. 2007. 
  27. ^ Jaffe, A. L.; Slater, G. J.; Alfaro, M. E. (2011). „The evolution of island gigantism and body size variation in tortoises and turtles”. Biology Letters. 7 (4): 558—561. PMC 3130210 Слободан приступ. PMID 21270022. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.1084. 
  28. ^ By Jack Guy; Carly Walsh. „Sea turtles thriving in Thailand after beach closures”. CNN (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2020-04-20. 

Literatura

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