Перископ

Шематски приказ перископа

Перископ (грч. περι - „око“ и грч. σκοπεω - «сат") - оптички инструмент за осматрање околине који омогућава посматрачу који се налази испод нивоа воде, укопаном испод нивоа земљине површине, или стационираном иза било какве препреке, посматрање објеката изнад нивоа воде, односно копна, односно било какве препреке.

Историјат перископа

Први перископ је конструисао Јохан Гутенберг око 1430. године. Тим перископом је посматрао, преко глава посјетиоца, неки фестивал у Ахену. Био је то најпростији перископ сачињен од два равна паралелна огледала размакнута у цеви (тубус) перископа на потребну удаљеност, и постављена, у односу на оптичку осу перископа, под углом од 45%. Светлост од посматране околине која је улазила кроз објектив перископа одбијала се од равног огледала објектива постављеног под углом од 45%, ка другом равном огледалу окулара, постављеног такође под углом од 45%, да би се пројектовала у жутој мрљи на мрежњачи посматрачевог ока.

Ма како је први перископ настао готово наивно, ускоро су се, његове многоструке могућности, потекле из идеје конспирације - видим, а мене не виде, препоручиле, прије свега у војне и ратне сврхе. Они су великом брзином усавршавани. Равна огледала замијениле су призме. Онда су они почели да раде као дурбини, односно телескопи, па више нису посматрану околину само транслатовали оку посматрача, већ су је и увећавали сложеним оптичким системима, да би, недуго затим, могли да посматрају и ноћу са ИЦ уређајима. Почели су се примјењивати интензивно и на води и на копну.

In 1854, Hippolyte Marié-Davy invented the first naval periscope, consisting of a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. Simon Lake used periscopes in his submarines in 1902. Sir Howard Grubb perfected the device in World War I. Morgan Robertson (1861–1915) claimed to have tried to patent the periscope: he described a submarine using a periscope in his fictional works.

Periscopes, in some cases fixed to rifles, served in World War I (1914–1918) to enable soldiers to see over the tops of trenches, thus avoiding exposure to enemy fire (especially from snipers). The periscope rifle also saw use during the war – this was an infantry rifle sighted by means of a periscope, so the shooter could aim fire the weapon from a safe position below the trench parapet.

During World War II (1939–1945), artillery observers and officers used specifically-manufactured periscope binoculars with different mountings. Some of them also allowed estimating the distance to a target, as they were designed as stereoscopic rangefinders.

Early examples

• 
  Australian Light Horse troops using a periscope rifle, Gallipoli, 1915. Photograph by Ernest Brooks.
• 
  An Auxiliary Periscope for Submarines from The Electrical Experimenter, Vol. IV, No. 38., 1916
• 
  A team of German artillery observers using periscope binoculars, 1943

Обични перископ

Перископ од два равна огледала нагнута 45% на оптичку осу .

Рововски перископ

Перископ на бојишту којим се посматра непријатељски положај из склоништа, рова или оклопљене куполе - бункера. Састоји се од призме на горњем дијелу вертикалне цијеви, који вири из рова и доње призме са окуларним сочивима на доњем дијелу цијеви који се налази у рову или оклопљеној куполи.

Armored vehicle periscopes

Tanks and armoured vehicles use periscopes: they enable drivers, tank commanders, and other vehicle occupants to inspect their situation through the vehicle roof. Prior to periscopes, direct vision slits were cut in the armour for occupants to see out. Periscopes permit view outside of the vehicle without needing to cut these weaker vision openings in the front and side armour, better protecting the vehicle and occupants.

A protectoscope is a related periscopic vision device designed to provide a window in armoured plate, similar to a direct vision slit. A compact periscope inside the protectoscope allows the vision slit to be blanked off with spaced armoured plate. This prevents a potential ingress point for small arms fire, with only a small difference in vision height, but still requires the armour to be cut.

In the context of armoured fighting vehicles, such as tanks, a periscopic vision device may also be referred to as an episcope. In this context a periscope refers to a device that can rotate to provide a wider field of view (or is fixed into an assembly that can), while an episcope is fixed into position.

Periscopes may also be referred to by slang, e.g. "shufti-scope".

Gundlach and Vickers 360-degree periscopes

An important development, the Gundlach rotary periscope, incorporated a rotating top with a selectable additional prism which reversed the view. This allowed a tank commander to obtain a 360-degree field of view without moving his seat, including rear vision by engaging the extra prism. This design, patented by Rudolf Gundlach in 1936, first saw use in the Polish 7-TP light tank (produced from 1935 to 1939).

The Gundlach-Vickers technology was shared with the American Army for use in its tanks including the Sherman, built to meet joint British and US requirements. This saw post-war controversy through legal action: "After the Second World War and a long court battle, in 1947 he, Rudolf Gundlach, received a large payment for his periscope patent from some of its producers."

The USSR also copied the design and used it extensively in its tanks, including the T-34 and T-70. The copies were based on Lend-Lease British vehicles, and many parts remain interchangeable. Germany also made and used copies.

Подморнички перископ

Перископ на једној подморници

Подморнички перископ се користи за посматрање околине изнад водене површине или неба (антиперископ) из зароњене подморнице. Његова дужина је и до 15 метар тако да се са њим може посматрати са сигурне дубине. Он је телескопски покретан те се може извлачити из тијела подморнице и по завршеном осматрању увлачити у подморницу. У горњем дијелу је узак, свега до 35 мм, да би остао тешко примјетљив, а под водом је шири да би што боље амортизовао разне вибрације, и тако задржао добру видљивост. Овај перископ је такозвани тактички перископ и њиме рукује искључиво командант подморнице. Подморница има 2 до 4 перископа којима руководе различити руковаоци. Ови перископи имају различите намене:

• навигацијски, који служи за мерење висине небеских тијела и њиме рукује други официр подморнице,
• нападни са нишаном,
• ноћни, велике свјетлосне снаге
• телеметријски за мјерење даљине
• стереоскопски за обично и стереоскопско фотографисање
• радарски са уграђеном антеном за мјерење даљине при јако слабој видљивости.

Periscopes allow a submarine, when submerged at a relatively shallow depth, to search visually for nearby targets and threats on the surface of the water and in the air. When not in use, a submarine's periscope retracts into the hull. A submarine commander in tactical conditions must exercise discretion when using his periscope, since it creates a visible wake (and may also become detectable by radar), giving away the submarine's position.

Submarines adopted periscopes early. Captain Arthur Krebs adapted two on the experimental French submarine Gymnote in 1888 and 1889. The Spanish inventor Isaac Peral equipped his submarine Peral (developed in 1886 but launched on September 8, 1888) with a fixed, non-retractable periscope that used a combination of prisms to relay the image to the submariner. (Peral also developed a primitive gyroscope for submarine navigation and pioneered the ability to fire live torpedoes while submerged.

Ажурирано: 2009. modern submarine periscopes incorporate lenses for magnification and function as telescopes. They typically employ prisms and total internal reflection instead of mirrors, because prisms, which do not require coatings on the reflecting surface, are much more rugged than mirrors. They may have additional optical capabilities such as range-finding and targeting. The mechanical systems of submarine periscopes typically use hydraulics and need to be quite sturdy to withstand the drag through water. The periscope chassis may also support a radio or radar antenna.

Submarines traditionally had two periscopes; a navigation or observation periscope and a targeting, or commander's, periscope. Navies originally mounted these periscopes in the conning tower, one forward of the other in the narrow hulls of diesel-electric submarines. In the much wider hulls of recent US Navy submarines the two operate side-by-side. The observation scope, used to scan the sea surface and sky, typically had a wide field of view and no magnification or low-power magnification. The targeting or "attack" periscope, by comparison, had a narrower field of view and higher magnification. In World War II and earlier submarines it was the only means of gathering target data to accurately fire a torpedo, since sonar was not yet sufficiently advanced for this purpose (ranging with sonar required emission of an electronic "ping" that gave away the location of the submarine) and most torpedoes were unguided.

21st-century submarines do not necessarily have periscopes. The United States Navy's Virginia-class submarines and the Royal Navy's Astute-class submarines instead use photonics masts, pioneered by the Royal Navy's ХМС Trenchant, which lift an electronic imaging sensor-set above the water. Signals from the sensor-set travel electronically to workstations in the submarine's control center. While the cables carrying the signal must penetrate the submarine's hull, they use a much smaller and more easily sealed—and therefore less expensive and safer—hull opening than those required by periscopes. Eliminating the telescoping tube running through the conning tower also allows greater freedom in designing the pressure hull and in placing internal equipment.

Naval use

• 
  Officer at periscope in control room of a U.S. Navy submarine in World War II
• 
  Submarine monocular attack periscope
• 
  Torpedoed Japanese destroyer Yamakaze photographed through periscope of USS Nautilus, 25 June 1942.

Литература

• Група аутора, Британика енциклопедијски речник, Политика, Београд, 2005.
• Група аутора, Мала енциклопедија Просвета, Просвета, треће издање, Београд, 1978.
• Група аутора, Енциклопедија лексикографског завода, књига 6 , Загреб, 1962.
• „The RN Pocket Gunnery Book, paragraph 359.”. Приступљено 10. 10. 2014. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• „FM 4-15, Seacoast Artillery fire control and position finding, pp. 58–71”. Архивирано из оригинала 2019-05-02. г. Приступљено 2019-06-09. 
• „Field Comparison of Instrument Types” (PDF), Rangefinders and Tracking, Summary Technical report of NDRC, Division 7 (Fire Control), U.S. Defense Technical Information Center, 2, стр. 17—18, 1947, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 31. 3. 2019. г. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Lautemann, Kerstin; Leonhard, Martin; Stern, Regina; Heda, Jennifer (2014). „Chapter 264: Instrumentation for Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine”. Ур.: Doral, M.N.; Karlsson, J. Sports Injuries : Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation (2nd изд.). Berlin: Springer Berlin. стр. 3273—3291. ISBN 978-3-642-36568-3. 

Спољашње везе

• The Fleet Type Submarine Online: Submarine Periscope Manual United States Navy Navpers 16165, June 1979
• Simulation of a Periscope at NTNUJAVA Virtual Physics Laboratory
• Survey article, Rangefinders from A Dictionary of Applied Physics
• The RN Pocket Gunnery Book, section on coincidence rangefinding.
• Progress in Gunnery Material, 1922–1923, comparison of rangefinder designs.
• Naval Ordnance And Gunnery Volume 2, Fire Control Chapter 16F, Optics.
• Detailed data on Barr & Stroud Rangefinders, c1916