Босфор

Босфор
Координате	41° 07′ 10″ С; 29° 04′ 31″ И
Земље басена	Turkey
Макс. дужина	31 km (19 mi) km
Макс. ширина	700 m (2.300 ft) km
Макс. дубина	110 m (360 ft) m
Босфор Босфор Босфор
Водена површина на Викимедијиној остави

A map depicting the locations of the Turkish Straits, with the Bosporus in red, and the Dardanelles in yellow. The territory of Turkey is highlighted in green.

Сателитски снимак Босфорског мореуза

Босфор (тур. Bogaziçi) је мореуз који повезује Црно море са Мраморним морем. Босфор се налази између Балканског полуострва и Мале Азије, раздваја Европу од Азије. Заједно са Дарданелима спаја Црно море са Средоземним морем. Оба мореуза представљају морски пут међународног значаја.

Основни подаци:

• дужина: око 30 километара
• ширина: од 0,7 до 3,7 километара
• дубина: између 30 и 120 метара

Кроз Босфор пролазе две морске струје:

• површинска, брзине 4 km/h која износи слатку воду из Црног мора, и
• дубинска, супротног смера од прве, великог салинитета

Босфор је у ствари речна долина која је одавно потопљена, стрмих стеновитих обала. На њему леже многи заливи, а на највећем од њих, Златном рогу, лежи Истанбул.

У Истанбулу су саграђена три моста која спајају обале Босфора:

• „Босфорски мост“, саграђен 1973. и дугачак 1.074 метра
• „Мост Мехмеда Освајача“, саграђен 1988. и дугачак 1.090 метара
• „Мост Јавуз султан Селим“, саграђен 2013. и дугачак 2.164 метра.

Географија

As a maritime waterway, the Bosporus specifically connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and thence to the Aegean and Mediterranean seas via the Dardanelles. It also connects various seas along the Eastern Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Near East, and Western Eurasia. Thus, the Bosporus allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and to the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal, making it a crucial international waterway, in particular for the passage of goods coming from Russia.

There is one very small island in the Bosporus just off Kuruçeşme. Now generally known as Galatasaray Island (Galatasaray Adası), this was given to the Armenian architect Sarkis Balyan by Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1880. The house he built on it was later demolished and the island became a walled garden and then a water sports centre before being given to the Galatsaray Sports Club, hence its name. However, in the 2010s it was completely overbuilt with nightclubs which were torn down in 2017. It reopened to the public in the summer of 2022.

Formation

The exact cause and date of the formation of the Bosporus remain a subject of debate among geologists. One recent hypothesis, dubbed the Black Sea deluge hypothesis, which was launched by a study of the same name in 1997 by two scientists from Columbia University, postulates that the Bosporus was flooded around 5600 BCE (revised to 6800 BCE in 2003) when the rising waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara broke through to the Black Sea, which at the time, according to the hypothesis, was a low-lying body of fresh water.

Present morphology

The limits of the Bosporus are defined as the line connecting the lighthouses of Rumeli Feneri and Anadolu Feneri in the north, and between the Ahırkapı Feneri and the Kadıköy İnciburnu Feneri in the south ("Fener" is Turkish for lighthouse). Between these limits, the strait is 31 km (17 nmi) long, with a width of 3.329 m (1,798 nmi) at the northern entrance and 2.826 m (1,526 nmi) at the southern entrance. Its maximum width is 3.420 m (1,85 nmi) between Umuryeri and Büyükdere Limanı, and minimum width 700 m (0,38 nmi) between Kandilli Point and Aşiyan.

The depth of the Bosporus varies from 13 to 110 m (43 to 361 ft) in midstream with an average of 65 m (213 ft). The deepest point is between Kandilli and Bebek, at 110 m (360 ft). The shallowest locations are off Kadıköy İnciburnu at 18 m (59 ft) and off Aşiyan Point at 13 m (43 ft).

The southbound flow of water is 16 000 m³/s (fresh water at the surface) and the northbound flow is 11 000 m³/s (salt water near the bottom). Dr. Dan Parsons and researchers at the University of Leeds School of Earth and Environment describe a Black Sea undersea river.

Newer explorations

Before the 20th century it was already known that the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara flow into each other in a geographic example of "density flow". Then in August 2010, a continuous 'underwater channel' of suspension composition was discovered flowing along the floor of the Bosporus, which would be the sixth largest river on Earth if it were on land. The 2010 team of scientists, led by the University of Leeds, used a robotic "yellow submarine" to observe detailed flows within this "undersea river", scientifically referred to as a submarine channel, for the first time. Submarine channels are similar to land rivers, but they are formed by density currents—underwater flow mixtures of sand, mud and water that are denser than sea water and so sink and flow along the bottom. These channels are the main transport pathway for sediments to the deep sea where they form sedimentary deposits.

Литература

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• Noah's Not-so-big Flood
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• "Ballard and the Black Sea"
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Спољашње везе

•  „Bosphorus”. The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.