Jakov Zeldovič

Jakov Zeldovič
Zeldovič na ruskoj poštanskoj marki iz 2014. godine
Puno ime	Jakov Borisovič Zeldovič
Ime po rođenju	Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich
Datum rođenja	(1914-03-08)8. mart 1914.
Mesto rođenja	Minsk  Rusko carstvo (današnja Belorusija)
Datum smrti	2. decembar 1987.(1987-12-02) (73 god.)
Mesto smrti	Moskva  Ruska SFSR Sovjetski Savez (sadašnja Rusija)
Mesto ukopa	Novodevičko groblje, Moskva
Prebivalište	Sovjetski Savez
Državljanstvo	sovjetsko
Univerzitet	Sankt Peterburški državnih univerzitet
Zanimanje	fizičar
Poslodavac	Institut hemijske fizike Moskovski državni univerzitet Sternbergov astronomski institut
Delovanje	fizika sagorevanje astrofizika

Jakov Borisovič Zeldovič (bel. Я́каў Бары́савіч Зяльдо́віч, rus. Я́ков Бори́сович Зельдо́вич; 8. mart 1914 – 2. decembar 1987), takođe poznat kao YaB, bio je sovjetski fizičar, koji je poznat po svom plodnom doprinosu u oblastima kosmologije i fizike termonuklearnih i hidrodinamičkih fenomena.

Od 1943, Zeldovič je igrao ključnu ulogu u razvoju sovjetskog projekta nuklearne bombe. Godine 1963, on se vratio na akademiju kako bi započeo s pionirskim doprinosima temeljnom razumevanju termodinamike crnih rupa i proširivanju opsega kosmologije.

Biografija

Rani život i obrazovanje

Yakov Zeldovich was born into a Belarusian Jewish family in his grandfather's house in Minsk. However, in mid-1914, the Zeldovich family moved to Saint Petersburg. They resided there until August 1941, when the family was evacuated together with the faculty of the Institute of Chemical Physics to Kazan to avoid the Axis Invasion of the Soviet Union. They remained in Kazan until the summer of 1943, when Zeldovich moved to Moscow.

His father, Boris Naumovich Zeldovich, was a lawyer; his mother, Anna Petrovna Zeldovich (née Kiveliovich), a translator from French to Russian, was a member of the Writer's Union. Despite being born into a devoted and religious Jewish family, Zeldovich was an "absolute atheist".

Zeldovich was an autodidact. He was regarded as having a remarkably versatile intellect, and during his life he explored and made major contributions to a wide range of scientific endeavors. From a given opportunity in May 1931, he secured an appointment as a laboratory assistant at the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, and remained associated with the institute for the remainder of his life. As a laboratory assistant, he received preliminary instructions on the topics involved in the physical chemistry and built up his reputation among his seniors at the Institute of Chemical Physics.

From 1932 to 1934, Zeldovich attended the undergraduate courses on physics and mathematics at the Leningrad State University (now Saint Petersburg State University), and later attended the technical lectures on introductory physics at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute (now Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University).

In 1936, he was successful in his candidacy for the Candidate of Science degree (a Soviet equivalent of PhD), having successfully defended his dissertation on the topic of the "adsorption and catalysis on heterogeneous surfaces". The centrality of his thesis focused towards the research on the Freundlich (or classical) adsorption isotherm, and Zeldovich discovered the theoretical foundation of this empirical observation.

In 1939, Zeldovich prepared his dissertation based on the mathematical theory of the physical interpretation of nitrogen oxidation, and successfully received the Doctor of Sciences in mathematical physics when it was reviewed by Alexander Frumkin. Zeldovich discovered its mechanism, known in physical chemistry as the thermal NO
x mechanism or Zeldovich mechanism.

Sovjetski program nuklearnog oružja

Zeldovich is regarded as a secret principal of the Soviet nuclear weapons project; his travels abroad were highly restricted, to Eastern Europe, under close Soviet security. Soon after the discovery of nuclear fission (by German chemist Otto Hahn in 1939) Russian physicists had begun investigating the scope of nuclear-fission physics, and undertook seminars on that topic; Igor Kurchatov and Yulii Khariton were engaged in 1940.

In May 1941, Zeldovich worked with Khariton in constructing a theory, on the kinetics of nuclear reactions in the presence of the critical conditions. The work of Khariton and Zeldovich was extended into theories of ignition, combustion and detonation; these accounted for features which had not previously been correctly predicted, observed, nor explained. The modern theory of detonation accordingly is called the Zeldovich-von Neumann-Dohring, or ZND, theory, and its development involved tedious fast neutron calculations; this work had been delayed, due to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which obstructed progress on findings that in June 1941 would be de-classified. In 1942, Zeldovich was relocated to Kazan, and tasked by the People's Commissariat of Munitions to carry out work on conventional gun powders to be supplied to the Soviet Army, while Khariton was asked to design the new types of conventional weaponry.

Publikacije

Knjige

• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Ruzmaikin A.A. (2015). Dynamo Problems in Astrophysics. Cambridge Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-1908106445. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Novikov I.D. (2014). Stars and Relativity. Dover. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Raizer Yu.P. (2012). Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena, Volume 1. Dover. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Raizer Yu.P. (2012). Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena, Volume 2. Dover. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B. (1993). Selected Works of Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich: Particles, Nuclei, and the Universe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691087429. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B. (1992). Selected Works of Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich: Chemical Physics and Hydrodynamics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691085944. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B. (1992). My Universe: Selected Reviews. Routledge. ISBN 978-3718650040. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Ruzmaikin A.A.; Sokoloff D.D. (1990). Magnetic Fields in Astrophysics. Gordon & Breach Science Pub. ISBN 978-0677223308. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Barenblatt G.; Librovich V.B.; Makhviladze G.M. (1985). The Mathematical Theory of Combustion and Explosions. Consultants Bureau. ISBN 978-0306109744. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Pilipetsky N.F.; Shukunov V.V. (1985). Principles of Phase Conjugation. Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-13573-0. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Novikov I.D. (1983). Relativistic Astrophysics: The Structure and Evolution of the Universe vol 2. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226979571. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Novikov I.D. (1971). Relativistic Astrophysics: Stars and Relativity vol 1. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226979557. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Raizer Yu.P. (1968). Elements of Gasdynamics and the Classical Theory of Shock Waves. Academic Press. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Kompaneets A.S. (1960). Theory of Detonation. Academic Press. 
• Zel'dovich Ya.B.; Yaglom I.M. (1988). Higher mathematics for beginning physicists and engineers. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0133876482. 

Literatura

• Overbye, D. Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: The Scientific Quest for the Secret of the Universe. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
• Annotated Bibliography for Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich – page at the Moscow State University dedicated to Zel'dovich
• Theory of combustion of unmixed gases – Zel'dovich 1949, translated 1974
• Holloway, David (1994), Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939–1956, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-06056-0 .
• Kojevnikov, Alexei (2004), Stalin's Great Science: The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists, Imperial College Press, ISBN 978-1-86094-420-8 .
• Erickson, John (1999) [1983]. The Road to Berlin: Stalin's War with Germany, Volume Two. New Haven: Yale University Press. стр. 79,80,659. ISBN 0-300-07813-7. 

Spoljašnje veze

• Медији везани за чланак Jakov Zeldovič на Викимедијиној остави