Граница

За друге употребе погледајте страницу Граница.

Граница између Италије и Швајцарске

Граница је линија која у географији представља међу између две државе, области, територије, регије и сл, у погледу надлежности. Границе are usually defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain, or by political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Political borders can be established through warfare, colonization, or mutual agreements between the political entities that reside in those areas; the creation of these agreements is called boundary delimitation.

Some borders—such as most states' internal administrative borders, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Area—are open and completely unguarded. Most external political borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints; adjacent border zones may also be controlled.

Типови граница

Према општим особеностима границе могу бити:

• природне (река, језеро, планина и др.)
• политичке (утврђене договором - најкарактеристичније су у Сахарској Африци)
• етничке (између два или више народа)
• религијске (између више верских група)

На нивоу државног уређења границе се деле на:

• државне (између држава)
• републичке (између република)
• покрајинске (између аутономних покрајина и других субјеката)
• регионалне (између више регија)
• окружне (између округа)
• општинске (између општина)

Типови граничне регулације

Главни чланак: Гранични прелаз

Регулисане границе

Crossing the bridge into Canada, from the US. This is the Ambassador Bridge

Regulated borders have varying degrees of control on the movement of persons and trade between nations and jurisdictions. Most Industrialized nations have regulations on entry and require one or more of the following procedures: visa check, passport check or customs checks. Most regulated borders have regulations on immigration, types of wildlife and plants, and illegal objects such as drugs or weapons. Overall border regulations are placed by national and local governments and can vary depending on nation and current political or economic conditions. Some of the most regulated borders in the world include: Australia, the United States, Israel, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab Emirates. These nations have government-controlled border agencies and organizations that enforce border regulation policies on and within their borders.

Open borders

Indian and Pakistan border officers at the Indian-Pakistan border

An open border is the deregulation and or lack of regulation on the movement of persons between nations and jurisdictions. This definition does not apply to trade or movement between privately owned land areas. Most nations have open borders for travel within their nation of travel, though more authoritarian states may limit the freedom of internal movement of its citizens, as for example in the former USSR. However, only a handful of nations have deregulated open borders with other nations, an example of this being European countries under the Schengen Agreement or the open Belarus-Russia border. Open borders used to be very common amongst all nations, however this became less common after the First World War, which led to the regulation of open borders, making them less common and no longer feasible for most industrialized nations.

Demilitarized zones

A demilitarized zone (DMZ) is a border separating two or more nations, groups or militaries that have agreed to prohibit the use of military activity or force within the border's bounds. A DMZ can act as a war boundary, ceasefire line, wildlife preserve, or a de facto international border. An example of a demilitarized international border is the 38th parallel between North and South Korea. Other notable DMZ zones include Antarctica and outer space (consisting of all space 100 miles away from the earth's surface), both are preserved for world research and exploration. The prohibition of control by nations can make a DMZ unexposed to human influence and thus developed into a natural border or wildlife preserve, such as on the Korean Demilitarized Zone, the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone, and the Green Line in Cyprus.

Гранична економија

The United States–Mexico border: San Diego–Tijuana.

A border wall on a beach separating the United States and Mexico

Borders undermine economic activity and development by reducing trade activity.

The presence of borders often fosters certain economic features or anomalies. Wherever two jurisdictions come into contact, special economic opportunities arise for border trade. Smuggling provides a classic case; contrariwise, a border region may flourish on the provision of excise or of import–export services — legal or quasi-legal, corrupt or legitimate. Different regulations on either side of a border may encourage services to position themselves at or near that border: thus the provision of pornography, of prostitution, of alcohol, fireworks, and/or of narcotics may cluster around borders, city limits, county lines, ports and airports. In a more planned and official context, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) often tend to cluster near borders or ports.

Even if the goods are not perceived to be undesirable, states will still seek to document and regulate the cross-border trade in order to collect tariffs and benefit from foreign currency exchange revenues. Thus, there is the concept unofficial trade in goods otherwise legal; for example, the cross-border trade in livestock by pastoralists in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia sells an estimated $250 to $300 million of livestock to Somalia, Kenya and Djibouti every year unofficially, over 100 times the official estimate.

Види још

• Регија
• Област
• Политичка географија
• Тромеђа

Литература

• Мастило, Наталија (2005): Речник савремене српске географске терминологије, Географски факултете, Београд
• „Border Stories”. Border Stories – A website devoted to stories from both sides of the U.S. Mexico Border. 
• „Talking Borders”. Queen's University Belfast. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 9. 2007. г. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• The World in 2015: National borders undermined? 11-min video interview with Bernard Guetta, a columnist for Libération newspaper and France Inter radio. "For [Guetta], one of the main lessons from international relations in 2014 is that national borders are becoming increasingly irrelevant. These borders, drawn by the colonial powers, were and still are entirely artificial. Now, people want borders along national, religious or ethnic lines. Bernard Guetta calls this a "comeback of real history"."
• Baramova, Maria (2010), Border Theories in Early Modern Europe, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: March 25, 2021 (pdf).
• James, Paul (2014). „Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens”. Citizenship Studies. 18 (2): 208—23. S2CID 144816686. doi:10.1080/13621025.2014.886440. 
• Mura, Andrea (2016). „National Finitude and the Paranoid Style of the One” (PDF). Contemporary Political Theory. 15: 58—79. S2CID 53724373. doi:10.1057/cpt.2015.23. 
• Said Saddiki, World of Walls: The Structure, Roles and Effectiveness of Separation Barriers. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2017. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0121
• Struck, Bernhard, Border Regions, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2013, retrieved: March 8, 2021 (pdf).

Спољашње везе

• Collection of pictures of European borders, mainly intra-Schengen borders
• Institut Européen des Itinéraires Culturels homepage
• Border Ireland – database of activities and publications on cross-border co-operation on the island of Ireland since 1980's
• Baltic Borderlands Greifswald