Молучка острва

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Молучка острва'

Мапа Молучких острва у Индонезији
Молучка острва'
Географија
Локација	Southeast Asia and Oceania
Координате	3° 09′ 00″ Ј; 129° 22′ 59″ И
Површина	74.505 km2
Висина	3.027 m
Администрација
Демографија
Становништво	3.131.860  (2020)
Густина ст.	0 стан./km2

Молучка острва или кратко Молуци (индонежански Kepulauan Maluku) су архипелаг у Индонезији, уједно и део ширег Малајског архипелага. Познати су и као „ острва зачина“, а налазе се источно од острва Сулавеси (Целебес), западно од Нове Гвинеје, и северно од острва Тимор и обухватају 74.505 km². Претежно су брдовита (највиши врх 3.277 m) са више активних вулкана. Клима је тропска са монсунским утицајем. Унутрашњост острва до висине од 1.200 м покривају тропске шуме. Земљиште уз обалу је низија која се обрађује. Узгајају се кокосове палме, пиринач, кукуруз, тропско воће и мирођије. Становници се баве риболовом. Највећа острва су: Халмахера, Серам и Буру. Кроз историју, ова острва су била позната под именом „Острва зачина“, међутим ово име су кинески и европски трговци примењивали и на друга острва. Острва су почетком XVI века припадала Португалцима; у првој половини XVII века постепено су их заузели Холанђани. Од 1796. до 1802. и од 1810. до 1814. године, била су под влашћу Уједињеног Краљевства. Јапанци су их заузели 1942, а 1949. године ушла су у састав Републике Индонезије.

The islands were known as the Spice Islands because of the nutmeg, mace, and cloves that were exclusively found there, the presence of which sparked colonial interest from Europe in the sixteenth century.

The Maluku Islands formed a single province from Indonesian independence until 1999, when it was split into two provinces. A new province, North Maluku, incorporates the area between Morotai and Sula, with the arc of islands from Buru and Seram to Wetar remaining within the existing Maluku Province. North Maluku is predominantly Muslim, and its capital is Sofifi on Halmahera island. Maluku province has a larger Christian population, and its capital is Ambon. Though originally Melanesian, many island populations, especially in the Banda Islands, were massacred in the 17th century during the Dutch–Portuguese War, also known as the Spice War.

Историја

Map by Willem Blaeu (1630)

Early history

Australo-Melanesians were the first people to inhabit the islands at least 40,000 years ago, and then a later migration of Austronesian speakers around 2000 BC. Other archaeological finds showed possible Arab merchants began to arrive in the fourteenth century, bringing Islam. The conversion to Islam occurred in many islands, especially in the centres of trade, while aboriginal animism persisted in the hinterlands and more isolated islands. Archaeological evidence here relies largely on the occurrence of pigs' teeth, as evidence of pork eating or abstinence therefrom. Remnants of Majapahit expeditions were also found in oral as well as archaeological sites. Example of oral history includes story from Letvuan, Kai Kecil island, of a Balinese envoys of Gajah Mada by the name of Kasdev, his wife Dit Ratngil, and eight of their children. Archaeological sites of ancient tombs were found in Sorbay bay south of Letvuan seemed to support the story as well as some cultural practices of Kei of Balinese origin, other archaeological finds in Kei islands include Shiva statue from Kei Besar island. Another oral story was of 14th century Majapahit expedition to Negeri Ema, Ambon Island, by an envoy named Nyi Mas Kenang Eko Sutarmi alongside 22 of her retinues, and a spear bearer trying to form alliance and trading relationship with Negeri Ema's leader by the name of Kapitan Ading Adang Anaan Tanahatuila. The meeting was facilitated by Malessy Soa Lisa Maitimu, however it failed to reach agreement. As Sutarmi failed, she decided to stay in exile while her retinues settled and married locals of Ema, and her spear bearer settled on the coast but was killed later by Gunung Maut troops. Archaeological finds relating to this expedition include a water source with Sun symbols with nine rays, and heirlooms of spears and Totobuang kept by Maitimu family and village office of Negeri Ema, alongside many potteries.

Portuguese

Drawing of Ternate by a presumably Dutch artist. Inset shows Saint John Baptist Portuguese-built fort on the island

An orembai, a common traditional sailing vessel of the Maluku Islands

In August 1511 the Portuguese conquered the city-state of Malacca. The most significant lasting effects of the Portuguese presence were the disruption and reorganization of the Southeast Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia—including Maluku—the introduction of Christianity.

One Portuguese diary noted "it is thirty years since they became Moors".

Afonso de Albuquerque learned of the route to the Banda Islands and other 'Spice Islands', and sent an exploratory expedition of three vessels under the command of António de Abreu, Simão Afonso Bisigudo and Francisco Serrão. On the return trip, Serrão was shipwrecked at Hitu island (northern Ambon) in 1512. There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of Ternate and Tidore also sought Portuguese assistance and the newcomers were welcomed in the area as buyers of supplies and spices during a lull in the regional trade due to the temporary disruption of Javanese and Malay sailings to the area following the 1511 conflict in Malacca. The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize or disrupt this trade.

Allying himself with Ternate's ruler, Serrão constructed a fortress on that tiny island and served as the head of a mercenary band of Portuguese seamen under the service of one of the two local feuding sultans who controlled most of the spice trade. Both Serrão and Ferdinand Magellan, however, perished before they could meet one another. The Portuguese first landed in Ambon in 1513, but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-European state; the Portuguese-Ternate wars raged throughout the reigns of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Saidi Berkat (r. 1583–1606).

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Спољашње везе

• Deforestation in the Moluccas (archived 3 March 2016)
• The Spanish presence in the Moluccas: Ternate and Tidore (archived 3 March 2016)
• Trajectories of the early-modern kingdoms in eastern Indonesia
• An interesting article linking British possession of Run, a Banda Island, with the history of New York
• An interesting article about the Iberian presence in the Moluccas with a documentary
• Map of a Part of China, the Philippine Islands, the Isles of Sunda, the Moluccas, the Papuans from 1760