Каракорумске планине — разлика између измена

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[[Датотека:Baltoro glacier from air.jpg|мини|десно|220п|Глечер [[Балторо]], а у позадини су [[Гашербрум I]] и [[Гашербрум II|II]], два врха виша од 8000 m.]]
'''Каракорум''' је велики планински венац који се протеже између [[Пакистан]]а, [[Индија|Индије]] и [[Кина|Кине]]. Налази се у областима [[Гилгит-Балтистан]] (Пакистан), [[Ладах]] (Индија) и [[Синкјанг]] (Кина). Каракорум је део Хиндукушко-хималајског венца и место највеће коцентрације [[Списак врхова преко 8000 метара|врхова преко 8000 m]] на свету, међу којима је и [[К2]], други највиши врх на свету са 8.611 m.


{{Инфокутија Планина
Венац је дуг око 500 km, и најзалеђенији део света изван поларних региона. Глечери [[Сијачен]] дуг 76 km и [[Биафо]] дуг 63 km су други и трећи по дужини [[ледник|глечери]] на свету изван поларних региона.
| име = Каракорум
| изворно_име =
| слика = Baltoro glacier from air.jpg
| опис_слике = Глечер [[Балторо]], а у позадини су [[Гашербрум I]] и [[Гашербрум II|II]], два врха виша од 8000 m.
| највиши_врх = [[K2]]
| надморска_висина = 8611
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| lat = 35.8825
| long = 76.513333
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'''Каракорум''' је велики планински венац који се протеже између [[Пакистан]]а, [[Индија|Индије]] и [[Кина|Кине]]. Налази се у областима [[Гилгит-Балтистан]] (Пакистан), [[Ладах]] (Индија) и [[Синкјанг]] (Кина). Каракорум је део Хиндукушко-хималајског венца и место највеће коцентрације [[Списак врхова преко 8000 метара|врхова преко 8000 m]] на свету, међу којима је и [[К2]], други највиши врх на свету са 8.611 m.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312055/Karakoram-Range |title=Karakoram Range |last1=Bessarabov |first1=Georgy Dmitriyevich |date=7 February 2014 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icimod.org/?q=1137 |title=Hindu Kush Himalayan Region |publisher=ICIMOD |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> The Karakoram has eighteen summits over {{cvt|7500|m || |}} in height, with four exceeding {{cvt|8000|m || |}}:<ref>{{harvnb|Shukurov, The Natural Environment of Central and South Asia|2005|p=512}}; {{cite web |title=The Eight-Thousanders |last1=Voiland |first1=Adam |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/8000MeterPeaks/ |year=2013 |website=Nasa Earth Observatory |access-date=23 December 2016}}; BBC, ''Planet Earth'', "Mountains", Part Three</ref> [[K2]], the second-highest peak in the world at {{convert|8611|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, [[Gasherbrum I]], [[Broad Peak]] and [[Gasherbrum II]].


Каракорум је са североистока оркружен [[Тибет]]ом, а са севера [[Памир]]ом. Јужну границу Каракорума чине, од запада ка истоку, реке [[Гилгит]], [[Инд]] и [[Шајок]], који одвајају венац од северозападног дела [[Хималаји|Хималаја]], пошто ове реке теку на југозапад према пакистанским равницама.
Венац је дуг око 500 km, и најзалеђенији део света изван поларних региона. Глечери [[Сијачен]] дуг 76 km и [[Биафо]] дуг 63 km су други и трећи по дужини [[ледник|глечери]] на свету изван поларних региона. Каракорум је са североистока оркружен [[Тибет]]ом, а са севера [[Памир]]ом. Јужну границу Каракорума чине, од запада ка истоку, реке [[Гилгит]], [[Инд]] и [[Шајок]], који одвајају венац од северозападног дела [[Хималаји|Хималаја]], пошто ове реке теку на југозапад према пакистанским равницама.

The range is about {{convert|500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} in length and is the most heavily [[Glacier|glaciated]] part of the world outside the polar regions. The [[Siachen Glacier]] at {{convert|76|km|mi}} and the [[Biafo Glacier]] at {{convert|63|km|mi}} rank as the world's second and third longest glaciers outside the polar regions.<ref name="Measurements">Tajikistan's Fedchenko Glacier is {{convert|77|km|mi}} long. Baltoro and Batura Glaciers in the Karakoram are {{convert|57|km|mi}} long, as is Bruggen or Pio XI Glacier in southern Chile. Measurements are from recent imagery, generally supplemented with Russian 1:200,000 scale topographic mapping as well as Jerzy Wala,''Orographical Sketch Map: Karakoram: Sheets 1 & 2'', Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich, 1990.</ref>

The [[Taxkorgan Nature Reserve|Tashkurghan National Nature Reserve]] and the [[Pamir Wetlands National Nature Reserve]] in the Karalorun and Pamir mountains have been nominated for inclusion in [[UNESCO]] in 2010 by the National Commission of the People's Republic of [[China]] for [[UNESCO]] and has tentatively been added to the list.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Karakorum-Pamir |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5535/ |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>


== Етимологија ==
== Етимологија ==
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У традиционалној [[Индија|индијској]] географији планине су биле познате као „Krishnagiri” (Црне планине), „Kanhagiri” и „Kanheri”.<ref name="Kohli2002">{{citation|last=Kohli|first=M.S.|title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA22|page=22|year=2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-135-1}}</ref>
У традиционалној [[Индија|индијској]] географији планине су биле познате као „Krishnagiri” (Црне планине), „Kanhagiri” и „Kanheri”.<ref name="Kohli2002">{{citation|last=Kohli|first=M.S.|title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA22|page=22|year=2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-135-1}}</ref>

== Геологија и глечери ==

The Karakoram is in one of the world's most geologically active areas, at the [[Geology of the Himalaya|plate boundary between the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3301/IJG.2011.08 |title=Geological evolution of the Karakoram ranges |journal=Italian Journal of Geosciences |volume=130 |year=2011 |issue=2 |pages=147–159}}</ref>
A significant part, somewhere between 28 and 50 percent, of the Karakoram Range is glaciated covering an area of more than {{convert|15,000|sqkm|sqmi|-2|disp=or}},<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.057 |bibcode=2019JHyd..574..467M |title=Early twenty-first century glacier mass losses in the Indus Basin constrained by density assumptions |year=2019 |last1=Muhammad |first1=Sher |last2=Tian |first2=Lide |last3=Khan |first3=Asif |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=574 |pages=467–475 |doi-access=free}}</ref> compared to between 8 and 12 percent of the Himalaya and 2.2 percent of the [[Alps]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gansser |year=1975 |title=Geology of the Himalayas |publisher=Interscience Publishers |location=London}}</ref> Mountain [[glacier]]s may serve as an indicator of climate change, advancing and receding with long-term changes in temperature and precipitation. The Karakoram glaciers are slightly retreating,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110124162708.htm |title=Debris on certain Himalayan glaciers may prevent melting |first=Gail |last=Gallessich |work=sciencedaily.com |year=2011 |access-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.034 |bibcode=2016RSEnv.187..505M |title=Changes in the ablation zones of glaciers in the western Himalaya and the Karakoram between 1972 and 2015 |year=2016 |last1=Muhammad |first1=Sher |last2=Tian |first2=Lide |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |volume=187 |pages=505–512 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1017/jog.2019.5 |bibcode=2019JGlac..65..270M |title=No significant mass loss in the glaciers of Astore Basin (North-Western Himalaya), between 1999 and 2016 |year=2019 |last1=Muhammad |first1=Sher |last2=Tian |first2=Lide |last3=Nüsser |first3=Marcus |journal=Journal of Glaciology |volume=65 |issue=250 |pages=270–278 |doi-access=free}}</ref> unlike the Himalayas where glaciers are losing mass at significantly higher rate, many Karakoram glaciers are covered in a layer of rubble which insulates the ice from the warmth of the sun.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141119 |title=Thin debris layers do not enhance melting of the Karakoram glaciers |year=2020 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume= 746 |pages=141119 |pmid=32763605 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.746n1119M |doi-access=free|last1=Muhammad |first1=Sher |last2=Tian |first2=Lide |last3=Ali |first3=Shaukat |last4=Latif |first4=Yasir |last5=Wazir |first5=Muhammad Atif |last6=Goheer |first6=Muhammad Arif |last7=Saifullah |first7=Muhammad |last8=Hussain |first8=Iqtidar |last9=Shiyin |first9=Liu }}</ref> Where there is no such insulation, the rate of retreat is high.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Remote sensing approach for monitoring debris-covered glaciers in the high altitude Karakoram Himalayas |first=B.K. |last=Veettil |journal=International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences |year=2012 |volume=2 |pages=833–841 |issue=3}}</ref>

* [[Siachen Glacier]]
* [[Baltoro Glacier]]
* [[Hispar Glacier]]
* [[Batura Glacier]]
* [[Biafo Glacier]]
* [[Chogo Lungma Glacier]]
* [[Yinsugaiti Glacier]]

=== Ice Age ===
In the last [[ice age]], a [[ice cap|connected series of glaciers]] stretched from western [[Tibet]] to [[Nanga Parbat]], and from the [[Tarim basin]] to the [[Gilgit District]].<ref name="K1988">{{cite journal |last=Kuhle |first=M. |year=1988 |title=The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages- An Autocycle Hypothesis.Tibet and High Asia. Results of the Sino-German Joint Expeditions (I) |journal=GeoJournal |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=581–596 |doi=10.1007/BF00209444 |s2cid=129234912}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kuhle |first=M. |year=2006 |chapter=The Past Hunza Glacier in Connection with a Pleistocene Karakoram Ice Stream Network during the Last Ice Age (Würm) |editor1-last=Kreutzmann |editor1-first=H. |editor2-last=Saijid |editor2-first=A. |title=Karakoram in Transition |location=Karachi, Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=24–48}}</ref><ref name="K2011">{{cite book |last=Kuhle |first=M. |year=2011 |chapter=The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum) Ice Cover of High and Central Asia, with a Critical Review of Some Recent OSL and TCN Dates |editor1-last=Ehlers |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Gibbard |editor2-first=P.L. |editor3-last=Hughes |editor3-first=P.D. |title=Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elsevier BV |pages=943–965}} (glacier maps [https://web.archive.org/web/20130606133044/http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780444534477/ downloadable])</ref> To the south, the [[Indus Valley|Indus glacier]] was the main valley glacier, which flowed {{convert|120|km|mi}} down from [[Nanga Parbat]] massif to {{convert|870|m|ft}} elevation.<ref name="K1988" /><ref name="K2001">{{cite journal |last=Kuhle |first=M. |year=2001 |title=Tibet and High Asia (VI): Glaciogeomorphology and Prehistoric Glaciation in the Karakoram and Himalaya |journal=GeoJournal |volume=54 |issue=1–4 |pages=109–396 |doi=10.1023/A:1021307330169}}</ref> In the north, the Karakoram glaciers joined those from the [[Kunlun Mountains]] and flowed down to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} in the Tarim basin.<ref name="K2011" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kuhle |first=M. |year=1994 |title=Present and Pleistocene Glaciation on the North-Western Margin of Tibet between the Karakoram Main Ridge and the Tarim Basin Supporting the Evidence of a Pleistocene Inland Glaciation in Tibet. Tibet and High Asia. Results of the Sino-German and Russian-German Joint Expeditions (III) |journal=GeoJournal |volume=33 |pages=133–272 |issue=2/3 |doi=10.1007/BF00812877|s2cid=189882345 }}</ref>

While the current valley glaciers in the Karakoram reach a maximum length of {{convert|76|km|mi}}, several of the ice-age valley glacier branches and main valley glaciers, had lengths up to {{convert|700|km|mi}}. During the Ice Age, the glacier snowline was about {{Convert|1300|m|ft}} lower than today.<ref name="K2011" /><ref name="K2001" />


== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
<references />

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[George Nathaniel Curzon|Curzon, George Nathaniel]]. 1896. ''The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus''. Royal Geographical Society, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005. {{ISBN|1-4021-5983-8}} (pbk); {{ISBN|1-4021-3090-2}} (hbk).
* [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling, Rudyard]] 2002. ''[[Kim (novel)]]''; ed. by Zohreh T. Sullivan. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|039396650X}}—This is the most extensive critical modern edition with footnotes, essays, maps, etc.
* [[Greg Mortenson|Mortenson, Greg]] and Relin, David Oliver. 2008. ''[[Three Cups of Tea]]''. Penguin Books Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0-14-103426-3}} (pbk); Viking Books {{ISBN|978-0-670-03482-6}} (hbk); Tantor Media {{ISBN|978-1-4001-5251-3}} (MP3 CD).
* Kreutzmann, Hermann, ''Karakoram in Transition: Culture, Development, and Ecology in the Hunza Valley'', Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-19-547210-3}}.
* {{citation |first=E. |last=Shukurov |chapter=The Natural Environment of Central and South Asia |editor=Chahryar Adle |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. VI – Towards the contemporary period: from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century |chapter-url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001412/141275e.pdf |year=2005 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103985-0 |pages=480–514 |ref={{sfnref|Shukurov, The Natural Environment of Central and South Asia|2005}} }}
* Dainelli, G. (1932). [https://doi.org/10.2307/1784325 A Journey to the Glaciers of the Eastern Karakoram]. ''The Geographical Journal'', '''79'''(4), 257–268.
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Woodman |first=Dorothy |author-link=Dorothy Woodman |title=Himalayan Frontiers |publisher=Barrie & Rockcliff |year=1969 |ref={{sfnref|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1969}}}}
* {{citation |last=Woodman |first=Dorothy |title=Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkCAAAAAIAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Praeger |ref={{sfnref|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1970}}}}
* {{Cite web|last=Trivei|first=Abishek|date=8 July 2019|title=Why the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement Is Unlawful in Light of the Recent ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Chagos Archipelago, 2019|url=https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2019/07/abhishek-trivedi-sino-pakistan-boundary/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-07|website=www.jurist.org}}
* {{cite web|last=Noorani|first=A. G.|date=20 October 2006|title=Facing the truth|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30211220.ece|website=Frontline|quote=The Shaksgam Valley was never part of Kashmir and the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir were undefined}}
* {{cite magazine |url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870184,00.html | title =Signing with the Red Chinese | magazine =Time (magazine)|date =15 March 1963 | access-date =28 October 2019 |url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130318005638/https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870184,00.html | archive-date =6 August 2020}}
* {{cite book|author=R Chandrashekhar|url=https://cenjows.gov.in/pdf/Layout_THE-GILGIT-AND-BALTISTAN-REGIONS-OF-J&K_%20Inside_28-11-17.pdf|title=THE GILGIT AND BALTISTAN REGIONS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE|date=2017|website=Center for Joint Warfare Studies|publisher=Xtreme Office Aids Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-93-84492-36-6|location=[[New Delhi]]|page=63|quote=An area that is legally part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir has since 1963 been administered by China as a part of Kargilik County and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in the Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Prior to 1963 the Shaksgam tract had been administered as a part of Shigar.}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/CompleteAtlasOfTheWorld3rdEdition2016|title=Complete Atlas Of The World|date=2016|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|edition=3|page=[https://archive.org/details/CompleteAtlasOfTheWorld3rdEdition2016/page/n239 238]|quote=(claimed by India)|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Karakoram}}
{{Commonscat|Karakoram}}
* [http://blankonthemap.free.fr/default.htm Blankonthemap] The Northern Kashmir Website
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1491179.stm Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma]
* [https://www.flickr.com/groups/greatkarakorams/ Great Karakorams] – images on [[Flickr]]


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Верзија на датум 12. фебруар 2023. у 18:28

Каракорум
Глечер Балторо, а у позадини су Гашербрум I и II, два врха виша од 8000 m.
Географске карактеристике
Највиша тачкаK2
Ндм. висина8611 m
Координате35° 52′ 57″ С; 76° 30′ 48″ И / 35.8825° С; 76.513333° И / 35.8825; 76.513333
35° 52′ 57″ С; 76° 30′ 48″ И / 35.8825° С; 76.513333° И / 35.8825; 76.513333
Географија
ДржавеАвганистан, Кина, Индија, Пакистан и Таџикистан

Каракорум је велики планински венац који се протеже између Пакистана, Индије и Кине. Налази се у областима Гилгит-Балтистан (Пакистан), Ладах (Индија) и Синкјанг (Кина). Каракорум је део Хиндукушко-хималајског венца и место највеће коцентрације врхова преко 8000 m на свету, међу којима је и К2, други највиши врх на свету са 8.611 m.[1][2] The Karakoram has eighteen summits over 7.500 m (24.600 ft) in height, with four exceeding 8.000 m (26.000 ft):[3] K2, the second-highest peak in the world at 8.611 m (28.251 ft), Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak and Gasherbrum II.

Венац је дуг око 500 km, и најзалеђенији део света изван поларних региона. Глечери Сијачен дуг 76 km и Биафо дуг 63 km су други и трећи по дужини глечери на свету изван поларних региона. Каракорум је са североистока оркружен Тибетом, а са севера Памиром. Јужну границу Каракорума чине, од запада ка истоку, реке Гилгит, Инд и Шајок, који одвајају венац од северозападног дела Хималаја, пошто ове реке теку на југозапад према пакистанским равницама.

The range is about 500 km (311 mi) in length and is the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside the polar regions. The Siachen Glacier at 76 km (47 mi) and the Biafo Glacier at 63 km (39 mi) rank as the world's second and third longest glaciers outside the polar regions.[4]

The Tashkurghan National Nature Reserve and the Pamir Wetlands National Nature Reserve in the Karalorun and Pamir mountains have been nominated for inclusion in UNESCO in 2010 by the National Commission of the People's Republic of China for UNESCO and has tentatively been added to the list.[5]

Етимологија

Каракорум је турски израз који значи „црни шљунак”. Централноазијски трговци првобитно су примењивали овај израз на превој Каракорум.[6] Рани европски путници, укључујући Вилијама Муркрофта и Џорџа Хејворда, почели су да користе термин Каракорум за планински ланац западно од превоја, иако су такође користили израз „Muztagh” (у преводу „Ледена планина“) за ланац који је данас познат као Каракорум.[6][7] На каснију терминологију утицале су геодете из Индије, посебно Томас Монтгомери који је 1850-их дао ознаке од К1 до К6 (К за Каракорум) за шест високих планина видљивих из његове станице на планини Харамук, у долини Кашмира.

У традиционалној индијској географији планине су биле познате као „Krishnagiri” (Црне планине), „Kanhagiri” и „Kanheri”.[8]

Геологија и глечери

The Karakoram is in one of the world's most geologically active areas, at the plate boundary between the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate.[9] A significant part, somewhere between 28 and 50 percent, of the Karakoram Range is glaciated covering an area of more than 15,000 km2 or 0 sq mi,[10] compared to between 8 and 12 percent of the Himalaya and 2.2 percent of the Alps.[11] Mountain glaciers may serve as an indicator of climate change, advancing and receding with long-term changes in temperature and precipitation. The Karakoram glaciers are slightly retreating,[12][13][14] unlike the Himalayas where glaciers are losing mass at significantly higher rate, many Karakoram glaciers are covered in a layer of rubble which insulates the ice from the warmth of the sun.[15] Where there is no such insulation, the rate of retreat is high.[16]

Ice Age

In the last ice age, a connected series of glaciers stretched from western Tibet to Nanga Parbat, and from the Tarim basin to the Gilgit District.[17][18][19] To the south, the Indus glacier was the main valley glacier, which flowed 120 km (75 mi) down from Nanga Parbat massif to 870 m (2.850 ft) elevation.[17][20] In the north, the Karakoram glaciers joined those from the Kunlun Mountains and flowed down to 2.000 m (6.600 ft) in the Tarim basin.[19][21]

While the current valley glaciers in the Karakoram reach a maximum length of 76 km (47 mi), several of the ice-age valley glacier branches and main valley glaciers, had lengths up to 700 km (430 mi). During the Ice Age, the glacier snowline was about 1.300 m (4.300 ft) lower than today.[19][20]

Референце

  1. ^ Bessarabov, Georgy Dmitriyevich (7. 2. 2014). „Karakoram Range”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Приступљено 3. 5. 2015. 
  2. ^ „Hindu Kush Himalayan Region”. ICIMOD. Приступљено 17. 10. 2014. 
  3. ^ Shukurov, The Natural Environment of Central and South Asia 2005, стр. 512; Voiland, Adam (2013). „The Eight-Thousanders”. Nasa Earth Observatory. Приступљено 23. 12. 2016. ; BBC, Planet Earth, "Mountains", Part Three
  4. ^ Tajikistan's Fedchenko Glacier is 77 km (48 mi) long. Baltoro and Batura Glaciers in the Karakoram are 57 km (35 mi) long, as is Bruggen or Pio XI Glacier in southern Chile. Measurements are from recent imagery, generally supplemented with Russian 1:200,000 scale topographic mapping as well as Jerzy Wala,Orographical Sketch Map: Karakoram: Sheets 1 & 2, Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich, 1990.
  5. ^ „Karakorum-Pamir”. UNESCO. Приступљено 16. 2. 2013. 
  6. ^ а б Mason, Kenneth (1928). Exploration of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil ranges, 1926. стр. 72. ISBN 978-81-206-1794-0. 
  7. ^ Close C, Burrard S, Younghusband F, et al. (1930). „Nomenclature in the Karakoram: Discussion”. The Geographical Journal. Blackwell Publishing. 76 (2): 148—158. JSTOR 1783980. doi:10.2307/1783980. 
  8. ^ Kohli, M.S. (2002), Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage, Indus Publishing, стр. 22, ISBN 978-81-7387-135-1 
  9. ^ „Geological evolution of the Karakoram ranges”. Italian Journal of Geosciences. 130 (2): 147—159. 2011. doi:10.3301/IJG.2011.08. 
  10. ^ Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide; Khan, Asif (2019). „Early twenty-first century glacier mass losses in the Indus Basin constrained by density assumptions”. Journal of Hydrology. 574: 467—475. Bibcode:2019JHyd..574..467M. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.057 Слободан приступ. 
  11. ^ Gansser (1975). Geology of the Himalayas. London: Interscience Publishers. 
  12. ^ Gallessich, Gail (2011). „Debris on certain Himalayan glaciers may prevent melting”. sciencedaily.com. Приступљено 30. 1. 2011. 
  13. ^ Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide (2016). „Changes in the ablation zones of glaciers in the western Himalaya and the Karakoram between 1972 and 2015”. Remote Sensing of Environment. 187: 505—512. Bibcode:2016RSEnv.187..505M. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.034 Слободан приступ. 
  14. ^ Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide; Nüsser, Marcus (2019). „No significant mass loss in the glaciers of Astore Basin (North-Western Himalaya), between 1999 and 2016”. Journal of Glaciology. 65 (250): 270—278. Bibcode:2019JGlac..65..270M. doi:10.1017/jog.2019.5 Слободан приступ. 
  15. ^ Muhammad, Sher; Tian, Lide; Ali, Shaukat; Latif, Yasir; Wazir, Muhammad Atif; Goheer, Muhammad Arif; Saifullah, Muhammad; Hussain, Iqtidar; Shiyin, Liu (2020). „Thin debris layers do not enhance melting of the Karakoram glaciers”. Science of the Total Environment. 746: 141119. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.746n1119M. PMID 32763605. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141119 Слободан приступ. 
  16. ^ Veettil, B.K. (2012). „A Remote sensing approach for monitoring debris-covered glaciers in the high altitude Karakoram Himalayas”. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences. 2 (3): 833—841. 
  17. ^ а б Kuhle, M. (1988). „The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages- An Autocycle Hypothesis.Tibet and High Asia. Results of the Sino-German Joint Expeditions (I)”. GeoJournal. 17 (4): 581—596. S2CID 129234912. doi:10.1007/BF00209444. 
  18. ^ Kuhle, M. (2006). „The Past Hunza Glacier in Connection with a Pleistocene Karakoram Ice Stream Network during the Last Ice Age (Würm)”. Ур.: Kreutzmann, H.; Saijid, A. Karakoram in Transition. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. стр. 24—48. 
  19. ^ а б в Kuhle, M. (2011). „The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum) Ice Cover of High and Central Asia, with a Critical Review of Some Recent OSL and TCN Dates”. Ур.: Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Hughes, P.D. Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. стр. 943—965.  (glacier maps downloadable)
  20. ^ а б Kuhle, M. (2001). „Tibet and High Asia (VI): Glaciogeomorphology and Prehistoric Glaciation in the Karakoram and Himalaya”. GeoJournal. 54 (1–4): 109—396. doi:10.1023/A:1021307330169. 
  21. ^ Kuhle, M. (1994). „Present and Pleistocene Glaciation on the North-Western Margin of Tibet between the Karakoram Main Ridge and the Tarim Basin Supporting the Evidence of a Pleistocene Inland Glaciation in Tibet. Tibet and High Asia. Results of the Sino-German and Russian-German Joint Expeditions (III)”. GeoJournal. 33 (2/3): 133—272. S2CID 189882345. doi:10.1007/BF00812877. 

Литература

Спољашње везе

Каракорумске планине на Викимедијиној остави.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Каракорумске_планине&oldid=25580692”