Суд

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Судница Високог суда Аустралије

A trial at the Old Bailey in London as drawn by Thomas Rowlandson and Augustus Pugin for Microcosm of London (1808–11)

The International Court of Justice

Суд је институција којој је поверено вршење судске функције, тј. решавање спорних случајева у области грађанског, кривичног, међународног права или у некој другој области где се могу јавити спорови. Најчешће се под судом подразумева државни орган, који се налази у саставу судства као једне од три гране власти, али суд може постојати и као међународни, суд неке недржавне организације (судови части професионалних организација нпр.) или привремени, специјални суд. In both common law and civil law legal systems, courts are the central means for dispute resolution, and it is generally understood that all people have an ability to bring their claims before a court. Similarly, the rights of those accused of a crime include the right to present a defense before a court.

The system of courts that interprets and applies the law is collectively known as the judiciary. The place where a court sits is known as a venue. The room where court proceedings occur is known as a courtroom, and the building as a courthouse; court facilities range from simple and very small facilities in rural communities to large complex facilities in urban communities.

The practical authority given to the court is known as its jurisdiction (from Latin iūrisdictiō, from iūris, "of the law," + dīcō, "to declare," + -tiō, noun-forming suffix), the court's power to decide certain kinds of questions or petitions put to it. According to William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, a court (for civil wrongs) is constituted by a minimum of three parties: the āctor or plaintiff, who complains of an injury done; the reus or defendant, who is called upon to make satisfaction for it; and the jūdex or judicial power, who is to examine the truth of the fact, determine the law arising upon that fact, and, if any injury appears to have been done, ascertain and by its officers apply a legal remedy. It is also usual in the superior courts to have barristers, and attorneys or counsel, as assistants, though, often, courts consist of additional barristers, bailiffs, reporters, and perhaps a jury.

The term "the court" is also used to refer to the presiding officer or officials, usually one or more judges. The judge or panel of judges may also be collectively referred to as "the bench" (in contrast to attorneys and barristers, collectively referred to as "the bar").

Етимологија речи суд

Реч суд(посуда) је у сродству са санскритским глаголом сомдхех, саставити, скупити. Судом (посудом) се нешто скупља, саставља, чува. Иста логика је човека који скупља, саставља, чува чињенице неопходне за пресуду (појам судија), као и оног који на основу скупљених премиса доноси логички суд, назвала суд, судија. Значи и судија, и институт суд, било као државни или међународни орган, као и логички суд, су у сродству са санскритским глаголом сомдхех, саставити, скупити, јер и они нешто скупљају, састављају, чувају. Реч суд, у више-мање сличном облику, постоји у свим словенским језицима.

Судови у унутрашњем правном поретку

Судови у оквиру државног система имају различито уређење од државе до државе, али се генерално прави разлика између првостепених и другостепених (апелационих) судова, тј. судова који примарно решавају ствар и судова који решавају по правном леку, тј. жалби. Најчешће постоји и трећи степен у виду врховног суда државе, који је обично касационог карактера и не улази у чињенично стање.

Могу постојати и издвојени војни судови са сопственом хијерархијском организацијом. Постоји тенденција специјализације судских органа (то као традиција постоји у Уједињеном Краљевству) према врсти спора, што има за циљ ефикаснији рад судова.

Према општеприхваћеним стандардима, судови морају бити независни од спољашњих утицаја и судити искључиво по уставу и закону.

Међународни судови

Међународни судови могу се основати на различите начине и имају различите задатке. То могу бити судови установљени сагласношћу држава и са широком надлежношћу (нпр. Међународни суд правде), судови установљени за контролу спровођења одређених међународних докумената (нпр. Европски суд за људска права), специјализовани судови за одређену област (нпр. Међународни кривични суд) или пак ад хок судови за одређену сврху (нпр. Хашки трибунал).

Судница Међународног суда правде

Надлежност, уређење и правила поступка пред овим судовима обично се одређују у оснивачким актима и разликују се од суда до суда. Често овде долази до конвергенције утицаја континенталног и англосаксонског права.

Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction is defined as the official authority to make legal decisions and judgements over a person or material item within a territory.

"Whether a given court has jurisdiction to preside over a given case" is a key question in any legal action. Three basic components of jurisdiction are personal jurisdiction over an individual or thing (rēs), jurisdiction over the particular subject matter (subject-matter jurisdiction) and territorial jurisdiction. Jurisdiction over a person refers to the full authority over a person regardless of where they live, jurisdiction over a particular subject matter refers to the authority over the said subject of legal cases involved in a case, and lastly territorial jurisdiction is the authority over a person within an x amount of space.

Other concepts of jurisdiction include general, exclusive, appellate, and (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction.

Trial and appellate courts

A courtroom of the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland

Trial courts are courts that hold trials. Sometimes termed "courts of first instance", trial courts have varying original jurisdiction. Trial courts may conduct trials with juries as the finders of fact (these are known as jury trials) or trials in which judges act as both finders of fact and finders of law (in some jurisdictions these are known as bench trials). Juries are less common in court systems outside the Anglo-American common law tradition.

Civil law courts and common law courts

The two major legal traditions of the western world are the civil law courts and the common law courts. These two great legal traditions are similar, in that they are products of western culture, although there are significant differences between the two traditions. Civil law courts are profoundly based upon Roman law, specifically a civil body of law entitled Corpus Juris Civilisкôд: lat је напређен у кôд: la . This theory of civil law was rediscovered around the end of the eleventh century and became a foundation for university legal education starting in Bologna, Italy and subsequently being taught throughout continental European universities.

Civil law is firmly ensconced in the French and German legal systems. Common law courts were established by English royal judges of the King's Council after the Norman Invasion of Britain in 1066. The royal judges created a body of law by combining local customs they were made aware of through traveling and visiting local jurisdictions. This common standard of law became known as "Common Law". This legal tradition is practiced in the English and American legal systems. In most civil law jurisdictions, courts function under an inquisitorial system. In the common law system, most courts follow the adversarial system. Procedural law governs the rules by which courts operate: civil procedure for private disputes (for example); and criminal procedure for violation of the criminal law. In recent years, international courts are being created to resolve matters not covered by the jurisdiction of national courts. For example, the International Criminal Court, based in The Hague, in the Netherlands, or the Court of Permanent Lok Adalat (Public Utility Services), based in India.

Court television shows

Television show courts, which are not part of the judicial system and are generally private arbitrators, are depicted within the court show genre; however, the courts depicted have been criticized as misrepresenting real-life courts of law and the true nature of the legal system.

Види још

• Право
• Закон

Литература

• Cohen, Harlan Grant; Grossman, Nienke; Follesdal, Andreas; Ulfstein, Geir (2018-02-22). Legitimacy and International Courts (на језику: енглески). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42385-4. 
• von Bogdandy, Armin; Venzke, Ingo (2013-06-07). „International judicial institutions in international relations: functions, authority and legitimacy”. Ур.: Reinalda, Bob. Routledge Handbook of International Organization (на језику: енглески). Routledge. стр. 461—472. ISBN 978-1-134-11298-2. 
• von Bogdandy, Armin; Venzke, Ingo (2012). „Beyond Dispute: International Judicial Institutions as Lawmakers”. Ур.: von Bogdandy, Armin; Venzke, Ingo. International Judicial Lawmaking: On Public Authority and Democratic Legitimation in Global Governance. 236. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. стр. 3—33. ISBN 978-3-642-29586-7. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29587-4_1. Приступљено 2022-09-23. 
• Hernández, Gleider I. (2016-04-29). „International judicial lawmaking”. Ур.: Brölmann, Catherine; Radi, Yannick. Research Handbook on the Theory and Practice of International Lawmaking (на језику: енглески). стр. 200—221. ISBN 9781781953228. doi:10.4337/9781781953228.00020. 
• Accinelli, R. D. "Peace Through Law: The United States and the World Court, 1923–1935". Historical Papers / Communications historiques, 7#1 (1972) 247–261. doi:10.7202/030751a.
• Bowett, D W. The International court of justice : process, practice and procedure (British Institute of International and Comparative Law: London, 1997).
• Creamer, Cosette & Godzmirka, Zuzanna. "The Job Market for Justice: Screening and Selecting Candidates for the International Court of Justice", Leiden Journal of International Law (2017).
• Dunne, Michael. "Isolationism of a Kind: Two Generations of World Court Historiography in the United States," Journal of American Studies (1987) 21#3 pp 327–351.
• Kahn, Gilbert N. "Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight." Diplomatic History 4.2 (1980): 137–160.
• Kolb, Robert, The International Court of Justice Архивирано 29 јун 2016 на сајту Wayback Machine (Hart Publishing: Oxford, 2013).
• Patterson, David S. "The United States and the origins of the world court". Political Science Quarterly 91.2 (1976): 279–295. JSTOR 2148413.
• Rosenne, S., Rosenne's the world court: what it is and how it works (6th ed.). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2003.
• Van Der Wolf W. & De Ruiter D., "The International Court of Justice: Facts and Documents About the History and Work of the Court" (International Courts Association, 2011)
• Шаблон:Cite ssrn
• Yee, Sienho. "Article 38 of the ICJ Statute and Applicable Law: Selected Issues in Recent Cases", Journal of International Dispute Settlement 7 (2016), 472–498.
• Zimmermann, Andreas; Christian Tomuschat, Karin Oellers-Frahm & Christian J. Tams (eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary (2nd. ed. October 2012, Oxford University Press).

Спољашње везе

• Медији везани за чланак Суд на Викимедијиној остави
• ICJ Multimedia Gallery (photos, videos, webstreaming)