Кртола — разлика између измена

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Кртола, гомољ или тубер (лат. tuber), је тип метаморфозе стабла или корена, на основу чега се и деле на стаблове и коренске кртоле.

Кртоле су type of enlarged structure used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season, and as a means of asexual reproduction.^[1] Stem tubers form thickened rhizomes (underground stems) or stolons (horizontal connections between organisms); well known species with stem tubers include the potato and yam. Some writers also treat modified lateral roots (root tubers) under the definition; these are found in sweet potatoes, cassava, and dahlias.

Терминологија

The term originates from the Latin tuber, meaning "lump, bump, swelling".^[2]

Some writers define the term "tuber" to mean only structures derived from stems;^[3] others use the term for structures derived from stems or roots.^[4]

Стабалске кртоле

Стабалске кртоле настају интензивним примарним или секундарним дебљањем хипокотила (праве стаблове кртоле), или се развијају из једне или више интернодија изданка. Најчешће функције кртола су складиштење резервних материја (првенствено скроба), преживљавање неповољних услова средине и размножавање.

Праве стаблове кртоле се развијају код појединих једногодишњих (циклама) и двогодишњих биљака (ротквица, цвекла). Кртола која настаје од интернодија стабла може се уочити код келерабе. Кртоле кромпира настају на крајевима плагиотропних подземних интернодија (столона, врежа) а служе за складиштење скроба и размножавање.

Tuberous begonias, yams,^[5]^[6] and cyclamens are commonly grown stem tubers. Mignonette vine (Anredera cordifolia) produces aerial stem tubers on 3,5-to-7,5 m-tall (12-to-25 ft) vines; the tubers fall to the ground and grow. Plectranthus esculentus, of the mint family Lamiaceae, produces tuberous underground organs from the base of the stem, weighing up to 18 kg (39 lb 11 oz) per tuber, forming from axillary buds producing short stolons that grow into tubers.^[7] Even though legumes are not commonly associated with forming stem tubers, Lathyrus tuberosus is an example native to Asia and Europe, where it was once grown as a crop.^[8]

Potatoes

Potatoes are stem tubers – enlarged stolons thicken to develop into storage organs.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Коренске кртоле

Коренске кртоле настају задебљавањем латералних коренова и задржавају њихове анатомске карактеристике (присуство коренске капе, непостојање лисних заметака).

Root tubers are perennating organs,^[12] thickened roots that store nutrients over periods when the plant cannot actively grow, thus permitting survival from one year to the next. The massive enlargement of secondary roots typically represented by sweet potato have the internal and external cell and tissue structures of a normal root; they produce adventitious roots and stems, which again produce adventitious roots.^[13]

In root tubers, there are no nodes and internodes or reduced leaves. The proximal end of the tuber, which was attached to the old plant, has crown tissue that produces buds which grow into new stems and foliage.^[14] The distal end of the tuber normally produces unmodified roots. In stem tubers the order is reversed, with the distal end producing stems. Tuberous roots are biennial in duration: the plant produces tubers the first year, and at the end of the growing season, the shoots often die, leaving the newly generated tubers; the next growing season, the tubers produce new shoots. As the shoots of the new plant grow, the stored reserves of the tuber are consumed in the production of new roots, stems, and reproductive organs; any remaining root tissue dies concurrently to the plant's regeneration of the next generation of tubers.

The Hemerocallis fulva daylily^[18]^[19] and a number of daylily hybrids have large root tubers; H. fulva spreads by underground stolons^[20] that end with a new fan that grows roots that produce thick tubers and then send out more stolons.^[8]

Root tubers, along with other storage tissues that plants produce, are consumed by animals as a rich source of nutrients. The root tubers of arrowhead plants of the genus Sagittaria are eaten by ducks.^[21]

Референце

^ Rooting Cuttings of Tropical Trees, London: Commonwealth Science Council, 1994, стр. 11, ISBN 978-0-85092-394-0
^ „Tuber”. Online Etymology Dictionary. Архивирано из оригинала 2016-02-15. г.
^ Mauseth, James D. (2012), Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology (5th изд.), Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning, ISBN 978-1-4496-6580-7 , p. 672
^ Beentje, Henk (2010), The Kew Plant Glossary, Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9 , p. 124
^ Raz, Lauren (2002). „Dioscoreaceae”. Ур.: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 26. New York and Oxford: Flora of North America North of Mexico. Архивирано из оригинала 2006-04-19. г. — преко eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ Martin, FW; Ortiz, Sonia (1963). „Origin and Anatomy of Tubers of Dioscorea Floribunda and D. Spiculiflora”. Botanical Gazette. 124 (6): 416—421. JSTOR 2473209. S2CID 84746878. doi:10.1086/336228.
^ J. Allemann; P.J. Robbertse; P.S. Hammes (20. 6. 2003). „Organographic and anatomical evidence that the edible storage organs of Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br. (Lamiaceae) are stem tubers”. Field Crops Research. 83 (1): 35—39. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00054-6.
^ ^а ^б Mansfeld, Rudolf (2001), Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops, Berlin: Springer, стр. 2231, ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1
^ University of California, Berkeley. „Potato Genome Project”. Приступљено 17. 7. 2018.
^ "Interrelationships of the number of initial sprouts, stems, stolons and tubers per potato plant" Journal Potato Research. Springer Netherlands ISSN 0014-3065 (Print) ISSN 1871-4528 (Online) Volume 33, Number 2 / June 1990
^ „Introduction to Stems”. Pennsylvania State University - Environmental Science. Monaco Educational Service. 2000. Архивирано из оригинала 2005-04-13. г. Приступљено 2005-05-10.
^ King, Tim; Reiss, Michael (2001). Practical Advanced Biology. Nelson Thornes. стр. 213. ISBN 9780174483083.
^ Davis, Tim D.; Haissig, Bruce E., ур. (1994), Biology of Adventitious Root Formation, New York: Plenum Press, стр. 17, ISBN 978-0-306-44627-6
^ Kyte, Lydiane; Kleyn, John (1996), Plants from Test Tubes: An Introduction to Micropropagation, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, стр. 23—24, ISBN 978-0-88192-361-2
^ „Hemerocallis in Flora of North America @ efloras.org”. www.efloras.org. Приступљено 2022-10-18.
^ Bajaj, Y. P. S. (2012-12-06). Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering VI (на језику: енглески). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-57840-3.
^ „International Daylily Groups”. American Hemerocallis Society.
^ „Hemerocallis fulv (L.) L.”. Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Приступљено 2020-02-08.
^ „Gloriosa luxurians”. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Приступљено 2020-02-08.
^ Chen, Xinqi; Noguchi, Junko. „Hemerocallis fulva”. Flora of China. 24. Архивирано из оригинала 14. 11. 2016. г. Приступљено 27. 4. 2018 — преко eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ Hammerson, Geoffrey A. (2004), Connecticut Wildlife: Biodiversity, Natural History, and Conservation, Hanover: University Press of New England, стр. 89, ISBN 978-1-58465-369-1

Литература

Strasburger E, Noll F, Schenck H, Schimper AF, Ziegler H, von Denffer D, Devidé Z. 1988. Udžbenik botanike za više škole — Morfologija i fiziologija. Školska knjiga: Zagreb. ISBN 978-86-03-99103-1.
Којић, М: Ботаника, Научна књига, Београд, 1989.
Којић, М: Физиолошка екологија културних биљака, Научна књига, Београд, 1987.
Маринковић, Р, Татић, Б, Блаженчић, Ј: Морфологија биљака, Београд, 1979.
Јанчић, Р: Сто наших најпознатијих лековитих биљака, Научна књига, Београд, 1988.
Јанчић, Р: Лековите биљке са кључем за одређивање, Научна књига, Београд, 1990.
Практикум из пољопривредне ботанике са радном свеском, аутори: Драгана Ранчич, Светлана Аћић, Ивам шоштарић.
Ботаника 9. издање, аутори: Момчило Којић, Софија Пекић, Зора Дајић.
Baldocchi DD, Xu L (октобар 2007). „What limits evaporation from Mediterranean oak woodlands–The supply of moisture in the soil, physiological control by plants or the demand by the atmosphere?”. Advances in Water Resources. 30 (10): 2113—22. Bibcode:2007AdWR...30.2113B. doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.06.013.
Brundrett, M. C. (2002). „Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants”. New Phytologist. 154 (2): 275—304. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x .
Clark, Lynn (2004). „Primary Root Structure and Development – lecture notes” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 3. 1. 2006. г.
Coutts MP (1987). „Developmental processes in tree root systems”. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 17 (8): 761—767. doi:10.1139/x87-122.
Raven JA, Edwards D (2001). „Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance.”. Journal of Experimental Botany. 52 (Suppl 1): 381—401. PMID 11326045. doi:10.1093/jxb/52.suppl_1.381.
Schenk HJ, Jackson RB (2002). „The global biogeography of roots”. Ecological Monographs. 72 (3): 311—328. JSTOR 3100092. doi:10.2307/3100092.
Sutton RF, Tinus RW (1983). „Root and root system terminology”. Forest Science Monograph. 24: 137.
Phillips WS (1963). „Depth of roots in soil”. Ecology. 44 (2): 424. JSTOR 1932198. doi:10.2307/1932198.
Caldwell MM, Dawson TE, Richards JH (1998). „Hydraulic lift: consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants.”. Oecologia. 113 (2): 151—161. Bibcode:1998Oecol.113..151C. PMID 28308192. S2CID 24181646. doi:10.1007/s004420050363.
Davis, P.H.; Cullen, J. (1979), The Identification of Flowering Plant Families, including a Key to those Native and Cultivated in North Temperate Regions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, стр. 102, ISBN 978-0-521-29359-4
Boomgaard, Peter (2003). „In the Shadow of Rice: Roots and Tubers in Indonesian History, 1500–1950”. Agricultural History. 77 (4): 582—610. JSTOR 3744936. doi:10.1525/ah.2003.77.4.582.
Hawkes, J.G. (1990). The Potato: Evolution, Biodiversity & Genetic Resources, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
Lang, James (1975). Notes of a Potato Watcher. Texas A&M University Agriculture series. ISBN 978-1-58544-138-9.
Langer, William L (1975). „American Foods and Europe's Population Growth 1750–1850”. Journal of Social History. 8 (2): 51—66. JSTOR 3786266. doi:10.1353/jsh/8.2.51.
McNeill, William H. "How the Potato Changed the World's History." Social Research (1999) 66#1 pp. 67–83. ISSN 0037-783X Fulltext: Ebsco, by a leading historian
McNeill William H (1948). „The Introduction of the Potato into Ireland”. Journal of Modern History. 21 (3): 218—21. JSTOR 1876068. S2CID 145099646. doi:10.1086/237272.
Ó Gráda, Cormac. Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory. (1999). 272 pp.
Ó Gráda, Cormac, Richard Paping, and Eric Vanhaute, eds. When the Potato Failed: Causes and Effects of the Last European Subsistence Crisis, 1845–1850. (2007). 342 pp. ISBN 978-2-503-51985-2. 15 essays by scholars looking at Ireland and all of Europe
Reader, John. Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History (2008), 315pp a standard scholarly history
Salaman, Redcliffe N. (1989). The History and Social Influence of the Potato, Cambridge University Press (originally published in 1949; reprinted 1985 with new introduction and corrections by J.G. Hawkes).
Stevenson, W.R., Loria, R., Franc, G.D., and Weingartner, D.P. (2001) Compendium of Potato Diseases, 2nd ed, Amer. Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
Zuckerman, Larry. The Potato: How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World. (1998). 304 pp. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 0-86547-578-4

Спољашње везе

Cook's Thesaurus has a good inventory of tuber varieties.
CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas

[rooting_cuttings_of_tropical_trees-1] Rooting Cuttings of Tropical Trees, London: Commonwealth Science Council, 1994, стр. 11, ISBN 978-0-85092-394-0

[2] „Tuber”. Online Etymology Dictionary. Архивирано из оригинала 2016-02-15. г.

[3] Mauseth, James D. (2012), Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology (5th изд.), Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning, ISBN 978-1-4496-6580-7 , p. 672

[Been10-4] Beentje, Henk (2010), The Kew Plant Glossary, Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9 , p. 124

[FNA-5] Raz, Lauren (2002). „Dioscoreaceae”. Ур.: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 26. New York and Oxford: Flora of North America North of Mexico. Архивирано из оригинала 2006-04-19. г. — преко eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.

[Martin-6] Martin, FW; Ortiz, Sonia (1963). „Origin and Anatomy of Tubers of Dioscorea Floribunda and D. Spiculiflora”. Botanical Gazette. 124 (6): 416—421. JSTOR 2473209. S2CID 84746878. doi:10.1086/336228.

[7] J. Allemann; P.J. Robbertse; P.S. Hammes (20. 6. 2003). „Organographic and anatomical evidence that the edible storage organs of Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br. (Lamiaceae) are stem tubers”. Field Crops Research. 83 (1): 35—39. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00054-6.

[Mansfeld2001-8] а ^б Mansfeld, Rudolf (2001), Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops, Berlin: Springer, стр. 2231, ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1

[9] University of California, Berkeley. „Potato Genome Project”. Приступљено 17. 7. 2018.

[10] "Interrelationships of the number of initial sprouts, stems, stolons and tubers per potato plant" Journal Potato Research. Springer Netherlands ISSN 0014-3065 (Print) ISSN 1871-4528 (Online) Volume 33, Number 2 / June 1990

[11] „Introduction to Stems”. Pennsylvania State University - Environmental Science. Monaco Educational Service. 2000. Архивирано из оригинала 2005-04-13. г. Приступљено 2005-05-10.

[12] King, Tim; Reiss, Michael (2001). Practical Advanced Biology. Nelson Thornes. стр. 213. ISBN 9780174483083.

[Davis1994-13] Davis, Tim D.; Haissig, Bruce E., ур. (1994), Biology of Adventitious Root Formation, New York: Plenum Press, стр. 17, ISBN 978-0-306-44627-6

[Kyte1996-14] Kyte, Lydiane; Kleyn, John (1996), Plants from Test Tubes: An Introduction to Micropropagation, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, стр. 23—24, ISBN 978-0-88192-361-2

[Hemerocallis-15] „Hemerocallis in Flora of North America @ efloras.org”. www.efloras.org. Приступљено 2022-10-18.

[16] Bajaj, Y. P. S. (2012-12-06). Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering VI (на језику: енглески). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-57840-3.

[AHSint-17] „International Daylily Groups”. American Hemerocallis Society.

[18] „Hemerocallis fulv (L.) L.”. Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Приступљено 2020-02-08.

[19] „Gloriosa luxurians”. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Приступљено 2020-02-08.

[20] Chen, Xinqi; Noguchi, Junko. „Hemerocallis fulva”. Flora of China. 24. Архивирано из оригинала 14. 11. 2016. г. Приступљено 27. 4. 2018 — преко eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.

[Hammerson2004-21] Hammerson, Geoffrey A. (2004), Connecticut Wildlife: Biodiversity, Natural History, and Conservation, Hanover: University Press of New England, стр. 89, ISBN 978-1-58465-369-1

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{Short description|Орган за складиштење у биљкама}}{{rut}}
-[[Датотека:Potatoes.jpg|мини|десно|200п|Кртоле [[кромпир]]а]]
+[[Датотека:Ullucus tuberosus (South Peru).jpg|right|thumb|250px|Кртоле улика (''[[Ullucus tuberosus]]'')]]
+[[Датотека:Potatoes.jpg|мини|десно|250п|Кртоле [[кромпир]]а]]
 '''Кртола''', '''гомољ''' или '''тубер''' ({{јез-лат|tuber}}), је тип [[метаморфоза (биологија)|метаморфозе]] [[стабло|стабла]] или [[корен]]а, на основу чега се и деле на ''стаблове'' и ''коренске кртоле''.
+Кртоле су type of enlarged structure used as [[storage organ]]s for [[nutrient]]s in some [[plant]]s. They are used for the plant's [[perennation]] (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season, and as a means of [[asexual reproduction]].<ref name="rooting_cuttings_of_tropical_trees">{{Citation | title = Rooting Cuttings of Tropical Trees | year = 1994 | publisher = Commonwealth Science Council | location = London  | isbn = 978-0-85092-394-0 | pages = 11 }}</ref> ''Stem tubers'' form thickened [[rhizome]]s (underground stems) or [[stolon]]s (horizontal connections between organisms); well known species with stem tubers include the [[potato]] and [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]]. Some writers also treat modified lateral [[root]]s (''root tubers'') under the definition; these are found in [[sweet potato]]es, [[cassava]], and [[dahlia]]s.
-== Стаблове кртоле ==
+== Терминологија ==
-'''Стаблове кртоле''' настају интензивним примарним или секундарним дебљањем [[хипокотил]]а (''праве стаблове кртоле''), или се развијају из једне или више интернодија [[изданак|изданка]]. Најчешће функције кртола су складиштење резервних материја (првенствено [[скроб]]а), преживљавање неповољних услова средине и [[репродукција|размножавање]].
+The term originates from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|tuber}}, meaning "lump, bump, swelling".<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tuber |title=Tuber |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215121743/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tuber |archive-date=2016-02-15 }}</ref>
+Some writers define the term "tuber" to mean only structures derived from [[Plant stem|stems]];<ref>{{Citation |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |title=Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology | edition=5th | year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4496-6580-7 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Learning |location=Sudbury, MA}}, p. 672</ref> others use the term for structures derived from stems or [[root]]s.<ref name=Been10>{{Citation |last=Beentje |first=Henk |year=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary |location=Richmond, Surrey |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |isbn=978-1-84246-422-9 }}, p. 124</ref>
-Праве стаблове кртоле се развијају код појединих једногодишњих ([[циклама]]) и двогодишњих биљака ([[ротквица]], [[цвекла]]). Кртола која настаје од интернодија стабла може се уочити код [[келераба|келерабе]].
+== Стабалске кртоле ==
-Кртоле [[кромпир]]а настају на крајевима плагиотропних подземних [[интернодија]] ([[столон]]а, [[врежа]]) а служе за складиштење скроба и размножавање.
+'''Стабалске кртоле''' настају интензивним примарним или секундарним дебљањем [[хипокотил]]а (''праве стаблове кртоле''), или се развијају из једне или више интернодија [[изданак|изданка]]. Најчешће функције кртола су складиштење резервних материја (првенствено [[скроб]]а), преживљавање неповољних услова средине и [[репродукција|размножавање]].
+Праве стаблове кртоле се развијају код појединих једногодишњих ([[циклама]]) и двогодишњих биљака ([[ротквица]], [[цвекла]]). Кртола која настаје од интернодија стабла може се уочити код [[келераба|келерабе]]. Кртоле [[кромпир]]а настају на крајевима плагиотропних подземних [[интернодија]] ([[столон]]а, [[врежа]]) а служе за складиштење скроба и размножавање.
+Tuberous begonias, [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]],<ref name=FNA>{{eFloras|1|10280|Dioscoreaceae |last1=Raz |first1=Lauren |publisher=Flora of North America North of Mexico |volume=26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419014306/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10280 |archive-date=2006-04-19 }}</ref><ref name=Martin>{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=FW|last2=Ortiz|first2=Sonia|title=Origin and Anatomy of Tubers of Dioscorea Floribunda and D. Spiculiflora|journal=Botanical Gazette|date=1963|volume=124|issue=6|pages=416–421|doi=10.1086/336228|jstor=2473209|s2cid=84746878}}</ref> and cyclamens are commonly grown stem tubers. Mignonette vine (''[[Anredera cordifolia]]'') produces aerial stem tubers on {{convert|12|to|25|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall|order=flip|round=0.5}} vines; the tubers fall to the ground and grow. ''[[Plectranthus esculentus]]'', of the mint family [[Lamiaceae]], produces tuberous underground organs from the base of the stem, weighing up to {{convert|1.8|kg|lboz|abbr=on}} per tuber, forming from axillary buds producing short stolons that grow into tubers.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=J. Allemann |author2=P.J. Robbertse |author3=P.S. Hammes |date=20 June 2003 |title=Organographic and anatomical evidence that the edible storage organs of ''Plectranthus esculentus'' N.E.Br. (Lamiaceae) are stem tubers |journal=Field Crops Research |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=35–39 |doi=10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00054-6 }}</ref> Even though [[legume]]s are not commonly associated with forming stem tubers, ''[[Lathyrus tuberosus]]'' is an example native to Asia and Europe, where it was once grown as a crop.<ref name="Mansfeld2001" />
+===Potatoes===
+{{Main|Potato}}
+[[File:Amflora-Feldzerstörung_Juli_2010.jpg|thumb|Potato plant with revealed tubers]]
+Potatoes are stem tubers{{snd}}enlarged stolons thicken to develop into [[storage organ]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://potatogenome.berkeley.edu/nsf5/potato_biology/tuber_formation.php |title=Potato Genome Project |author=University of California, Berkeley |author-link=University of California, Berkeley |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>"Interrelationships of the number of initial sprouts, stems, stolons and tubers per potato plant" ''Journal Potato Research''. Springer Netherlands {{ISSN|0014-3065}} (Print) {{ISSN|1871-4528}} (Online) Volume 33, Number 2 / June 1990</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/w/x/wxm15/Online/Botany/Stems/stem_lecture_01.htm |title=Introduction to Stems |access-date=2005-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413012738/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/w/x/wxm15/Online/Botany/Stems/stem_lecture_01.htm |archive-date=2005-04-13 | website = Pennsylvania State University - Environmental Science | publisher = Monaco Educational Service | date = 2000}}</ref>
 == Коренске кртоле ==
 '''Коренске кртоле''' настају задебљавањем латералних коренова и задржавају њихове [[анатомија|анатомске]] карактеристике (присуство коренске капе, непостојање лисних заметака).
+Root tubers are [[perennating organ]]s,<ref>{{cite book|title=Practical Advanced Biology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAFiCHdrEAYC&pg=PA213 |first1=Tim |last1=King |first2=Michael |last2=Reiss |page=213 |publisher=Nelson Thornes |year=2001 |isbn=9780174483083}}</ref> thickened roots that store nutrients over periods when the plant cannot actively grow, thus permitting survival from one year to the next. The massive enlargement of secondary roots typically represented by sweet potato have the internal and external cell and tissue structures of a normal root; they produce [[adventitious roots]] and stems, which again produce adventitious roots.<ref name=Davis1994>{{Citation| editor1-last = Davis | editor1-first = Tim D.| editor2-last = Haissig | editor2-first = Bruce E.| year = 1994| title = Biology of Adventitious Root Formation| pages = 17 | isbn = 978-0-306-44627-6| publisher = Plenum Press| location = New York}}</ref>
+In root tubers, there are no nodes and internodes or reduced leaves. The proximal end of the tuber, which was attached to the old plant, has crown tissue that produces buds which grow into new stems and foliage.<ref name=Kyte1996>{{Citation | last1 = Kyte | first1 = Lydiane | last2 = Kleyn | first2 = John | year = 1996 | title = Plants from Test Tubes: An Introduction to Micropropagation | pages = 23–24 | isbn = 978-0-88192-361-2 | publisher = Timber Press | location = Portland, Or. }}</ref> The distal end of the tuber normally produces unmodified roots. In stem tubers the order is reversed, with the distal end producing stems. Tuberous roots are biennial in duration: the plant produces tubers the first year, and at the end of the growing season, the shoots often die, leaving the newly generated tubers; the next growing season, the tubers produce new shoots. As the shoots of the new plant grow, the stored reserves of the tuber are consumed in the production of new roots, stems, and reproductive organs; any remaining root tissue dies concurrently to the plant's regeneration of the next generation of tubers.
+[[File:Hem Root.jpg|thumb|''Hemerocallis'' roots showing tuberous enlargement<ref name="Hemerocallis">{{Cite web |title=Hemerocallis in Flora of North America @ efloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=114981 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.efloras.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bajaj |first=Y. P. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |title=Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering VI |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-57840-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AHSint">{{cite web|url=http://www.daylilies.org/ingroups.html|title=International Daylily Groups|publisher= American Hemerocallis Society}}</ref>]]
+The ''[[Hemerocallis fulva]]'' [[daylily]]<ref>{{cite web |title=''Hemerocallis fulv'' (L.) L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:536335-1 |access-date=2020-02-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gloriosa luxurians |url=https://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=307978 |website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> and a number of daylily hybrids have large root tubers; ''H. fulva'' spreads by underground stolons<ref>{{eFloras|2|200027676|Hemerocallis fulva |last1=Chen |first1=Xinqi |first2=Junko |last2=Noguchi |volume=24 |access-date=27 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114001709/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027676 |archive-date=14 November 2016 }}</ref> that end with a new fan that grows roots that produce thick tubers and then send out more stolons.<ref name=Mansfeld2001>{{Citation |last = Mansfeld | first =  Rudolf |year = 2001 |title = Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops |pages = 2231 |isbn = 978-3-540-41017-1 |publisher = Springer | location = Berlin }}</ref>
+Root tubers, along with other storage tissues that plants produce, are consumed by animals as a rich source of nutrients. The root tubers of arrowhead plants of the genus ''[[Sagittaria]]'' are eaten by ducks.<ref name=Hammerson2004>{{Citation | last = Hammerson | first =  Geoffrey A. | year = 2004 | title = Connecticut Wildlife: Biodiversity, Natural History, and Conservation | pages = 89 | isbn = 978-1-58465-369-1 | publisher = University Press of New England | location = Hanover }}</ref>
+== Референце ==
+{{Reflist|}}
 == Литература ==
+{{Refbegin|30em}}
 * -{Strasburger E, Noll F, Schenck H, Schimper AF, Ziegler H, von Denffer D, Devidé Z. 1988. Udžbenik botanike za više škole — Morfologija i fiziologija. Školska knjiga: Zagreb. {{page|year=|isbn=978-86-03-99103-1|pages=}}}-
+* Којић, М: Ботаника, [[Научна књига]], Београд, 1989.
+* Којић, М: Физиолошка екологија културних биљака, [[Научна књига]], Београд, 1987.
+* Маринковић, Р, Татић, Б, Блаженчић, Ј: Морфологија биљака, Београд, 1979.
+* Јанчић, Р: Сто наших најпознатијих лековитих биљака, [[Научна књига]], Београд, 1988.
+* Јанчић, Р: Лековите биљке са кључем за одређивање, [[Научна књига]], Београд, 1990.
+* Практикум из пољопривредне ботанике са радном свеском, аутори: Драгана Ранчич, Светлана Аћић, Ивам шоштарић.
+* Ботаника 9. издање, аутори: Момчило Којић, Софија Пекић, Зора Дајић.
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Baldocchi DD, Xu L | title = What limits evaporation from Mediterranean oak woodlands–The supply of moisture in the soil, physiological control by plants or the demand by the atmosphere? | journal = Advances in Water Resources | date = October 2007 | volume = 30 | issue = 10 | pages = 2113–22 | doi = 10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.06.013 | bibcode = 2007AdWR...30.2113B }}
+* {{cite journal | last1 = Brundrett | first1 = M. C. | year = 2002 | title = Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-phytologist_2002-05_154_2/page/275 | journal = New Phytologist | volume = 154 | issue = 2| pages = 275–304 | doi = 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x | doi-access = free }}
+* {{cite web | last = Clark | first = Lynn | date = 2004 | url =http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bot404/docs/404root104.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060103160847/http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bot404/docs/404root104.pdf | archive-date = 3 January 2006 | url-status = dead | title = Primary Root Structure and Development – lecture notes }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Coutts MP | year = 1987 | title = Developmental processes in tree root systems | journal = Canadian Journal of Forest Research | volume = 17 | issue = 8| pages = 761–767 | doi=10.1139/x87-122}}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Raven JA, Edwards D | date = 2001 | title = Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance. | journal = Journal of Experimental Botany | volume = 52 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 381–401 | doi = 10.1093/jxb/52.suppl_1.381 | pmid = 11326045 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schenk HJ, Jackson RB | year = 2002 | title = The global biogeography of roots | journal = Ecological Monographs | volume = 72 | issue = 3| pages = 311–328 | doi=10.2307/3100092| jstor = 3100092 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sutton RF, Tinus RW | year = 1983 | title = Root and root system terminology | journal = Forest Science Monograph | volume = 24 | page = 137 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Phillips WS | year = 1963 | title = Depth of roots in soil | journal = Ecology | volume = 44 | issue = 2| page = 424 | doi=10.2307/1932198| jstor = 1932198 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Caldwell MM, Dawson TE, Richards JH | date = 1998 | title = Hydraulic lift: consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants. | journal = Oecologia | volume = 113 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–161 | doi = 10.1007/s004420050363 | pmid = 28308192 | bibcode = 1998Oecol.113..151C | s2cid = 24181646 }}
+* {{Citation | last1 = Davis | first1 = P.H. | last2 = Cullen | first2 = J. | year = 1979 | title = The Identification of Flowering Plant Families, including a Key to those Native and Cultivated in North Temperate Regions | pages = 102 | isbn = 978-0-521-29359-4 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge}}
+* {{cite journal | last1 = Boomgaard | first1 = Peter | year = 2003 | title = In the Shadow of Rice: Roots and Tubers in Indonesian History, 1500–1950 | journal = [[Agricultural History]] | volume = 77 | issue = 4| pages = 582–610 | jstor=3744936 | doi=10.1525/ah.2003.77.4.582}}
+* Hawkes, J.G. (1990). ''The Potato: Evolution, Biodiversity & Genetic Resources'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
+* {{cite book | last1 = Lang | first1 = James | year = 1975 | title = Notes of a Potato Watcher | series = Texas A&M University Agriculture series | isbn = 978-1-58544-138-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/notesofpotatowat0000lang}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Langer |first=William L |title=American Foods and Europe's Population Growth 1750–1850 | journal = [[Journal of Social History]] | volume = 8 | issue = 2| pages = 51–66 | jstor=3786266 | doi=10.1353/jsh/8.2.51|year=1975}}
+* McNeill, William H. "How the Potato Changed the World's History." ''Social Research'' (1999) 66#1 pp.&nbsp;67–83. {{ISSN|0037-783X}} Fulltext: [[Ebsco]], by a leading historian
+* {{cite journal | author = McNeill William H | year = 1948 | title = The Introduction of the Potato into Ireland | journal = [[Journal of Modern History]] | volume = 21 | issue = 3| pages = 218–21 | jstor=1876068 | doi=10.1086/237272| s2cid = 145099646}}
+* Ó Gráda, Cormac. ''Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory.'' (1999). 272 pp.
+* Ó Gráda, Cormac, Richard Paping, and Eric Vanhaute, eds. ''When the Potato Failed: Causes and Effects of the Last European Subsistence Crisis, 1845–1850.'' (2007). 342 pp.&nbsp; {{ISBN|978-2-503-51985-2}}. 15 essays by scholars looking at Ireland and all of Europe
+* Reader, John. ''Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History'' (2008), 315pp a standard scholarly history
+* Salaman, Redcliffe N. (1989). ''The History and Social Influence of the Potato'', Cambridge University Press (originally published in 1949; reprinted 1985 with new introduction and corrections by J.G. Hawkes).
+* Stevenson, W.R., Loria, R., Franc, G.D., and Weingartner, D.P. (2001) ''Compendium of Potato Diseases'', 2nd ed, Amer. Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
+* Zuckerman, Larry. ''The Potato: How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World.'' (1998). 304 pp. Douglas & McIntyre. {{ISBN|0-86547-578-4}}
+{{Refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
 {{Commonscat|Tubers}}
+* [http://www.foodsubs.com/Tubers.html Cook's Thesaurus] has a good inventory of tuber varieties.
+* [https://www.rtb.cgiar.org/ CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas]
 {{нормативна контрола}}

Нормативна контрола
Државне	Француска BnF подаци Израел Сједињене Државе
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика