Antineutron — разлика између измена

Antineutron
	Kvarkna struktura antineutrona.
Klasifikacija	Antibarion
Kompozicija	1 gornji antikvark, 2 donji antiquarks
Statistike	Fermionski
Interakcije	Jaka, slaba, gravitaciona, elektromagnetna
Status	Otkriven
Simbol	n
Antičestica	Neutron
Otkriven	Brus Kork (1956)
Masa	939,565560(81) MeV/c2
Naelektrisanje	0
Magnetni moment	+1,91 µN
Spin	1⁄2
Izospin	1⁄2

Интерактиван преглед историје

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Верзија на датум 25. мај 2023. у 08:10

Antineutron je antičestica neutrona sa simbolom n.^[1]^[2]^[3] On se razlikuje od neutrona samo po tome što neka od njegovih svojstava imaju jednaku veličinu ali suprotan znak.^[4] On ima istu masu kao i neutron, i nema neto električni naboj, ali ima suprotan barionski broj (+1 za neutron, -1 za antineutron). To je zato što je antineutron sačinjen od antikvarkova, dok su neutroni sastavljeni od kvarkova. Antineutron se sastoji od jednog gornjeg antikvarka i dva donja antikvarka.

Pošto je antineutron električno neutralan, on se ne može lako posmatrati direktno. Umesto toga, posmatraju se proizvodi njegove anihilacije običnom materijom. Teoretski, slobodni antineutron treba da se raspadne u antiproton,^[5] pozitron i neutrino u procesu analognom beta raspadanju slobodnih neutrona. Postoje teorijski predlozi oscilacija neutron-antineutrona, procesa koji podrazumeva kršenje očuvanja barionskog broja.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Antineutron je otkriven u sudaru protona-antiprotona u Bevatronu^[9] (Larens Berkli nacionalnoj laboratoriji) zaslugom Brusa Korka 1956. godine, godinu dana nakon što je antiproton otkriven.^[10]^[11]

Magnetni moment

Magnetni moment antineutrona je suprotan magnetnom momentu neutrona.^[12] On je 7000191000000000000♠+1,91 µ_N za antineutron, dok je 2999809000000000000♠−1,91 µ_N za neutron (relativno na pravac spina). Ovde je µ_N nuklearni magneton.

Vidi još

Reference

^ „The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959”.
^ „Antimatter Atoms Trapped for First Time—"A Big Deal"”. 19. 11. 2010.
^ Weinberg, Steve (1995-06-30). The quantum theory of fields, Volume 1 : Foundations. стр. 14. ISBN 0-521-55001-7.
^ Lancaster, Tom; Blundell, Stephen J.; Blundell, Stephen (април 2014). Quantum Field Theory for the Gifted Amateur (на језику: енглески). OUP Oxford. стр. 61. ISBN 9780199699339.
^ Dirac, Paul (1930). „A Theory of Electrons and Protons”. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 126 (801): 360—365. Bibcode:1930RSPSA.126..360D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1930.0013 .
^ R. N. Mohapatra (2009). „Neutron-Anti-Neutron Oscillation: Theory and Phenomenology”. Journal of Physics G. 36 (10): 104006. Bibcode:2009JPhG...36j4006M. arXiv:0902.0834 . doi:10.1088/0954-3899/36/10/104006.
^ C. Giunti; M. Laveder (19. 8. 2010). „Neutron Oscillations”. Neutrino Unbound. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 9. 2011. г. Приступљено 19. 8. 2010.
^ Y. A. Kamyshkov (16. 1. 2002). „Neutron → Antineutron Oscillations” (PDF). NNN 2002 Workshop on "Large Detectors for Proton Decay, Supernovae and Atmospheric Neutrinos and Low Energy Neutrinos from High Intensity Beams" at CERN. Приступљено 19. 8. 2010.
^ „The History of Antimatter - From 1928 to 1995”. CERN. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-06-01. г. Приступљено 2008-05-24. (The cited page is noted as "3 of 5". The heading on the cited page is "1954: power tools".)
^ „The History of Antimatter - From 1928 to 1995”. CERN. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-06-01. г. Приступљено 2008-05-24. (The cited page is noted as "3 of 5". The heading on the cited page is "1954: power tools".)
^ Cork, Bruce; Lambertson, Glen R.; Piccioni, Oreste; Wenzel, William A. (15. 11. 1956). „Antineutrons Produced from Antiprotons in Charge-Exchange Collisions”. Physical Review. 104 (4): 1193—1197. Bibcode:1956PhRv..104.1193C. S2CID 123156830. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.104.1193.
^ Lorenzon, Wolfgang (6. 4. 2007). „Physics 390: Homework set #7 Solutions” (PDF). Modern Physics, Physics 390, Winter 2007. Приступљено 22. 12. 2009.

Literatura

Feynman, R. P. (1987). „The reason for antiparticles”. Ур.: R. P. Feynman; S. Weinberg. The 1986 Dirac memorial lectures. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34000-4.
Weinberg, S. (1995). The Quantum Theory of Fields, Volume 1: Foundations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55001-7.
G. Fraser (18. 5. 2000). Antimatter: The Ultimate Mirror. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65252-0.
Schmidt, G.R.; Gerrish, H.P.; Martin, J.J.; Smith, G.A.; Meyer, K.J. „Antimatter Production for Near-term Propulsion Applications” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 6. 3. 2007. г.
Lewis, R. A.; Smith, G. A.; Howe, S. D. (1997). „Antiproton portable traps and medical applications” (PDF). Hyperfine Interactions. 109 (1–4): 155. Bibcode:1997HyInt.109..155L. doi:10.1023/A:1012653416870. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 22. 8. 2011. г.
Gibney, E. (2018). „Physicists plan antimatter's first outing – in a van”. Nature. 554 (7693): 412—413. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..412G. PMID 29469122. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-02221-9.
Blaum, K.; Raizen, M. G.; Quint, W. (2014). „An experimental test of the weak equivalence principle for antihydrogen at the future FLAIR facility”. International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series. 30: 1460264. Bibcode:2014IJMPS..3060264B. doi:10.1142/S2010194514602646. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-001A-152D-1 .
Antipov, Y. M.; et al. (1974). „Observation of antihelium3 (in Russian)”. Yadernaya Fizika. 12: 311.
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Agakishiev, H.; et al. (2011). „Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus”. Nature. 473 (7347): 353—356. Bibcode:2011Natur.473..353S. PMID 21516103. arXiv:1103.3312 . doi:10.1038/nature10079.
ALPHA Collaboration (2011). „Confinement of antihydrogen for 1,000 seconds”. Nature Physics. 7 (7): 558—564. Bibcode:2011NatPh...7..558A. arXiv:1104.4982 . doi:10.1038/nphys2025.
Amole, C.; et al. (2012). „Resonant quantum transitions in trapped antihydrogen atoms” (PDF). Nature. 483 (7390): 439—443. Bibcode:2012Natur.483..439A. PMID 22398451. doi:10.1038/nature10942. hdl:11568/757495.
Madsen, N. (2010). „Cold antihydrogen: a new frontier in fundamental physics”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 368 (1924): 3671—82. Bibcode:2010RSPTA.368.3671M. PMID 20603376. doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0026 .
„Ten things you might not know about antimatter”. symmetry magazine. Архивирано из оригинала 8. 11. 2018. г. Приступљено 2018-11-08.
„Smidgen of Antimatter Surrounds Earth”. 11. 8. 2011. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 9. 2011. г.
Agakishiev, H.; et al. (STAR Collaboration) (2011). „Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus”. Nature. 473 (7347). Bibcode:2011Natur.473..353S. PMID 21516103. S2CID 118484566. arXiv:1103.3312 . doi:10.1038/nature10079.
Canetti, L.; et al. (2012). „Matter and Antimatter in the Universe”. New J. Phys. 14 (9). Bibcode:2012NJPh...14i5012C. S2CID 119233888. arXiv:1204.4186 . doi:10.1088/1367-2630/14/9/095012.
Tenenbaum, David (28. 12. 2012). „One step closer: UW-Madison scientists help explain scarcity of antimatter”. University of Wisconsin–Madison News. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 12. 2012. г.
Tsan, Ung Chan (2013). „Mass, Matter, Materialization, Mattergenesis and Conservation of Charge”. International Journal of Modern Physics E. 22 (5). Bibcode:2013IJMPE..2250027T. doi:10.1142/S0218301313500274. „Matter conservation means conservation of baryonic number A and leptonic number L, A and L being algebraic numbers. Positive A and L are associated to matter particles, negative A and L are associated to antimatter particles. All known interactions do conserve matter.”
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Harrison, E. R. (2000-03-16). Cosmology: The Science of the Universe (2nd изд.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66148-5. Архивирано из оригинала 10. 10. 2021. г. Приступљено 31. 8. 2020.
Dirac, P. A. M. (1928). „The Quantum Theory of the Electron”. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 117 (778). Bibcode:1928RSPSA.117..610D. JSTOR 94981. doi:10.1098/rspa.1928.0023 .
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Spoljašnje veze

LBL Particle Data Group: summary tables
suppression of neutron-antineutron oscillation
Elementary particles: includes information about antineutron discovery (archived link)
"Is Antineutron the Same as Neutron?" explains how the antineutron differs from the regular neutron despite having the same, that is zero, charge.
Antiparticle (physics) на сајту Енциклопедија Британика

[1] „The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959”.

[2] „Antimatter Atoms Trapped for First Time—"A Big Deal"”. 19. 11. 2010.

[3] Weinberg, Steve (1995-06-30). The quantum theory of fields, Volume 1 : Foundations. стр. 14. ISBN 0-521-55001-7.

[4] Lancaster, Tom; Blundell, Stephen J.; Blundell, Stephen (април 2014). Quantum Field Theory for the Gifted Amateur (на језику: енглески). OUP Oxford. стр. 61. ISBN 9780199699339.

[5] Dirac, Paul (1930). „A Theory of Electrons and Protons”. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 126 (801): 360—365. Bibcode:1930RSPSA.126..360D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1930.0013 .

[6] R. N. Mohapatra (2009). „Neutron-Anti-Neutron Oscillation: Theory and Phenomenology”. Journal of Physics G. 36 (10): 104006. Bibcode:2009JPhG...36j4006M. arXiv:0902.0834 . doi:10.1088/0954-3899/36/10/104006.

[7] C. Giunti; M. Laveder (19. 8. 2010). „Neutron Oscillations”. Neutrino Unbound. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 9. 2011. г. Приступљено 19. 8. 2010.

[8] Y. A. Kamyshkov (16. 1. 2002). „Neutron → Antineutron Oscillations” (PDF). NNN 2002 Workshop on "Large Detectors for Proton Decay, Supernovae and Atmospheric Neutrinos and Low Energy Neutrinos from High Intensity Beams" at CERN. Приступљено 19. 8. 2010.

[9] „The History of Antimatter - From 1928 to 1995”. CERN. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-06-01. г. Приступљено 2008-05-24. (The cited page is noted as "3 of 5". The heading on the cited page is "1954: power tools".)

[:0-10] „The History of Antimatter - From 1928 to 1995”. CERN. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-06-01. г. Приступљено 2008-05-24. (The cited page is noted as "3 of 5". The heading on the cited page is "1954: power tools".)

[11] Cork, Bruce; Lambertson, Glen R.; Piccioni, Oreste; Wenzel, William A. (15. 11. 1956). „Antineutrons Produced from Antiprotons in Charge-Exchange Collisions”. Physical Review. 104 (4): 1193—1197. Bibcode:1956PhRv..104.1193C. S2CID 123156830. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.104.1193.

[12] Lorenzon, Wolfgang (6. 4. 2007). „Physics 390: Homework set #7 Solutions” (PDF). Modern Physics, Physics 390, Winter 2007. Приступљено 22. 12. 2009.

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@@ Ред 47: / Ред 47: @@
 {{Distinguish-lat|Neutrino#Antineutrina}}
-'''Antineutron''' je [[antičestica]] [[neutron]]a sa simbolom {{SubatomicParticle|Antineutron}}. On se razlikuje od neutrona samo po tome što neka od njegovih svojstava imaju jednaku veličinu ali [[additive inverse|suprotan znak]]. On ima istu [[mass|masu]] kao i neutron, i nema neto [[električni naboj]], ali ima suprotan [[baryon number|barionski broj]] (+1 za neutron, -1 za antineutron). To je zato što je antineutron sačinjen od [[Кварк|antikvark]]ova, dok su neutroni sastavljeni od [[kvark]]ova. Antineutron se sastoji od jednog [[Gornji kvark|gornjeg antikvarka]] i dva [[Donji kvark|donja antikvarka]].
+'''Antineutron''' je [[antičestica]] [[neutron]]a sa simbolom {{SubatomicParticle|Antineutron}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1959/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101118-antimatter-trapped-engines-bombs-nature-science-cern/|title=Antimatter Atoms Trapped for First Time—"A Big Deal"|date=19 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Steve|title=The quantum theory of fields, Volume 1 : Foundations|isbn=0-521-55001-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/quantumtheoryoff00stev/page/14 14]|date=1995-06-30|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/quantumtheoryoff00stev/page/14}}</ref> On se razlikuje od neutrona samo po tome što neka od njegovih svojstava imaju jednaku veličinu ali [[additive inverse|suprotan znak]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-0kAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|title=Quantum Field Theory for the Gifted Amateur|last=Lancaster|first=Tom|last2=Blundell|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Blundell|first3=Stephen|date=April 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199699339|pages=61|language=en}}</ref> On ima istu [[mass|masu]] kao i neutron, i nema neto [[električni naboj]], ali ima suprotan [[baryon number|barionski broj]] (+1 za neutron, -1 za antineutron). To je zato što je antineutron sačinjen od [[Кварк|antikvark]]ova, dok su neutroni sastavljeni od [[kvark]]ova. Antineutron se sastoji od jednog [[Gornji kvark|gornjeg antikvarka]] i dva [[Donji kvark|donja antikvarka]].
-Pošto je antineutron električno neutralan, on se ne može lako posmatrati direktno. Umesto toga, posmatraju se proizvodi njegove [[Анихилација|anihilacije]] običnom materijom. Teoretski, slobodni antineutron treba da se [[Particle decay|raspadne]] u [[antiproton]], [[pozitron]] i [[neutrino]] u procesu analognom [[beta decay|beta raspadanju]] [[Неутрон|slobodnih neutrona]]. Postoje teorijski predlozi oscilacija neutron-antineutrona, procesa koji podrazumeva kršenje očuvanja [[baryon number|barionskog broja]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=R. N. Mohapatra|date=2009|title=Neutron-Anti-Neutron Oscillation: Theory and Phenomenology|journal=[[Journal of Physics G]]|volume=36|issue=10|pages=104006|doi=10.1088/0954-3899/36/10/104006|arxiv=0902.0834|bibcode = 2009JPhG...36j4006M }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=C. Giunti |author2=M. Laveder |date=19. 8. 2010 |title=Neutron Oscillations |url=http://www.nu.to.infn.it/Neutron_Oscillations/ |work=Neutrino Unbound |publisher=[[Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare]] |accessdate=19. 8. 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927180013/http://www.nu.to.infn.it/Neutron_Oscillations/ |archivedate=27. 9. 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Y. A. Kamyshkov|date=16. 1. 2002|title=Neutron → Antineutron Oscillations|url=http://muonstoragerings.web.cern.ch/muonstoragerings/NuWorkshop02/presentations/kamyshkov1.pdf|work=NNN 2002 Workshop on "Large Detectors for Proton Decay, Supernovae and Atmospheric Neutrinos and Low Energy Neutrinos from High Intensity Beams" at CERN|accessdate=19. 8. 2010}}</ref>
+Pošto je antineutron električno neutralan, on se ne može lako posmatrati direktno. Umesto toga, posmatraju se proizvodi njegove [[Анихилација|anihilacije]] običnom materijom. Teoretski, slobodni antineutron treba da se [[Particle decay|raspadne]] u [[antiproton]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dirac |first1=Paul |date=1930 |title=A Theory of Electrons and Protons |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A]] |volume=126 |issue= 801|pages=360–365 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1930.0013 |bibcode = 1930RSPSA.126..360D |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[pozitron]] i [[neutrino]] u procesu analognom [[beta decay|beta raspadanju]] [[Неутрон|slobodnih neutrona]]. Postoje teorijski predlozi oscilacija neutron-antineutrona, procesa koji podrazumeva kršenje očuvanja [[baryon number|barionskog broja]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=R. N. Mohapatra|date=2009|title=Neutron-Anti-Neutron Oscillation: Theory and Phenomenology|journal=[[Journal of Physics G]]|volume=36|issue=10|pages=104006|doi=10.1088/0954-3899/36/10/104006|arxiv=0902.0834|bibcode = 2009JPhG...36j4006M }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=C. Giunti |author2=M. Laveder |date=19. 8. 2010 |title=Neutron Oscillations |url=http://www.nu.to.infn.it/Neutron_Oscillations/ |work=Neutrino Unbound |publisher=[[Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare]] |accessdate=19. 8. 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927180013/http://www.nu.to.infn.it/Neutron_Oscillations/ |archivedate=27. 9. 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Y. A. Kamyshkov|date=16. 1. 2002|title=Neutron → Antineutron Oscillations|url=http://muonstoragerings.web.cern.ch/muonstoragerings/NuWorkshop02/presentations/kamyshkov1.pdf|work=NNN 2002 Workshop on "Large Detectors for Proton Decay, Supernovae and Atmospheric Neutrinos and Low Energy Neutrinos from High Intensity Beams" at CERN|accessdate=19. 8. 2010}}</ref>
+Antineutron je otkriven u sudaru [[proton]]a-antiprotona u [[Bevatron]]u<ref>{{cite web|url = http://livefromcern.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter/history/AM-history01-b.html|title = The History of Antimatter - From 1928 to 1995|publisher = CERN|access-date = 2008-05-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080601131517/http://livefromcern.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter/history/AM-history01-b.html|archive-date = 2008-06-01|url-status = dead}}{{Link note|note = The cited page is noted as "3 of 5".  The heading on the cited page is "1954: power tools".}}</ref> ([[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory|Larens Berkli nacionalnoj laboratoriji]]) zaslugom Brusa Korka 1956. godine, godinu dana nakon što je [[antiproton]] otkriven.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url = http://livefromcern.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter/history/AM-history01-b.html|title = The History of Antimatter - From 1928 to 1995|publisher = CERN|access-date = 2008-05-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080601131517/http://livefromcern.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter/history/AM-history01-b.html|archive-date = 2008-06-01|url-status = dead}}{{Link note|note = The cited page is noted as "3 of 5".  The heading on the cited page is "1954: power tools".}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cork |first1=Bruce |last2=Lambertson |first2=Glen R. |last3=Piccioni |first3=Oreste |last4=Wenzel |first4=William A. |title=Antineutrons Produced from Antiprotons in Charge-Exchange Collisions |journal=Physical Review |date=15 November 1956 |volume=104  |issue=4 |pages=1193–1197 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.104.1193|bibcode=1956PhRv..104.1193C |s2cid=123156830 |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0cn7n2mz }}</ref>
-Antineutron je otkriven u sudaru [[proton]]a-antiprotona u [[Bevatron]]u ([[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory|Larens Berkli nacionalnoj laboratoriji]]) zaslugom Brusa Korka 1956. godine, godinu dana nakon što je [[antiproton]] otkriven.
 == Magnetni moment ==
@@ Ред 202: / Ред 202: @@
  |doi-access=free
  }}
+* {{cite news|access-date=2018-11-08|title=Ten things you might not know about antimatter|url=https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/april-2015/ten-things-you-might-not-know-about-antimatter|newspaper=symmetry magazine|archive-date=8 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224807/https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/april-2015/ten-things-you-might-not-know-about-antimatter|url-status=live}}
+* {{cite web |date=11 August 2011 |title=Smidgen of Antimatter Surrounds Earth |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/pamela-spots-a-smidgen-of-antimatter-110811.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926174944/http://news.discovery.com/space/pamela-spots-a-smidgen-of-antimatter-110811.html |archive-date=26 September 2011|url-status=live}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Agakishiev |first=H. |display-authors=etal |collaboration=STAR Collaboration |date=2011 |title=Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=473 |issue=7347 |pages= |arxiv=1103.3312 |bibcode=2011Natur.473..353S |doi=10.1038/nature10079 |pmid=21516103|s2cid=118484566 }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Canetti |first=L. |display-authors=etal |date=2012 |title=Matter and Antimatter in the Universe |journal=New J. Phys. |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages= |arxiv=1204.4186 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/14/9/095012 |bibcode=2012NJPh...14i5012C|s2cid=119233888 }}
+* {{Cite web |last=Tenenbaum |first=David |date=28 December 2012 |title=One step closer: UW-Madison scientists help explain scarcity of antimatter |url=http://www.news.wisc.edu/21376 |work=University of Wisconsin–Madison News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228043843/http://www.news.wisc.edu/21376|archive-date=28 December 2012}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Tsan |first=Ung Chan |date=2013 |title=Mass, Matter, Materialization, Mattergenesis and Conservation of Charge |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics E |volume=22 |issue=5 |page= |bibcode=2013IJMPE..2250027T |doi=10.1142/S0218301313500274 |quote=Matter conservation means conservation of baryonic number ''A'' and leptonic number ''L'', ''A'' and ''L'' being algebraic numbers. Positive ''A'' and ''L'' are associated to matter particles, negative ''A'' and ''L'' are associated to antimatter particles. All known interactions do conserve matter. }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Tsan |first=U. C. |date=2012 |title=Negative Numbers And Antimatter Particles |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics E  |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages= |bibcode=2012IJMPE..2150005T |doi=10.1142/S021830131250005X |quote=Antimatter particles are characterized by negative baryonic number ''A'' or/and negative leptonic number ''L''. Materialization and annihilation obey conservation of ''A'' and ''L'' (associated to all known interactions).}}
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+* {{cite journal |last1=Canetti |first1=L. |last2=Drewes |first2=M. |last3=Shaposhnikov |first3=M. |year=2012 |title=Matter and antimatter in the universe |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=  |arxiv=1204.4186 |bibcode=2012NJPh...14i5012C |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/14/9/095012 |s2cid=119233888 }}
 {{refend}}