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Klima u Seradu je tipična za vlažnije [[savanna|savanske]] regione u svetu, sa poluvlažnom [[tropical climate|tropskom klimom]]. Seradu je ograničen na dve dominantne sezone tokom godine, vlažna i suva. Godišnje temperature za Seradu su u proseku između 22 i 27&nbsp;°-{C}-, a prosečne padavine između 800-2000 -{mm}- za preko 90% područja.<ref name="ratter">RATTER, J.A.; RIBEIRO, J.F. & BRIDGEWATER, S. (1997) The Brazilian Cerrado vegetation and Threats to its Biodiversity. Annals of Botany, 80: pp. 223–230</ref> Ovaj [[ekoregion]] ima veoma jaku sušnu sezonu tokom južne zime (približno april-septembar).<ref name="ratter" />
Klima u Seradu je tipična za vlažnije [[savanna|savanske]] regione u svetu, sa poluvlažnom [[tropical climate|tropskom klimom]]. Seradu je ograničen na dve dominantne sezone tokom godine, vlažna i suva. Godišnje temperature za Seradu su u proseku između 22 i 27&nbsp;°-{C}-, a prosečne padavine između 800-2000 -{mm}- za preko 90% područja.<ref name="ratter">RATTER, J.A.; RIBEIRO, J.F. & BRIDGEWATER, S. (1997) The Brazilian Cerrado vegetation and Threats to its Biodiversity. Annals of Botany, 80: pp. 223–230</ref> Ovaj [[ekoregion]] ima veoma jaku sušnu sezonu tokom južne zime (približno april-septembar).<ref name="ratter" />

== Flora ==
[[File:Cerrado - Parque Nacional Chapada dos veadeiros 2.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Fields of flowers in bloom during spring, [[Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park|Chapada dos Veadeiros]], Goiás, Brazil]]
{{рут}}
The Cerrado is characterized by unique vegetation types.<ref name=ratter/> It is composed of a shifting mosaic of habitats, with the savanna-like ''cerrado'' itself on well-drained areas between strips of gallery forest (closed canopy tall forest) which occur along streams.<ref name=vierra>{{cite journal |author1=Vierra, E.M. |author2=Marinho-Filho, J. |year=1998 |title=Pre- and post-fire habitat utilization by rodents of [the] Cerrado from central Brazil |journal=Biotropica |volume=30 |pages=491–496|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00086.x |s2cid=84400619 }}</ref><ref name=ratter/> Between the ''cerrado'' and the gallery forest is an area of vegetation known as the wet ''campo'' with distinct up- and downslope borders where tree growth is inhibited due to wide seasonal fluctuations in the water table.<ref name=ratter/><ref name=vierra/>

The savanna portion of the Cerrado is heterogeneous in terms of canopy cover. Goodland (1971)<ref name=goodland/> divided the Cerrado into four categories ranging from least to most canopy cover: ''campo sujo'' ([[herbaceous layer]] with occasional small trees about 3&nbsp;m tall), ''campo cerrado'' (slightly higher density of trees about 4&nbsp;m tall on average), ''cerrado sensu stricto'' (orchard-like vegetation with trees about 6&nbsp;m high) and ''[[cerradao|cerradão]]'' (canopy cover near 50% with general height 9&nbsp;m).<ref name=goodland>{{cite journal |author=Goodland, R. |year=1971 |title=A physiognomic analysis of the cerrado vegetation of central Brazil |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=411–419|doi=10.2307/2258321 |jstor=2258321 }}</ref>

Probably around 800 species of trees are found in the Cerrado.<ref name=ratter/> Among the most diverse families of trees in the Cerrado are the [[Leguminosae]]&nbsp;(153 spp.), [[Malpighiaceae]]&nbsp;(46), [[Myrtaceae]]&nbsp;(43), [[Melastomataceae]]&nbsp;(32), and [[Rubiaceae]]&nbsp;(30).<ref name=herringer>{{cite conference |author1=Herringer, E.P. |author2=Barroso, G.M. |author3=Rizzo, J.A. |author4=Rizzini, C.T. |year=1977 |title=A Flora do Cerrado |language=pt |trans-title=On the plants of the Cerrado |editor=Ferri, M.G. |conference=IV SimpoUsio sobre o cerrado |place=São Paulo, BR |pages=211–232}}</ref> Much of the Cerrado is dominated by the [[Vochysiaceae]] (23&nbsp;species in the Cerrado) due to the abundance of three species in the genus ''[[Qualea]]''.<ref name=ratter/> The herbaceous layer usually reaches about 60&nbsp;cm in height and is composed mainly of the [[Poaceae]], [[Cyperaceae]], [[Leguminosae]], [[Compositae]], [[Myrtaceae]] and [[Rubiaceae]].<ref name=ratter/> Much of the vegetation in the gallery forests is similar to nearby rainforest; however, there are some endemic species found only in the Cerrado gallery forests.<ref name=ratter/>

Soil fertility, fire regime and hydrology are thought to be most influential in determining Cerrado vegetation. Cerrado soils are always well-drained and most are [[oxisol]]s with low pH and low calcium and magnesium.<ref name=ratter/><ref name=furley>{{cite journal |author1=Furley, P.A. |author2=Ratter, J.A. |year=1988 |title=Soil resources and plant communities of the Central Brazilian cerrado and their development |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=97–108|doi=10.2307/2845050 |jstor=2845050 }}</ref> The amount of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus has been found to be positively correlated with tree trunk basal area in Cerrado habitats.<ref name=goodland2>{{cite journal |author1=Goodland, R |author2=Pollard, R. |year=1973 |title=The Brazilian cerrado vegetation: A fertility gradient |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2258929 |jstor=2258929 }}</ref> Much as in other grasslands and savannas, fire is important in maintaining and shaping the Cerrado's landscape; many plants in the Cerrado are fire-adapted, exhibiting characters like thick corky bark to withstand the heat.<ref name=ratter/>

Cerrado vegetation is believed to be ancient, stretching back perhaps as far in a prototypic form as the [[Cretaceous]], before Africa and South America separated.<ref name="ratter2">{{cite conference |author1=Ratter, J.A. |author2=Ribeiro, J.F. |year=1996 |title=Biodiversity of the flora of the Cerrado |editor1=Pereira, R.C. |editor2=Nasser, L.C.B. |book-title=Anais/Proceedings of the ... |conference=VIII Simpósio sobre o cerrado 1st Internet. Symposium on Tropical Savannas |place=Planaltina, DF, Brazil |publisher=EMBRAPA/CPAC |pages=3–6}}</ref> A dynamic expansion and contraction between cerrado and Amazonian rainforest has probably occurred historically, with expansion of the Cerrado during glacial periods like the [[Pleistocene]].<ref name=mayle>{{cite journal |author1=Mayle, F.E. |author2=Burbridge, R. |author3=Killeen, T.J. |year=2000 |title=Millennial-scale dynamics of southern Amazonian rain forests |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=290 |issue=5500 |pages=2291–2294|doi=10.1126/science.290.5500.2291 |pmid=11125139 |hdl=2027.42/149336 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These processes and the resulting fragmentation in multiple [[Refugium (population biology)|refugia]] have probably contributed to the high [[species richness]] both of the Cerrado and of the Amazonian rainforest.<ref name=ratter/>

== Fauna ==
[[File:Physalaemus nattereri in deimatic behavior.jpg|thumb|The frog species ''[[Physalaemus nattereri]]'' (posterior view shown) is found in the open ''cerrado'', but not in adjacent gallery forests<ref name=brasileiro />]]

The Cerrado has a high diversity of vertebrates, with 150&nbsp;amphibian species, 120&nbsp;reptile species, 837&nbsp;bird species, and 161&nbsp;mammal species recorded.<ref name=myers>{{cite journal |author1=Myers, N. |author2=Mittermeier, R.A. |author3=Mittermeier, C.G. |author4=da&nbsp;Fonesca, G.A.B. |author5=Kent, J. |year=2000 |title=Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=403 |issue=6772 |pages=853–858|doi=10.1038/35002501 |pmid=10706275 |s2cid=4414279 }}</ref> Lizard diversity is generally thought to be relatively low in the Cerrado compared to other areas like ''[[caatinga]]'' or lowland rainforest<ref name=vitt>{{cite journal |author=Vitt, L. |year=1991 |title=An Introduction to the ecology of cerrado lizards |journal=[[Journal of Herpetology]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=79–90|doi=10.2307/1564798 |jstor=1564798 }}</ref> although one recent study found 57&nbsp;species in one cerrado area with the high diversity driven by the availability of open habitat.<ref name=nogueira>{{cite journal |author1=Nogueira, C. |author2=Colli, G.R. |author3=Martins, M. |year=2009 |title=Local richness and distribution of the lizard fauna in natural habitat mosaics of the Brazilian cerrado |journal=[[Austral Ecology]] |volume=34 |pages=83–96|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01887.x }}</ref> ''[[Ameiva ameiva]]'' is among the largest lizards found in the Cerrado and is the most important lizard predator where it is found in the Cerrado.<ref name=vitt/> There is a relatively high diversity of snakes in the Cerrado (22–61&nbsp;species, depending on site) with [[Colubridae]] being the richest family.<ref name=franc>{{cite journal |author1=Franc, F.G.R. |author2=Mesquita, D.O. |author3=Nogueira, C.C. |author4=Araujo, A.F. |year=2008 |title=Phylogeny and ecology determine morphological structure in a snake assemblage in the central Brazilian Cerrado |journal=Copeia |volume=1 |pages=23–38|doi=10.1643/CH-05-034 |s2cid=84292266 }}</ref> The open nature of the ''cerrado'' vegetation most likely contributes to the high diversity of snakes.<ref name=franc /> Information about Cerrado amphibians is extremely limited, although the Cerrado probably has a unique assemblage of species with some endemic to the region.<ref name=brasileiro>{{cite journal |author1=Brasileiro, C.A. |author2=Sawaya, R.J. |author3=Kiefer, M.C. |author4=Martins, M. |year=2005 |title=Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil |journal=Biota Neotropica |volume=5|issue=2 |pages=93–109 |doi=10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


== Reference ==
== Reference ==
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{{reflist|}}


== Reference ==
== Literatura ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Oliveira, Paulo S.; Marquis, Robert J. ''The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna'' (2002) [[New York City]]: [[Columbia University Press]] {{ISBN|0-231-12043-5}}
* {{cite book |author1=Oliveira, Paulo S. |author2=Marquis, Robert J. |year=2002 |title=The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna |place=New York, NY |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-12043-5}}
* BRANDÃO, M.; GAVILANES, M. L. (1992). ''Espécies árboreas padronizadoras do Cerrado mineiro e sua distribuição no Estado.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20050310232753/http://www.epamig.br/produtos/publicacoes/IA/IA173.htm Informe Agropecuário] 16 (173): 5–11.
* BRANDÃO, M.; GAVILANES, M. L. (1992). ''Espécies árboreas padronizadoras do Cerrado mineiro e sua distribuição no Estado.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20050310232753/http://www.epamig.br/produtos/publicacoes/IA/IA173.htm Informe Agropecuário] 16 (173): 5–11.
* BRANDÃO, M.; CARVALHO, P. G. S.; JESUÉ, G. (1992). ''Guia Ilustrado de Plantas do Cerrado.'' [http://www.cemig.com.br CEMIG].
* BRANDÃO, M.; CARVALHO, P. G. S.; JESUÉ, G. (1992). ''Guia Ilustrado de Plantas do Cerrado.'' [http://www.cemig.com.br CEMIG].
* CASTRO, A. A. J. F., MARTINS F. R., TAMASHIRO, J. Y., SHEPHERD G. J. (1999). ''How rich is the flora of Brazilian Cerrados?'' [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2666220 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden] 86 (1): 192–224.
* CASTRO, A. A. J. F., MARTINS F. R., TAMASHIRO, J. Y., SHEPHERD G. J. (1999). ''How rich is the flora of Brazilian Cerrados?'' [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2666220 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden] 86 (1): 192–224.
* COUTINHO, L. M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190525131117/http://eco.ib.usp.br/cerrado/index.htm ''Cerrado''] [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]: [[University of São Paulo]].
* {{cite web |author=Coutinho, L.M. |date=c. 2000 |title=Cerrado |website=eco.ib.usp.br |place=[[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] |publisher=[[University of São Paulo]] |language=pt |url=http://eco.ib.usp.br/cerrado/index.htm |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525131117/http://eco.ib.usp.br/cerrado/index.htm |archive-date=2019-05-25}}
* RATTER, J.A.; RIBEIRO, J.F. & BRIDGEWATER, S. (1997) ''The Brazilian Cerrado vegetation and Threats to its Biodiversity.'' [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/80/3/223.pdf Annals of Botany], 80: pp.&nbsp;223–230.
* RATTER, J.A.; RIBEIRO, J.F. & BRIDGEWATER, S. (1997) ''The Brazilian Cerrado vegetation and Threats to its Biodiversity.'' [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/80/3/223.pdf Annals of Botany], 80: pp.&nbsp;223–230.
* LEITÃO FILHO, H.F. (1992). ''A flora arbórea dos Cerrados do Estado de São Paulo''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060827041913/http://www.ibot.sp.gov.br/HOEHNEA/hoehnea.htm Hoehnea] 19 (1/2): 151–163.
* LEITÃO FILHO, H.F. (1992). ''A flora arbórea dos Cerrados do Estado de São Paulo''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060827041913/http://www.ibot.sp.gov.br/HOEHNEA/hoehnea.htm Hoehnea] 19 (1/2): 151–163.
* MENDONÇA, R. C.; FELFILI, J. M.; WALTER, B. M. T.; SILVA, M. C.; REZENDE, FILGUEIRAS, T. S.; NOGUEIRA, P. E. ''Flora vascular do bioma Cerrado''. ("Vascular flora of Cerrado biome")
* MENDONÇA, R. C.; FELFILI, J. M.; WALTER, B. M. T.; SILVA, M. C.; REZENDE, FILGUEIRAS, T. S.; NOGUEIRA, P. E. ''Flora vascular do bioma Cerrado''. ("Vascular flora of Cerrado biome")
* GOTTSBERGER, G.; SILBERBAUER-GOTTSBERGER, I. (2006): ''[http://www.cerrado.eu Life in the Cerrado]'' Reta Verlag, Ulm 2006, {{ISBN|3-00-017928-3}} Volume 1, {{ISBN|3-00-017929-1}} Volume 2
* {{cite book |author1=Gottsberger, G. |author2=Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I. |year=2006 |url=http://www.cerrado.eu |title=Life in the Cerrado |publisher=Reta Verlag |place=Ulm, DE}}
** {{ISBN|3-00-017928-3}} Volume&nbsp;1
** {{ISBN|3-00-017929-1}} Volume&nbsp;2
* {{cite web |title=Cerrado biodiversity hotspot |website=BiodiversityHotspots.org |publisher=[[Conservation International]] |url=http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/cerrado |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305035232/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/cerrado |archive-date=2007-03-05}}
* {{cite web |title=The Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado de Altitude |website=guiadachapada.com.br |url=http://www.guiadachapada.com.br/ |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130062647/http://www.guiadachapada.com.br/ |archive-date=2009-01-30}}
⚫
* {{cite web |title=Bioma Cerrado |language=pt |website=www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br |publisher=Brazilian Government |series=EMBRAPA |url=http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/Agencia16/AG01/Abertura.html}}
* MENDONÇA, R. C.; FELFILI, J. M.; WALTER, B. M. T.; SILVA, M. C.; REZENDE, FILGUEIRAS, T. S.; NOGUEIRA, P. E. ''Flora vascular do bioma Cerrado'' (Vascular Flora of Cerrado Biome) [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]]
* Brandão, Mitzi; Galvilanes, M. L.; (1992); [http://www.epamig.br/ ''Espécies árboreas padronizadoras do Cerrado mineiro e sua distribuição no Estado.'']; ''Informe Agropecuário 16'' (173): 5-11.
* Brandão, Mitzi; Carvalho, P. G. S.; Jesué, G.; (1992); [http://www.cemig.com.br CEMIG: ''Guia Ilustrado de Plantas do Cerrado.'']; Minas Gerais.
* CASTRO, A. A. J. F., MARTINS F. R., TAMASHIRO, J. Y., SHEPHERD G. J. (1999). ''How rich is the flora of Brazilian Cerrados?'' [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2666220 Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden] 86 (1): 192-224.
* Coutinho, Leopoldo Magno [https://web.archive.org/web/20190525131117/http://eco.ib.usp.br/cerrado/index.htm ''Cerrado'']; [[University of São Paulo]], São Paulo state
* Gamarra-Rojas, Cíntia. (2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310234759/http://umbuzeiro.cnip.org.br/db/pnechk/taxa/4517.html ''Checklist das Plantas do Nordeste'' (Checklist of Plants of Northeast Brazil)].
* G. Gottsberger, I. Silberbauer-Gottsberger: '' [http://www.cerrado.eu Life in the Cerrado]'' Reta Verlag, Ulm 2006, {{ISBN|3-00-017928-3}} Volume 1, {{ISBN|3-00-017929-1}} Volume 2
* LEITÃO FILHO, H.F. (1992). ''A flora arbórea dos Cerrados do Estado de São Paulo''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060827041913/http://www.ibot.sp.gov.br/HOEHNEA/hoehnea.htm Hoehnea] 19 (1/2): 151-163.
* [[Harri Lorenzi|Lorenzi, Harri]] (1992) ''Árvores Brasileiras'' (''Brazilian Trees'') [[Nova Odessa]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190101225909/http://www.plantarum.com.br/ Plantarum].
* Pereira, Benedito Alísio da Silva; Silva Maria Aparecida da [https://web.archive.org/web/20070213073506/http://www.recor.org.br/publicacoes/plantas-nativas.html ''Lista de nomes populares de plantas nativas da Região Geoeconômica de Brasília, DF.''] (List of vernacular names of natives plants of Brasília Geoeconomic Region) [[Brasília]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070919015740/http://www.recor.org.br/index.html RECOR Ecological Reserve] of [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]].
{{refend}}
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{{commons category-lat|Cerrado}}
{{commons category-lat|Cerrado}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100703052622/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/brazil/work/art5082.html Nature Conservancy in Brazil – The Cerrado]
* {{cite web |title=The Cerrado |publisher=[[Nature Conservancy]] in Brazil |url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/brazil/work/art5082.html |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703052622/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/brazil/work/art5082.html |archive-date=2010-07-03}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071111084348/http://www.rbge.org.uk/rbge/web/science/research/tropdivers/cerrado.jsp The Biodiversity of the Brazilian Cerrado]
* {{cite web |title=The Biodiversity of the Brazilian Cerrado |url=http://www.rbge.org.uk/rbge/web/science/research/tropdivers/cerrado.jsp |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111084348/http://www.rbge.org.uk/rbge/web/science/research/tropdivers/cerrado.jsp |archive-date=2007-11-11}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051224180007/http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/meioamb/ecossist/cerrado/ Cerrado – Brazilian Government]
* {{cite web |title=Cerrado |publisher=Brazilian Government |url=http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/meioamb/ecossist/cerrado/ |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224180007/http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/meioamb/ecossist/cerrado/ |archive-date=2005-12-24}}
* {{WWF ecoregion|id=nt0704|name=Cerrado}}
* {{WWF ecoregion|id=nt0704|name=Cerrado}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110902043022/http://www.foto8.com/new/online/photo-stories/1425-cerrado Guardians of the Cerrado] Photo Story by Peter Caton
* {{cite AV media |first=Peter |last=Caton |others=Aoki, Chris (contrib.); do&nbsp;Vale, João (music) |date=1 June 2011 |title=Guardians of the Cerrado |medium=photo story |website=petercaton.co.uk |via=foto8.com |url=http://www.foto8.com/new/online/photo-stories/1425-cerrado |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902043022/http://www.foto8.com/new/online/photo-stories/1425-cerrado |archive-date=2011-09-02}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070305035232/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/cerrado Cerrado biodiversity Hotspot (Conservation International)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130062647/http://www.guiadachapada.com.br/ The Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado de Altitude]
⚫
* [http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/Agencia16/AG01/Abertura.html EMBRAPA (Brazilian Government): Bioma Cerrado] {{Wayback|url=http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/Agencia16/AG01/Abertura.html |date=20200615071031 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Верзија на датум 27. мај 2023. у 06:39

Vegetacija na severoistoku Minas Žerais, Brazil.
Mapa ekoregije Serado kao što je naznačeno u podacima Svetske fondacije za prirodu.
Ekologija
CarstvoNeotropsko
BiomTropski i suptropski travnjaci, savane i šikare
Granice
Списак
Geografija
Područje1.910.037 km2 (737.469 sq mi)
ZemljeBrazil, Bolivija и Paragvaj
Konzervacija
Konzervacioni statusRanjiva
Global 200Seradu šume i savane
Zaštićeno433.581 km² (23%)[1]

Seradu je prostrani tropsko savanski ekoregion Brazila, posebno u državama Gojas, Mato Groso do Sul, Mato Groso, Tokantins, Minas Žerais i Savezni okrug. Sržna područja bioma Serada su visoravni u centru Brazila. Glavne tipovi staništa Seradua uključuju: šumsku savanu, žbunastu savana, savanski park i travnato-šumsku savanu. Takođe su obuhvaćena područja močvarne savane i galerijske šume.[2] Kao drugi po veličini tip brazilskog staništa, nakon Amazonske prašume, Seradu predstavlja čitavih 21 procenat kopnene površine zemlje (sežući u Paragvaj i Boliviju).[3]

Prvi detaljni pregled Brazilskog serada pružio je danski botaničar Eugenius Varming (1892) u knjizi Lagoa Santa,[4] u kojoj opisuje glavne karakteristike vegetacije seradua u državi Minas Žerais.[5]

Od tada ogromne količine istraživanja su dokazale da je Serado jedan od najbogatijih regiona od svih tropskih savana i da poseduje visok nivo endemizma. Karakterisan je ogromnim rasponom biljnog i životinjskog biodiverziteta. Svetska fondacija za prirodu ga je nazvala biološki najbogatijom savanom na svetu, sa oko 10.000 biljnih vrsta i 10 endemskih vrsta ptica.[3] U Seradu obitava skoro 200 vrsta sisara, mada je samo 14 endemsko.[3]

Klima

Klima u Seradu je tipična za vlažnije savanske regione u svetu, sa poluvlažnom tropskom klimom. Seradu je ograničen na dve dominantne sezone tokom godine, vlažna i suva. Godišnje temperature za Seradu su u proseku između 22 i 27 °C, a prosečne padavine između 800-2000 mm za preko 90% područja.[6] Ovaj ekoregion ima veoma jaku sušnu sezonu tokom južne zime (približno april-septembar).[6]

Flora

Fields of flowers in bloom during spring, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil

The Cerrado is characterized by unique vegetation types.[6] It is composed of a shifting mosaic of habitats, with the savanna-like cerrado itself on well-drained areas between strips of gallery forest (closed canopy tall forest) which occur along streams.[7][6] Between the cerrado and the gallery forest is an area of vegetation known as the wet campo with distinct up- and downslope borders where tree growth is inhibited due to wide seasonal fluctuations in the water table.[6][7]

The savanna portion of the Cerrado is heterogeneous in terms of canopy cover. Goodland (1971)[8] divided the Cerrado into four categories ranging from least to most canopy cover: campo sujo (herbaceous layer with occasional small trees about 3 m tall), campo cerrado (slightly higher density of trees about 4 m tall on average), cerrado sensu stricto (orchard-like vegetation with trees about 6 m high) and cerradão (canopy cover near 50% with general height 9 m).[8]

Probably around 800 species of trees are found in the Cerrado.[6] Among the most diverse families of trees in the Cerrado are the Leguminosae (153 spp.), Malpighiaceae (46), Myrtaceae (43), Melastomataceae (32), and Rubiaceae (30).[9] Much of the Cerrado is dominated by the Vochysiaceae (23 species in the Cerrado) due to the abundance of three species in the genus Qualea.[6] The herbaceous layer usually reaches about 60 cm in height and is composed mainly of the Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Myrtaceae and Rubiaceae.[6] Much of the vegetation in the gallery forests is similar to nearby rainforest; however, there are some endemic species found only in the Cerrado gallery forests.[6]

Soil fertility, fire regime and hydrology are thought to be most influential in determining Cerrado vegetation. Cerrado soils are always well-drained and most are oxisols with low pH and low calcium and magnesium.[6][10] The amount of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus has been found to be positively correlated with tree trunk basal area in Cerrado habitats.[11] Much as in other grasslands and savannas, fire is important in maintaining and shaping the Cerrado's landscape; many plants in the Cerrado are fire-adapted, exhibiting characters like thick corky bark to withstand the heat.[6]

Cerrado vegetation is believed to be ancient, stretching back perhaps as far in a prototypic form as the Cretaceous, before Africa and South America separated.[12] A dynamic expansion and contraction between cerrado and Amazonian rainforest has probably occurred historically, with expansion of the Cerrado during glacial periods like the Pleistocene.[13] These processes and the resulting fragmentation in multiple refugia have probably contributed to the high species richness both of the Cerrado and of the Amazonian rainforest.[6]

Fauna

The frog species Physalaemus nattereri (posterior view shown) is found in the open cerrado, but not in adjacent gallery forests[14]

The Cerrado has a high diversity of vertebrates, with 150 amphibian species, 120 reptile species, 837 bird species, and 161 mammal species recorded.[15] Lizard diversity is generally thought to be relatively low in the Cerrado compared to other areas like caatinga or lowland rainforest[16] although one recent study found 57 species in one cerrado area with the high diversity driven by the availability of open habitat.[17] Ameiva ameiva is among the largest lizards found in the Cerrado and is the most important lizard predator where it is found in the Cerrado.[16] There is a relatively high diversity of snakes in the Cerrado (22–61 species, depending on site) with Colubridae being the richest family.[18] The open nature of the cerrado vegetation most likely contributes to the high diversity of snakes.[18] Information about Cerrado amphibians is extremely limited, although the Cerrado probably has a unique assemblage of species with some endemic to the region.[14]

Reference

  1. ^ Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [1]
  2. ^ " VASCONCELOS, Vitor Vieira; VASCONCELOS, Caio Vieira; VASCONCELOS, Davi Mourão Phyto-Environmental Characterization of Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) and Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with the Research of Stone Lines and Paleosols Geografia. Ensino & Pesquisa (UFSM), v. 14, p. 3, 2010."
  3. ^ а б в Conservation International. „Archived copy”. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-05-06. г. Приступљено 2008-05-09. . Access date: May 5, 2011
  4. ^ Warming, E. (1892) Lagoa Santa: Et Bidrag til den biologiske Plantegeografi med en Fortegnelse over Lagoa Santas Hvirveldyr. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter – Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling, 6. Rk. vol. 6 (3): 153–488. Later French and Portuguese translations
  5. ^ Oliveira S., Paulo, and Robert Marquis J. The Cerrados of Brazil : Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna. Columbia University Press, 2002. eBook.
  6. ^ а б в г д ђ е ж з и ј к RATTER, J.A.; RIBEIRO, J.F. & BRIDGEWATER, S. (1997) The Brazilian Cerrado vegetation and Threats to its Biodiversity. Annals of Botany, 80: pp. 223–230
  7. ^ а б Vierra, E.M.; Marinho-Filho, J. (1998). „Pre- and post-fire habitat utilization by rodents of [the] Cerrado from central Brazil”. Biotropica. 30: 491—496. S2CID 84400619. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00086.x. 
  8. ^ а б Goodland, R. (1971). „A physiognomic analysis of the cerrado vegetation of central Brazil”. Journal of Ecology. 59 (2): 411—419. JSTOR 2258321. doi:10.2307/2258321. 
  9. ^ Herringer, E.P.; Barroso, G.M.; Rizzo, J.A.; Rizzini, C.T. (1977). Ferri, M.G., ур. A Flora do Cerrado [On the plants of the Cerrado]. IV SimpoUsio sobre o cerrado (на језику: португалски). São Paulo, BR. стр. 211—232. 
  10. ^ Furley, P.A.; Ratter, J.A. (1988). „Soil resources and plant communities of the Central Brazilian cerrado and their development”. Journal of Biogeography. 15 (1): 97—108. JSTOR 2845050. doi:10.2307/2845050. 
  11. ^ Goodland, R; Pollard, R. (1973). „The Brazilian cerrado vegetation: A fertility gradient”. Journal of Ecology. 61 (1): 219—224. JSTOR 2258929. doi:10.2307/2258929. 
  12. ^ Ratter, J.A.; Ribeiro, J.F. (1996). „Biodiversity of the flora of the Cerrado”. Ур.: Pereira, R.C.; Nasser, L.C.B. Anais/Proceedings of the ... VIII Simpósio sobre o cerrado 1st Internet. Symposium on Tropical Savannas. Planaltina, DF, Brazil: EMBRAPA/CPAC. стр. 3—6. 
  13. ^ Mayle, F.E.; Burbridge, R.; Killeen, T.J. (2000). „Millennial-scale dynamics of southern Amazonian rain forests”. Science. 290 (5500): 2291—2294. PMID 11125139. doi:10.1126/science.290.5500.2291. hdl:2027.42/149336 Слободан приступ. 
  14. ^ а б Brasileiro, C.A.; Sawaya, R.J.; Kiefer, M.C.; Martins, M. (2005). „Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil”. Biota Neotropica. 5 (2): 93—109. doi:10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006 Слободан приступ. 
  15. ^ Myers, N.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Mittermeier, C.G.; da Fonesca, G.A.B.; Kent, J. (2000). „Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities”. Nature. 403 (6772): 853—858. PMID 10706275. S2CID 4414279. doi:10.1038/35002501. 
  16. ^ а б Vitt, L. (1991). „An Introduction to the ecology of cerrado lizards”. Journal of Herpetology. 25 (1): 79—90. JSTOR 1564798. doi:10.2307/1564798. 
  17. ^ Nogueira, C.; Colli, G.R.; Martins, M. (2009). „Local richness and distribution of the lizard fauna in natural habitat mosaics of the Brazilian cerrado”. Austral Ecology. 34: 83—96. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01887.x. 
  18. ^ а б Franc, F.G.R.; Mesquita, D.O.; Nogueira, C.C.; Araujo, A.F. (2008). „Phylogeny and ecology determine morphological structure in a snake assemblage in the central Brazilian Cerrado”. Copeia. 1: 23—38. S2CID 84292266. doi:10.1643/CH-05-034. 

Literatura

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