Grob
Grob je mesto u zemlji gde se mrtvo (obično ljudsko, a ponekad i životinjsko) telo ukopava.[1][2] Grobovi se obično nalaze na posebnim mestima koja su predviđena za ukop, kao što su groblja.[3]
Određeni detalji grobnice, kao što je stanje tela pronađenog u njoj i bilo koji predmeti pronađeni sa telom, mogu pružiti informacije arheolozima o tome kako je telo moglo živeti pre smrti, uključujući vremenski period u kome je živelo i kulture čiji je deo bio.
U nekim religijama se veruje da telo mora biti spaljeno ili kremirano da bi duša preživela; u drugima se smatra da je potpuno raspadanje tela važno za odmor duše (vidi ožalošćenje).[4][5][6]
Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]
Formalna upotreba groba obuhvata nekoliko koraka sa povezanom terminologijom.
- Grobni iskop
Iskopina koja formira grob.[7] Iskopavanja variraju od plitkog struganja do uklanjanja gornjeg sloja zemlje do dubine od 1,8 m (5,9 ft) ili više gde treba da se izgradi grobnica ili grobna komora. Međutim, većina modernih grobova u Sjedinjenim Državama duboka je samo 4 stope, jer se kovčeg stavlja u betonsku kutiju (pogledajte grobni svod) kako bi se sprečila pojava vrtača, kako bi se osiguralo da je grob dovoljno jak da se može preći vozilom preko njega, i da bi se sprečilo da pluta u slučaju poplave.
- Otkopano tlo
Materijal iskopan prilikom iskopavanja groba. Često se gomila blizu groba radi zasipanja, a zatim se vraća u grob da bi se prekrio kovčeg. Kako se tlo dekomprimira kada se iskopa i sanduk zauzima mesto, ne može se sva količina zemlje vratiti u rupu, te se uglavnom ima viška zemlje. Na grobljima ova suvišna zemlja može završiti kao debeli sloj koji prekriva prvobitnu površinu groba.
- Sahranjivanje ili pogreb
Telo se može staviti u kovčeg ili drugi kontejner, u različitim pozicijama, samostalno ili u vidu višestrukog sahranjivanja, sa ili bez ličnih stvari pokojnika.
Svod je struktura izgrađena unutar groba da primi telo. Može se koristiti za sprečavanje drobljenja ostataka, omogućavanje višestrukih sahranjivanja kao što je porodični trezor, preuzimanje ostataka za prenošenje u kosturnicu ili zato što formira deo monumenta.
- Zasipanje groba
Zemlja se vraća u iskopani grob nakon sahranjivanja. Ovaj materijal može sadržati artefakte izvedene iz prvobitnog iskopavanja i prethodne upotrebe lokacije, namerno postavljene predmete ili artefakte ili kasniji materijal. Ispuna može biti ostavljena u ravni sa zemljom ili u vidu humke.
- Spomenik ili obeležje
Nadgrobni spomenici su najviše korišteni. Oni se mogu dopuniti ukrasnim ivicama, kamenim stazama, stubovima za podupiranje predmeta, čvrstim pokrivačem ili drugim opcijama.[8][9]
Grobna dvorišta i groblja[uredi | uredi izvor]
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Groblja su obično osnivana u isto vreme kada se gradila relevantna bogomolja (koja može da datira iz 8. do 14. veka) i često su ih koristile one porodice koje nisu mogle da priušte da budu sahranjene unutar ili ispod same bogomolje. U većini kultura oni koji su bili izuzetno bogati, imali značajne profesije, bili deo plemstva ili bili nekog drugog visokog društvenog statusa, obično su sahranjivani u pojedinačnim kriptama unutar ili ispod relevantne bogomolje sa naznakom imena pokojnika, datumom smrti i drugim biografskim podacima. U Evropi je to često bilo praćeno prikazom njihovog porodičnog grba.
Kasnija grobna dvorišta su zamenjena grobljima.
U jeziku[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Okretanje u grobu je idiom koji opisuje ekstremni nivo šoka ili intenzivnog nivoa iznenađenja i izražava se kao posredni osećaj preminule osobe.[10][11]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ „Grave”. Cambridge Dictionary (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 9. 2019.
- ^ „Grave definition and meaning”. Collins Dictionary (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 9. 2019.
- ^ Tütüncü, Mehmet (2015). „The Uppsala Mecca Painting: A New Source for the Cultural Topography and Historiography for Mecca”. Ur.: Buitelaar, Marjo; Mols, Luitgard. Hajj: Global Interactions through Pilgrimage. Leiden: Sidestone Press. str. 137—163. ISBN 978-90-8890-285-7.
- ^ America, H. F. (2012). Grief. Retrieved 15 March 2012, from Hospice Foundation of America: „Hospice Foundation of America – Home”. Arhivirano iz originala 19. 3. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 20. 3. 2012.
- ^ Rando, Therese A. (1991). How to go on living when someone you love dies. ISBN 978-0553352696.
- ^ Therese A. Rando, P. (1991). How To Go On Living When Someone You Love Dies. Lexington Books.
- ^ Ghamidi (2001), Customs and Behavioral Laws Arhivirano 2013-09-23 na sajtu Wayback Machine
- ^ Fergus Wessell. „Headstone Gallery”. Arhivirano iz originala 7. 7. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 2013-09-05.
- ^ Jarvis, Dale Gilbert; Drover, Kelly (2018). „A survey of white bronze mortuary moonuments in St. John's”. The Newfoundland Ancestor. 34 (1): 27—38.
- ^ [http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/turn+over+in+grave turn over in grave - Idioms - by the Free Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia
- ^ Great Britain. Parliament (1802). The Parliamentary Register: Or an Impartial Report of the Debates that Have Occurred in the Two Houses of Parliament. str. 145—.
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- Carmack, Sharon DeBartolo (2002). Your Guide to Cemetery Research
. Betterway Books. ISBN 978-1558705890. - Carroll, Andrew (2013). Here Is Where: Discovering America's Great Forgotten History. New York: Crown Archetype. ISBN 978-0307463999.
- Colvin, Howard (1991). Architecture and the After-Life. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Curl, James Stevens (2002). Death and Architecture. Gloucestershire: Sutton.
- Eggener, Keith (2010). Cemeteries. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0393731699.
- Etlin, Richard A. (1984). The Architecture of Death: the transformation of the cemetery in eighteenth-century Paris. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Flanders, Judith (2014). The Victorian City: Everyday Life in Dickens' London. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1250040213.
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- Grossman, Janet Burnett (2001). Greek Funerary Sculpture. Catalogue of the Collection at the Getty Villa. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
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- Nonini, Donald Macon (2014). A Companion to Urban Anthropology. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1118378649.
- Salisbury, Mike. „From My Death May Life Come Forth. A Feasibility Study of the Woodland Cemetery in Canada”. Earthartist.com.
- Taylor, Richard; Allen, Alistair (2006). „Waste Disposal and Landfill: Potential Hazards and Information Needs”. Ur.: Schmoll, Oliver; Howard, Guy; Chilton, John; Chorus, Ingrid. Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-Water Sources. Cornwall, U.K.: World Health Organisation. ISBN 978-1843390794.
- Thomas, Jeannie B. (2003). Naked Barbies, Warrior Joes, and Other Forms of Visible Gender. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. str. 32. ISBN 978-0252028540.
- Upton, Dell (1997). „The Urban Cemetery and the Urban Community: The Origin of the New Orleans Cemetery”. Ur.: adams, Annmarie; McMurry, Sally Ann. Exploring Everyday Landscapes. Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0870499838.
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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
Mediji vezani za članak Grob na Vikimedijinoj ostavi- In Search Of Gravestones Old And Curious by W.T. Vincent, 1896, from Project Gutenberg
- Azeri.org, Sofi Hamid Cemetery
- World Burial Index Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (8. jun 2010) Photographs of memorial inscriptions plus free surname search
- A Very Grave Matter Old New England gravestones
- Historic Headstones Online Project to transcribe content from historic headstones
- Pennsylvania German tombstones Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (11. februar 2021)
- Stockton University includes gravestone imagery in New Jersey, USA
- How to clean a Grave marker by Ralf Heckenbach
- Stone Quarries and Beyond
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