Lažne vesti
Lažne vesti[a] su netačne ili obmanjujuće informacije predstavljene kao vesti.[3][4][5] Cilj im je često narušavanje ugleda osobe ili entiteta ili zarađivanje novca prihodom od oglašavanja.[6][7][8] Međutim, termin nema preciznu definiciju, pa obuhvata bilo koju vrstu lažnih informacija, računajući nenamerne i nesvesne mehanizme. Njime se koriste i osobe visokog profila kako bi opisale vesti koje su nenaklonjene njihovoj ličnoj perspektivi.
Rasprostranjenost lažnih vesti, koje su nekad bile uobičajene u štampi, povećala se s razvojem društvenih medija, naročito fida za vesti na Facebook-u.[6][9][10] Politička polarizacija, postčinjenička politika, pristrasnost potvrđivanja[11] i algoritmi društvenih medija upleteni su u širenje lažnih vesti.[3][12][13] Nekad ih generišu i propagiraju strani akteri, naročito tokom izbora.[14][15] Upotreba veb-sajtova s anonimnim hostingom otežala je procesuiranje izvora lažnih vesti zbog klevete.[16] U nekim definicijama lažne vesti obuhvataju i satirične članke pogrešno protumačene kao iskrene i članke koji sadrže klikbejt ili senzacionalističke naslove.
Lažne vesti mogu smanjiti uticaj stvarnih vesti stupanjem u konkurentski odnos s njima,[17] a imaju i potencijal da potkopaju poverenje u ozbiljnu medijsku reportažu.[18] Izraz se ponekad upotrebljava i za sumnju u legitimne vesti.[19][20]
Trenutno se aktivno istražuje više strategija za borbu protiv lažnih vesti, koje treba prilagoditi pojedinačnim vrstama. Teorija inokulacije je usredsređena na dizajniranje tehnika kojima bi se pojedinci učinili otpornim na primamljivanje lažnih vesti na isti način na koji vakcina štiti od zaraznih bolesti.
Napomene[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Bartolotta, Devin (9. 12. 2016), „Hillary Clinton warns about hoax news on social media”, WJZ-TV, Pristupljeno 11. 12. 2016
- ^ Wemple, Erik (8. 12. 2016), „Facebook's Sheryl Sandberg says people don't want 'hoax' news. Really?”, The Washington Post, Pristupljeno 11. 12. 2016
- ^ a b Tufekci, Zeynep (16. 1. 2018). „It's the (Democracy-Poisoning) Golden Age of Free Speech”. Wired.
- ^ Leonhardt, David; Thompson, Stuart A. (23. 6. 2017). „Trump's Lies”. The New York Times. Pristupljeno 23. 6. 2017.
- ^ Higdon, Nolan (2020-08-15). „The anatomy of fake news: A critical news literacy education”. University of California Press (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2020-09-12.
- ^ a b Hunt, Elle (17. 12. 2016). „What is fake news? How to spot it and what you can do to stop it”. The Guardian. Pristupljeno 15. 1. 2017.
- ^ Schlesinger, Robert (April 14, 2017).
- ^ "The real story of 'fake news': The term seems to have emerged around the end of the 19th century".
- ^ Soll, Jacob (2016-12-18). „The Long and Brutal History of Fake News”. Politico Magazine (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2019-03-25.
- ^ Himma-Kadakas, Marju (jul 2017). „Alternative facts and fake news entering journalistic content production cycle”. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies. 9 (2): 25—41. doi:10.5130/ccs.v9i2.5469 .
- ^ Tsang, Stephanie Jean (31. 8. 2020). „Motivated Fake News Perception: The Impact of News Sources and Policy Support on Audiences' Assessment of News Fakeness”. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly: 107769902095212. doi:10.1177/1077699020952129.
- ^ Woolf, Nicky (11. 11. 2016). „How to solve Facebook's fake news problem: experts pitch their ideas”. The Guardian. Pristupljeno 15. 1. 2017.
- ^ Borney, Nathan (9. 5. 2018). „5 reasons why 'fake news' likely will get even worse”. USA Today. Pristupljeno 17. 2. 2019.
- ^ „Fake news busters”. Politico (na jeziku: engleski). 14. 9. 2017. Pristupljeno 15. 9. 2017.
- ^ Sokotoff, Dominick; Sourine, Katherina. „Pseudo local news sites reveal nationally expanding network”. The Michigan Daily (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2019-11-08.
- ^ Callan, Paul. „Sue over fake news? Not so fast”. CNN. Pristupljeno 15. 1. 2017.
- ^ Chang, Juju; Lefferman, Jake; Pedersen, Claire; Martz, Geoff (November 29, 2016).
- ^ Merlo, Carlos (2017), „Millonario negocio FAKE NEWS”, Univision Noticias
- ^ Mihailidis, Paul; Viotty, Samantha (april 2017). „Spreadable Spectacle in Digital Culture: Civic Expression, Fake News, and the Role of Media Literacies in 'Post-Fact' Society”. American Behavioral Scientist. 61 (4): 441—454. doi:10.1177/0002764217701217.
- ^ Habgood-Coote, Joshua (26. 11. 2019). „Stop talking about fake news!”. Inquiry. 62 (9–10): 1033—1065. doi:10.1080/0020174x.2018.1508363.
Dodatna literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Scientific American (2020). Truth vs Lies (Special edition), volume 29, no 4, Fall 2020. Contains 26 essays on understanding the science of misinformation and deception, and how to know what is real.
- Associated Press. AP Not Real News weekly roundup of the most popular, but completely untrue, headlines of the week.
- Bounegru, Liliana; Gray, Jonathan; Venturini, Tommaso; Mauri, Michele (8. 1. 2018). A Field Guide to "Fake News" and Other Information Disorders. Amsterdam: Public Data Lab. An open access guide exploring the use of digital methods to study false viral news, political memes, trolling practices and their social life online.
- Brotherton, Rob (2020). Bad News: Why We Fall for Fake News. Bloomsbury Sigma. ISBN 9781472962881.
- Cortada, James W. and William Aspray. Fake News Nation: The Long History of Lies and Misinterpretations in America (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2019) online review; also excerpt of book
- Higgins, Andrew et al. "Inside a Fake News Sausage Factory: 'This Is All About Income'" The New York Times November 25, 2016
- Horner, Paul (2017). An online journal by Paul Horner containing all of his best hoaxes and fake news over the past 20 years
- Robson, David (2019-04-01). „Why smart people are more likely to believe fake news”.
- Schumacher, Elizabeth (4. 1. 2018). „Fake news 'casts wide net but has little effect'”. Deutsche Welle.
- Young, Kevin (2017). Bunk: The Rise of Hoaxes, Humbug, Plagiarists, Phonies, Post-Facts, and Fake News. Graywolf Press. ISBN 978-1555977917.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- „Fake+news”, Core.ac.uk, „Open access research papers”