Sistem

Za druge upotrebe, pogledajte Sistem (višeznačna odrednica).

Sistem (od latinskog systēma, uzetog od grčkog σύστημα [sýstēma]) predstavlja skup elemenata, realnih ili apstraktnih, predstavljenih kao celina, gde svaki elementi međusobno intereaguju, povezani sa bar jednim drugim elementom, i svi zajedno služe zajedničkoj svrsi. Bilo koji objekat koji nije u vezi sa bilo kojim drugim objektom sistema ne predstavlja deo tog sistema, već okruženje sistema. Podsistem predstavlja skup elemenata koji su sistem za sebe, ali i deo većeg sistema.

Etimologija

Termin sistem potiče od latinske reči systēma, koja je proistekla iz grčke reči σύστημα systēma: „ceo koncept sačinjen od više delova ili članova, sistem“, doslovno „kompozicija“.

Istorija

Prema Maršalu Makluanu,

„Sistem“ znači „nešto da se pogleda“. Mora se imati veoma visok vizuelni gradijent da bi se imala sistematizacija. Međutim u filozofiji, pre Dekarta, nije postojao „sistem“. Platon nije imao „sistem“. Aristotel nije imao „sistem”.

U 19. veku francuski fizičar Nikola Leonard Sadi Karno, koji je proučavao termodinamiku, bio je pionir u razvoju koncepta sistema u prirodnim naukama. Godine 1824, proučavao je sistem koji je nazvao radnom supstancom (obično telo vodene pare) u parnim mašinama, u pogledu sposobnosti sistema da obavlja rad kada se toplota primeni na njega. Radna supstanca je mogla biti stavljena u kontakt ili sa kotlom, sa hladnim rezervoarom (mlazom hladne vode) ili sa klipom (na kome bi radno telo moglo da obavlja rad pritiskom na njega). Godine 1850, nemački fizičar Rudolf Klauzijus je generalizovao ovu sliku tako da uključi koncept okoline i počeo da koristi termin radno telo kada se odnosi na sistem.

Biolog Ludvig fon Bertalanfi postao je jedan od pionira opšte teorije sistema. Godine 1945, uveo je modele, principe i zakone koji se primenjuju na generalizovane sisteme ili njihove podklase, bez obzira na njihovu posebnu vrstu, prirodu njihovih sastavnih elemenata i odnos ili 'sile' između njih.

Norbert Viner i Ros Ešbi, koji su bili pioniri upotrebe matematike za proučavanje sistema, izvršili su značajan razvoj u konceptu sistema..

Osamdesetih godina dvadestog veka Džon Henri Holand, Mari Gel-Man i drugi skovali su termin kompleksni adaptivni sistem na interdisciplinarnom Santa Fe institutu.

Vidi još

• Teorija sistema
• Složeni sistemi
• Računarski sistemi
• Kibernetika
• Teorija haosa
• Opšta semantika
• Geopolitički sistemi
• Meta-sistem
• Morfološka analiza
• Socio-tehnički sistemi
• Sociokibernetika
• Sunčev sistem
• Inteligencija sistema
• ekologija sistema
• Sistem sistema
• Linijski sistem u muzici

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Spoljašnje veze

• Definitions of Systems and Models by Michael Pidwirny, 1999–2007.
• Publications with the title "System" (1600–2008) by Roland Müller.
• Definitionen von "System" (1572–2002) by Roland Müller, (most in German).