Velika bengalska glad 1770.
| Velika bengalska glad 1769 ৭৬-এর মন্বন্তর (Chhiattōrer monnōntór) | |
|---|---|
| Zemlja | Britanska Indija |
| Lokacija | Bengal |
| Period | 1769–1771 |
| Ukupno preminulih | 2 ili 10 miliona |
| Opservacije | Neuspeh politike i suša |
| Pomoć | Pokušaji zaustavljanja izvoza i gomilanja ili monopoliranja žita; ￡15.000 potrošeno na uvoz žitarica.[1] |
| Uticaj na demografiju | Populacija Bengala je umanjena za 7% ili 33% |
| Posledice | Prihodi Britanske istočnoindijske kompanije pali su na £174.300 funti zbog gladi. Naplata poreza izvršena je nasilno kako bi se nadoknadili gubici.[2] |
Velika bengalska glad 1770 (beng. ৭৬-এর মন্বন্তর) bila je glad između 1769 i 1773 (1176 do 1180 u Bengalskom kalendaru) koja je zahvatila donju Ganšku ravnicu Britanske Indije od Biharaa do regije Bengal. Procenjuje se da je glad izazvala smrt oko 10 miliona ljudi,[3] a izveštaj Vorena Hejstingsa iz 1772. procenjuje da je trećina stanovništva u pogođenom regionu umrla od gladi.[4] Rajat Data procenjuje mnogo niži revidirani broj, u rasponu od oko 2 miliona mrtvih u roku od 6-7 meseci.[5]
Ova glad je jedna od mnogih gladi i epidemija izazvanih glađu koje su opustošile Indijski potkontinent tokom 18. i 19. veka.[6][7][8] Ona se obično pripisuje kombinaciji vremena i politici Britanske istočnoindijske kompanije. Početak gladi pripisuje se preslabom monsunu iz 1769. godine koji je prouzrokovao široku sušu i dve uzastopne neuspela useva pirinča.[4] Ratna razaranja i eksploatacione politike maksimizacije poreskih prihoda grabljive Britanske istočnoindijske kompanije nakon 1765. godine osakatili su ekonomske resurse ruralnog stanovništva.[4][9]
Indijski ekonomista, dobitnik Nobelove nagrade, Amartija Sen, to opisuje kao glad koju je stvorio čovek, napominjući da se u Bengalu u tom veku nije dogodila prethodna glad, i taj je region pod muslimanskom vlašću bio je jedna od glavnih svetskih ekonomskih sila i bio je nadomak protoindustrijalizacije.[10][11][12] Istoričar Vilijam Dalrimpl je smatrao da su deindustrijalizacija Bengala[13] i britanska politika bili razlozi za masovnu glad i široko raširena zverstva.[14]
Reference[уреди | уреди извор]
- ^ he annals of rural Bengal
- ^ Bowen 2002, стр. 104.
- ^ Amartya Sen (1981). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation
. Oxford University Press. стр. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
- ^ а б в Fredrik Albritton Jonsson (18. 6. 2013). Enlightenment's Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism. Yale University Press. стр. 167—170. ISBN 978-0-300-16374-2.
- ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac. Eating people is wrong, and other essays on famine, its past, and its future. Princeton. стр. 99. ISBN 978-1-4008-6581-9. OCLC 902724835.
- ^ Mike Davis (2001). Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. Verso. стр. 5–7. ISBN 978-1-85984-739-8.
- ^ Murton Brian (2001). Kenneth F. Kiple, ур. The Cambridge world history of food. 2. Cambridge University Press. стр. 1411—1427. ISBN 978-0-521-40215-6.
- ^ Amartya Sen (1981). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford University Press. стр. 195–212. ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
- ^ Dalrymple, William (4. 3. 2015). „The East India Company: The original corporate raiders”. The Guardian. Приступљено 6. 6. 2015., Quote: "Before long the province, already devastated by war, was struck down by the famine of 1769, then further ruined by high taxation. Company tax collectors were guilty of what today would be described as human rights violations. A senior official of the old Mughal regime in Bengal [or in other sources, an anonymous contemporary pamphleteer] wrote in his diaries: “Indians were tortured to disclose their treasure; cities, towns and villages ransacked; jaghirs and provinces purloined: these were the ‘delights’ and ‘religions’ of the directors and their servants.”
- ^ „Imperial Illusions”. The New Republic. 31. 12. 2007.
- ^ Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1998). Money and the Market in India, 1100–1700. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780521257589.
- ^ Perlin, Frank (1983). „Proto-industrialization and Pre-colonial South Asia”. Past & Present. 98 (1): 30—95. JSTOR 650688. doi:10.1093/past/98.1.30.
- ^ John L. Esposito, ур. (2004). The Islamic World: Past and Present. Volume 1: Abba - Hist. Oxford University Press. стр. 174. ISBN 978-0-19-516520-3.
- ^ Dalrymple, William (4. 3. 2015). „The East India Company: The original corporate raiders”. The Guardian. Приступљено 6. 6. 2015.
Literatura[уреди | уреди извор]
- Bowen, H.V (2002), Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics 1757–1773, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-89081-6
- Heaven, Will (28. 7. 2010). „The history of British India will serve David Cameron well – as long as he doesn't go on about it”. The Telegraph. London. Архивирано из оригинала на датум 26. 10. 2011. Приступљено 15. 10. 2010.
- Brooks Adams, The Laws of Civilizations and Decay. An Essays on History, New York, 1898
- Kumkum Chatterjee, Merchants, Politics and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar: 1733–1820, Brill, 1996, ISBN 90-04-10303-1
- Sushil Chaudhury, From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth Century Bengal, Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 1999, ISBN 978-81-7304-297-3
- Romesh Chunder Dutt, The Economic History of India under early British Rule, Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-415-24493-5
- John R. McLane, Land and Local Kingship in 18th century Bengal, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-52654-X
- Sir William Wilson Hunter, Annals of Rural Bengal, Smith, Elder and Company, 1871, Digitised 12 Nov 2007
Spoljašnje veze[уреди | уреди извор]
- Section VII Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (11. јул 2010) from Dharampal, India Before British Rule and the Basis for India's Resurgence, 1998.
- Chapter IX. The famine of 1770 in Bengal in John Fiske, The Unseen World, and other essays
- History of West Bengal & Calcutta
- R.C. Dutt, The Economic History of India.
- The Great Bengal Famine (1770) Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (30. јул 2018)