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The demonization of the Serbs received significant coverage in numerous works. Many authors criticized the demonization of the Serbs, some of them even referred to it as [[racism]], while others emphasized the fact that demonization of the opposed society and its government is a common war strategy which is difficult to avoid during contemporary wars because if it were not employed, most people would be unwilling to support their own side during those conflicts. Some authors denied the existence of the demonization of the Serbs by claiming that it was just a collection of conspiracy theories which was fabricated by extreme Serbian nationalists, while other authors claimed that the demonization of the Serbs was just a simple difference of opinion.
The demonization of the Serbs received significant coverage in numerous works. Many authors criticized the demonization of the Serbs, some of them even referred to it as [[racism]], while others emphasized the fact that demonization of the opposed society and its government is a common war strategy which is difficult to avoid during contemporary wars because if it were not employed, most people would be unwilling to support their own side during those conflicts. Some authors denied the existence of the demonization of the Serbs by claiming that it was just a collection of conspiracy theories which was fabricated by extreme Serbian nationalists, while other authors claimed that the demonization of the Serbs was just a simple difference of opinion.

== Background ==
The Demonization of the Serbs is generally believed to have been orchestrated by the Western media networks during the [[Yugoslav Wars]], though some assert that it began before the events of the 1990s.<ref name="Mladenović1999">{{cite book|author=Marko Mladenović|title=Pisma za Mary Ann: trilogija|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LflAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 August 2013|year=1999|publisher=Narodna knji. Alfa|page=103|quote=Сатанизација Срба не траје, као што неки тврде, десет, већ много више година.}}</ref> Between 1987 and 1991, (between the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] and the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars) politicians representing each of the core ethnic groups residing in Yugoslavia engaged in nationalistic discourse, routinely demonizing the "other".<ref name="Arfi2005">{{cite book|author=Badredine Arfi|title=International Change and the Stability of Multiethnic States: Yugoslavia, Lebanon, and Crises of Governance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsEm88y3UsQC&pg=PA125|accessdate=29 August 2013|date=23 February 2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-11133-3|page=125|quote=In period 1987-1991 ... a new political discourse anchored in ultranationalism ... Demonizing the "Other" became an intercommunal routine}}</ref>

== Before and During the Yugoslav Wars ==
=== The breakup of Yugoslavia (early 1990's) ===
According to Nenad Perić, the campaign of Serb demonization started in July 1991 with barrage of articles in the German media publishing almost daily decsriptions of Serbs such as "militant Bolseviks" who “have no place in the European community”. <ref>{{harv|Perić|2019|p=351}}:"The Serbs’ demonization campaign began in July 1991 with a poisonous barrage of articles in the German media, led by the influential conservative newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ). In almost everyday columns, the FAZ editor Johan Georg Rajsmiler justified the unlawfully declared independence of Slovenia and Croatia by describing the Serbs as “militant Bolsheviks” who “have no place in the European community”."</ref> The campaign did not stop in Germany because two sides in the Yugoslav Wars, Croatian and Bosnian Muslims' engaged US public relations companies for propaganda campaign.<ref>{{harv|Perić|2019|p=351}}</ref> The demonization of the opponent is a war strategy conducted by the [[Public relations|PR]] professional companies (like [[Ruder Finn]]) during the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]] and [[Yugoslav wars]].<ref name="Nation2003">{{cite book|author=R. Craig Nation|title=War in the Balkans, 1991-2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIDkGPfxQrMC&pg=PA131|accessdate=28 August 2013|year=2003|publisher=Strategic Studies Institute|isbn=978-1-58487-134-7|page=131|quote=In the Yugoslav case, where efforts to demonize the enemy became a strategy of war pursued by professional public relations firms such as Ruder Finn Global Public Affairs, the challenge was particularly severe.}}</ref> When [[Slovenians]], [[Croats]], [[Bosniaks]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] decided to leave Yugoslavia at the beginning of 1990's the Serbs were [[Dehumanization|dehumanized]] and demonized by the media in the West.<ref>{{cite book|author=Raju G. C. Thomas|title=Yugoslavia Unraveled: Sovereignty, Self-Determination, Intervention|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9L6ZayN27PAC&pg=PA11|accessdate=27 August 2013|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0757-7|page=11|quote=Dissident Slovenes, Croats, Bosnian Muslims, and Macedonians chose to leave Yugoslavia. The Serbs were demonized and dehumanized by the Western media and their united Serbian state destroyed....}}</ref> This demonization successfully presented Serbs as the most responsible for the Yugoslav wars in the mainstream Western media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serb Demonization as Propaganda Coup|url=http://fpif.org/serb_demonization_as_propaganda_coup/|publisher=[[Institute for Policy Studies]]|accessdate=27 August 2013|author=[[Edward S. Herman]]|location=[[Washington, DC]], [[United States]]|year=2009|quote=The successful demonization of the Serbs, making them largely responsible for the Yugoslav wars,}}</ref>

[[Journalism]] had an important role in the breakup of Yugoslavia, especially in successful satanization of Serbs.<ref name="MedakovićPopović2000">{{cite book|author1=Dejan Medaković|author2=Radovan Popović|author1link=Dejan Medaković|title=Suočavanja sa ljudima i vremenom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9oXAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=15 August 2013|year=2000|publisher=BIGZ|page=192|quote=У историји новинарства остаће забележена и његова улога у распаду Југославије, а посебно биће упамћена и успешна сатанизација српског народа.}}</ref> The mass media regularly demonized Serbs who were presented as particularly genocidal<ref>{{cite web|title=Serb Demonization as Propaganda Coup|url=http://fpif.org/serb_demonization_as_propaganda_coup/|publisher=[[Institute for Policy Studies]]|accessdate=27 August 2013|author=[[Edward S. Herman]]|location=[[Washington, DC]], [[United States]]|year=2009|quote=The successful demonization of the Serbs, ...as unique and genocidal killers, }}</ref> sometimes referred to as "beasts" and "monsters".<ref name="Boggs2005">{{cite book|author=Carl Boggs|title=Imperial Delusions: American Militarism and Endless War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wNw_uw4BBlsC&pg=PA163|accessdate=15 August 2013|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-2772-0|page=163|quote=Serbs were regularly demonized in the mass media}}</ref> After being first demonized in the media Serbs became demonized in the eyes of American citizens and government.<ref name="Merry2005">{{cite book|author=Robert W. Merry|title=Sands of Empire: Missionary Zeal, American Foreign Policy, and the Hazards of Global Ambition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pghpw1e91e0C&pg=PA116|accessdate=26 August 2013|date=31 May 2005|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-6667-3|page=116|quote=By then the story line had cast the Serbs into the role of villain; demonized by the media, the Serbs became demon- ized also in the eyes of the American government and people. }}</ref> Although the demonization of Serbs together with sanctions imposed to Serbia created a need for national unity Milošević's party gradually lost the support of the citizens of Serbia and, starting from 1992, was forced to form minority governments with other parties eventually having the support of only around 20% of citizens.<ref name="Sörensen2011">{{cite book|author=Jens Stilhoff Sörensen|title=State Collapse and Reconstruction in the Periphery: Political Economy, Ethnicity and Development in Yugoslavia, Serbia and Kosovo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1Vi3XbXCkYC&pg=PA164|accessdate=27 August 2013|date=15 January 2011|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-919-2|page=164|quote=Furthermore, the demonisation of Serbs in the West, and the economic sanctions imposed on Serbia, created a feeling of being exposed to external hostility and therefore a need for unity. However, the support for the regime was already in decline...}}</ref>

During the [[Yugoslav wars]] atrocities were committed by all sides. In cases when perpetrators of some of the atrocities were nationalist extremist of Serbian ethnicity Western media would accuse the entire Serb nation ("the Serbs") instead using precise terminology like 'Serb extremists' in order to present an entire Serb nation as being in conflict with the whole world.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Michel Collon|authorlink1=Michel Collon|author2=Milo Yelesiyevich|author3=Terence McGee|title=Liar's poker: the great powers, Yugoslavia and the wars of the future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxU_AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=27 August 2013|year=2002|publisher=International Action Center|isbn=978-0-9656916-6-6|page=25|quote=Lie No. 5: Demonizing an Entire People - Each time atrocities were committed, the corporate media accused "the Serbs." In reality, they involved not just any Serbs, but the extreme, right-wing, nationalist militias.}}</ref> Demonizing of the nationalists of Serb ethnicity was accompanied by "angelizing" Tuđman's nationalists of Croatian ethnicity and Izetbegović's nationalists of [[Muslims by nationality|Muslim]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Michel Collon|authorlink1=Michel Collon|author2=Milo Yelesiyevich|author3=Terence McGee|title=Liar's poker: the great powers, Yugoslavia and the wars of the future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxU_AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=27 August 2013|year=2002|publisher=International Action Center|isbn=978-0-9656916-6-6|page=25|quote=A double campaign in fact: on the one hand, demonizing "our" adversaries, the Serbian nationalists; on the other hand, "angelizing" "our" proteges, the Croatian nationalists of Tudjman and the Muslim nationalists of Izetbegovic.}}</ref> The Government of [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] appealed against demonization of the Serb nation.<ref name="Law1997">{{cite book|author=University of Cambridge. Research Centre for International Law|title=The Yugoslav Crisis in International Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PA260|date=28 July 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46304-1|page=260}}</ref> [[Svetozar Vukmanović Tempo]] emphasized that the demonization of Serbs was used as an excuse to introduce UN Sanctions against Serbia and Serbs and to isolate Serbia from the rest of the world.<ref>{{harv|Vukmanović-Tempo|1996|p=289}}:"Сатанизација Срба, а и ЈНА је искоришћена да се према Србији и Србима спроведе економска блокада, а са њом и потпуна изолација од осталог света."</ref>

=== Kosovo war (late 1990s) ===
[[File:Tomahawk-launch.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A [[Tomahawk cruise missile]] launches from the aft missile deck of the [[USS Gonzalez (DDG-66)|USS ''Gonzalez'']] on March 31, 1999]]
Former Yugoslav minister of foreign affairs [[Živorad Jovanović]] estimated that satanization of the Serbs was particularly increased during [[Rambouillet Agreement|Rambouillet negotiations]] with aim to present Serbs as "bad guys" who are responsible for the obstruction of the negotiations with [[Albanians|Albanian]] "good guys".<ref name="Jовановић2006">{{cite book|author=Живадин Jовановић|title=Косовско огледало|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=039pAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 August 2013|year=2006|publisher=Beogradski forum za svet ravnopravnih|page=130|quote=Појачава се сатанизација Срба, они су кри- ви за сва зла, и за опструцију преговора. Срби су "лоши момци". Ал- банци су жртве, за њих све симпатије, они су "добри момци".}}</ref>

Demonization of the people from the beginning of the 1990s was replaced with a demonization of [[Slobodan Milošević]].<ref name="Malmvig2006">{{cite book|author=Helle Malmvig|title=State Sovereignty and Intervention: A Discourse Analysis of Interventionary and Non-Interventionary Practices in Kosovo and Algeria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oacHhym0qcIC&pg=PA88|accessdate=15 August 2013|date=26 September 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-16307-6|page=88}}</ref> With the beginning of the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]] this propaganda pattern had to be modified to again include Serbian people who elected their leader.<ref name="Chomsky1999">{{cite book|author=Noam Chomsky|authorlink=Noam Chomsky|title=The New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOa2qaOORF8C&pg=PA93|accessdate=15 August 2013|year=1999|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-0-7453-1633-8|page=93|quote=it became necessary to modify the propaganda framework, demonizing the people of Serbia, not merely their leader}}</ref><ref name="Taylor2009">{{cite book|author=Scott Taylor|title=Unembedded: Two Decades of Maverick War Reporting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqGJRabbJDAC&pg=PT197|accessdate=15 August 2013|year=2009|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre|isbn=978-1-926685-88-5|page=197|quote= The western media began yet another round of demonizing the Serbs}}</ref>

Media from USA regularly portray conflicts involving their country as struggle between good and evil presenting the leader of the opponent as devil's incarnation. In case of NATO attack on Yugoslavia, NATO propaganda demonized Serbs and Serbian president [[Slobodan Milošević]] presenting NATO attack on Yugoslavia as a war between NATO humanitarian forces and satanic Yugoslav forces led by Milošević portrayed as [[Hitler]].<ref name="Association2001">{{cite book|author=Canadian Peace Research and Education Association|title=Perspectives on human security: national sovereignty and humanitarian intervention|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PodWAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=15 August 2013|year=2001|publisher=CPREA|isbn=978-0-9688083-0-6|page=61|quote=Demonization of Milosevic and the Serbs In its propaganda campaign to justify its attacks on Yugoslavia, NATO presented the Kosovo crisis as a war between the humanitarian forces of NATO and the devilish forces of Yugoslavia led by the Hitler-like Milošević.}}</ref> At the early stages of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia [[the Guardian]] published a text which blatantly demonized Serbs presenting majority of them being `legally and morally incompetent' to carry out their own affairs so their state has to be put under the custody.<ref name="CampbellMiller2006">{{cite book|author1=Tom Campbell|author2=Seumas Miller|title=Human Rights and the Moral Responsibilities of Corporate and Public Sector Organisations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1gFMznyyuAC&pg=PA233|accessdate=27 August 2013|date=25 February 2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-2361-3|page=233|quote=<!-- The proclamation of the new moral order in Kosovo was accompanied by the blatant demonisation of the Serbs. The controversial historian Daniel Goldhagen claimed that, --> the majority of the Serbian people, by supporting or condoning Milosevic's eliminationist politics, have rendered themselves legally and morally incompetent to conduct their own affairs (sic) and a presumptive ongoing danger to the others. Essentially their country must be placed in receivership.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=German lessons - 'The majority of Serbs are now legally and morally incompetent'|journal=The Guardian|date=29 April 1999|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/29/balkans11|accessdate=27 August 2013|author=Daniel Goldhagen|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|quote=<!-- Any people which commits such deeds, in open defiance of international law and the vehement condemnation of virtually the entire international community, clearly consists of individuals with damaged faculties of moral judgment and has sunk into a moral abyss from which it is unlikely, any time soon, to emerge unaided. As Stacy Sullivan, a former Newsweek correspondent in the Balkans, has recently written in The New Republic: `... sooner or later, ordinary Serbs stop denying and begin arguing that the massacres by their forces were justified. Milosevic's propaganda is not really intended to create a new belief system among its audience; its true purpose is to arouse and reinforce a belief system that already exists.' The majority of the Serbian people, by supporting or condoning Milosevic's eliminationist politics, have rendered themselves both legally and morally incompetent to conduct their own affairs and a presumptive ongoing danger to others. -->}}</ref> One of the main reason for a group of people from all parts of the world to establish the ''International Committee to Defend Slobodan Milošević'' was what they referred to as unprecedented demonization of the Serbian people.<ref name="About us">{{cite web |title=SLOBODAN MILOŠEVIĆ INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE |url=http://milosevic.co/about-us/ |website=milosevic.co |publisher=milosevic.co |accessdate=13 October 2019}}</ref> The members and supporters of this committee were numerous scholars and intellectuals including [[Klaus Hartmann]], [[Peter Handke]], [[Ramsey Clark]] and many others.<ref name="About us" />

Demonization of Serbs and Milošević by media in United States and European NATO countries was mirrored by Serbian demonization of NATO.<ref name="Didsbury2003">{{cite book|author=Howard F. Didsbury|title=21st Century Opportunities and Challenges: An Age of Destruction Or an Age of Transformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZbSsDGKJCQC&pg=PA223|accessdate=15 August 2013|date=1 January 2003|publisher=World Future Society|isbn=978-0-930242-58-9|page=223|quote=The media in Europe and the United States demonized Yugoslavian President Slobodan Milosevic and the Serbs, labeling Milosevic as another Hitler... The NATO countries and Serbs demonized each other... }}</ref>

== Criticism ==
While some authors find demonization of the enemy a necessity of modern era wars the other believe that any form of ethnic demonization is unacceptable<ref name="Moravcsik2005">{{cite book|author=Andrew Moravcsik|authorlink=Andrew Moravcsik|title=Europe Without Illusions: The Paul-Henri Spaak Lectures, 1994-1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_712YvF1IK8C&pg=PA107|accessdate=15 August 2013|date=1 January 2005|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3129-7|page=107|quote=...wars today require demonization of the opponent...The Yugoslav authorities demonized the Albanians, while NATO governments demonized the Serbs.... we have learned that any form of ethnic demonization is unacceptable.}}</ref> and that it is necessary to reject demonized images of the Serbs not because they should be idealized but to dispute biased propaganda which justified [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]].<ref name="Kick2009">{{cite book|author=Russ Kick|authorlink=Russ Kick|title=You Are STILL Being Lied To: The NEW Disinformation Guide to Media Distortion, Historical Whitewashes and Cultural Myths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nByOb_r4vo4C&pg=PT79|accessdate=15 August 2013|date=1 January 2009|publisher=The Disinformation Company|isbn=978-1-934708-30-9|page=79|quote= To reject the demonized images of Milosevic and of the Serbian people is not to idealize them .... It is merely to challenge one-sided propaganda }}</ref>

Many scholars (like Chandler, [[Susan Woodward|Woodward]], Burg, [[Robert Hayden|Hayden]], Shoup, Lenard Cohen or Kent) refuted demonization presented in practically all mainstream accounts of the period such as texts of [[Tim Judah|Judah]], Nordland, [[Roy Gutman|Gutman]] or [[Roger Cohen|Cohen]] published in the [[Newsweek]], [[The Times]], [[The New York Times]] or [[Time (magazine)|Time]].<ref name="Thomas2003">{{cite book|author=Edward S. Herman|editor=Raju G. C. Thomas|title=Yugoslavia unraveled: sovereignty, self-determination, intervention|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYBpAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=27 August 2013|year=2003|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0517-7|page=254| quote=<!-- MILOSEVIC AS THE SOURCE OF BALKAN CONFLICT. In virtually all mainstream accounts, it was "Milosevic's murderous decade" (Nordland and Gutman in Newsweek, July 9, 2001), Milosevic who "set Yugoslavia to unraveling" (Roger Cohen, New York Times, July 1, 2001), "the man who had terrorized the turbulent Balkans for a decade" (Time, April 9, 2001). --> The wars were a "catastrophe that Slobodan Milosevic unleashed" (Tim Judah, The Times [London], June 29, 2001). This is comic book history, that follows the standard demonization process, and is refuted by every serious historian dealing with the area (Susan Woodward, Robert Hayden, David Chandler, Lenard Cohen, Raymond Kent, Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup).}}</ref> [[Patrick Besson]] believed that the biggest concentration of opponents to the satanization of Serbs was in [[France]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Patrik Beson: Srbima je učinjena velika nepravda|url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:409609-Patrik-Beson-Srbima-je-ucinjena-velika-nepravda|accessdate=28 August 2013|newspaper=Večernje Novosti|date=8 December 2012|author=Goran Čvorović|quote=Ali, u isto vreme je u Francuskoj, od zapadnih zemalja, bila najveća koncentracija oponenata satanizacije Srba, kako u vojsci, tako u nekim medijima i među određenim intelektualcima, koji su pokušavali da razviju drugačiji diskurs.}}</ref> British historian [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]] was opposed to the practice of demonization of the opposed society and its government finding it difficult to avoid in contemporary wars and emphasized that the majority of modern people are unwilling to accept any "less than Holocaust" justification explaining ''"Serbs are like Nazis and therefore we must act"'' argument used during 1999 crisis on Kosovo.<ref name="Black2005">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Black|title=War and the New Disorder in the 21st Century: Compact|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4C4Ge05_5YC&pg=PA98|accessdate=26 August 2013|date=20 June 2005|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-7635-7|page=98|quote=To do so, it would be necessary to wage a war in which the opposing society and government was not demonized , but that would be difficult , given the need to offer public justification for the conflict, and given the unwillingness of much of the public to accept anything less than the Holocaust justification. 'Serbs are like Nazis and therefore we must act' was the gist of the argument pursued by the West in the Kosovo crisis of 1999}}</ref> Some authors criticize leftist scholars for disputing the guilt of [[Slobodan Milošević]] referring to their works as conspiracy theories, attributing “enemy of my enemy is my friend” approach to them (because Milošević resisted the USA [[imperium]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Yugoslavia Still Matters|url=http://fpif.org/why_yugoslavia_still_matters/|publisher=Institute for Policy Studies|accessdate=27 August 2013|author=John Feffer|location=Washington DC, USA|year=2009}}</ref> Some authors find a discourse of undisguised demonization of the Serbs which depicted them as aggressive expansionists had actually a [[racist]] tone.<ref name="Kovacevic2008">{{cite book|author=Natasa Kovacevic|title=Narrating Post/Communism: Colonial Discourse and Europe's Borderline Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmOaIZcApfIC&pg=PA161|accessdate=27 August 2013|date=19 May 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-04414-6|page=161|quote=What is obscured in such a discourse is the way this intervention, ostensibly aimed at rescuing multiculturalism from the Holocaust, adopts racist undertones in the designation of Serbia as a terrorist state, in an open demonization of Serbs...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Književnost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HonlAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 August 2013|year=1999|publisher=Prosveta|page=904|quote=Заборавља се да је сатанизација једног народа најгрубљи облик расизма.}}</ref> Serb satanization is a consequence of the unbalanced good-against-evil positions toward conflicting parties in the Yugoslav wars.<ref name="IngraoEmmert2012">{{cite book|author1=Matjaž Klemenčič|author2=Thomas A. Emmert|editor=Charles Ingrao|title=Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C&pg=PA176|accessdate=29 August 2013|date=15 September 2012|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=978-1-55753-617-4|page=176|quote=...a naive and one-sided good-versus-evil view that demonized the Serbs...}}</ref> [[Rodney Atkinson]] emphasized that biased texts in the British press created the myth about Serbs being "nationalists".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=Ron |title=The Demonizing of a Nation How one of the West's staunchest allies was turned into a pariah |journal=The Trumpet |date=October 2008 |url=https://www.thetrumpet.com/5466-the-demonizing-of-a-nation |accessdate=12 May 2020 |quote=The grossest calumny in the continuing anti-Serb bias in the British press is the myth that it was the Serbs who were ‘nationalists.’}}</ref> The demonization of Serbs as incurably nationalistic with Milošević merely responding to their obsession was seen as an oversimplification of the reality.<ref name="Ignatieff1994">{{cite book|author=Michael Ignatieff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YidXQB09-b8C|title=Blood and belonging: journeys into the new nationalism|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1994|isbn=978-0-14-023262-2|page=26|quote=It would make matters simpler if we could demonize the Serbs as incorrigibly nationalistic and assume that Milosevic was merely responding to their ethnic paranoia. The reality is much more complicated.|authorlink=Michael Ignatieff|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
There are authors who believe that demonization of Serbs belongs to the self-victimization discourse of extreme Serb nationalist and that demonization process went in opposite direction because Serbs invented conspiracies against themselves and consequently demonized the whole world, except for several countries they perceived as friendly.<ref name="Bruckner2007">{{cite book|author=Pascal Bruckner|title=The Temptation of Innocence: Living in the Age of Entitlement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOA_Rn1uF9YC&pg=PA234|accessdate=15 August 2013|year=2007|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-1-892941-26-8|page=234|quote=So it wasn't that the world demonized the Serbs, it is the Serbs who began by demonizing all their neighbors and gradually the whole world (except for some friendly countries, Greece, Russia, Romania) by inventing a plot against themselves,}}</ref><ref name="AliLifschultz1993">{{cite book|author1=Rabia Ali|author2=Lawrence Lifschultz|title=Why Bosnia?: writings on the Balkan war|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERwOAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 August 2013|year=1993|publisher=Pamphleteer's Press|isbn=978-0-9630587-8-2|page=62|quote=Along with the satanization of everyone else, and the Serb bravado, there is the whining self-pity that runs trough all extreme Serb nationalist discourse.}}</ref><ref name="Ramet2005">{{cite book|author=Sabrina P. Ramet|title=Serbia since 1989: Politics and Society under Milopevic and After|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aENQit9KT0sC&pg=PA134|accessdate=29 August 2013|date=1 July 2005|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80207-7|page=134|quote=Demonization specifically makes it possible for perpetrators of atrocities to maintain a positive self-image even while victimizing}}</ref> [[Sabrina P. Ramet]] explains that those who committed massacres can use demonization as useful tool for self-victimization and maintaining a positive image.<ref name="Ramet2005" /> [[Marko Hoare|Marko Atilla Hoare]] emphasized that "demonization of Serbs" was actually a diversity of opinions blaming "left revisionists" for "demonizing the media".<ref>{{cite web|last=Hoare|first=Marko|authorlink=Marko Hoare|title=Nothing Is Left|url=http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/report_format.cfm?articleid=1041&reportid=162|publisher=The Bosnian Institute|accessdate=15 August 2013|year=2003|quote=The media in Britain and the US have not, therefore, been guilty of ‘anti-Serb bias’ or of ‘demonising the Serbs’; nor have they upheld the policies of the British government or made propaganda on its behalf; nor have they been a monolith; they have, on the contrary, represented a diversity of opinions.}}</ref> Some authors reject allegations of "demonization" of the Serbs as fantasy of people who are actaully responsible for underrating of cruelty and brutality of Serb nationalism and for omission to protect victims of Serb aggressiveness.<ref>{{harv|Libal|Halstead|1997|p=177}}:"In the first years of Yugoslav crisis, the real problem on the West was not an anti-Serb bias, but on the contrary, constant underestimation of the potential for violence and cruelty in Serb nationalism. Those who then fantasized about an alleged "demonization" of the Serbs bear considerable responsibility for the failure to protect victims of Serb militancy"</ref> [[Roger Cohen]] a columnist for [[The New York Times]] emphasizes that narratives asserting the "demonization" of the Serbs occurred are a manoeuvre to turn the general view of the Yugoslav Wars on its head by transforming Serbs from aggressors into victims.<ref>The New Republic, 11 March 1996, "Far from aggressors, Serbs are transformed into victims. This is quite a manoeuvre. The general view of the wars of 1991 to 1995 is turned on its head; and the press becomes a malevolent force mysteriously engaged in 'demonization' of the Serbs."</ref>

== Aftermath ==
In January 2000, six months after the end of the [[Kosovo War]], [[Vojislav Koštunica]] estimated that Serbs were [[stigmatized]] to such extent that the consequences of the demonization of the Serbs would remain after overthrow of Milošević and after all sanctions against Yugoslavia would be removed.<ref>{{cite book|title=Politika NIN|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfceAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 August 2013|date=January 2000|publisher=Politika|page=13|quote=Ко- начно, у свету, нарочито на Западу, Срби данас носе на лицу страшан жиг. Слободан Милошевић ће отићи, али ће тај жиг остати. Војислав Коштуница каже да је, за њега, сатанизација Срба гора и од }}</ref> [[Zagorka Golubović]] explained that some Serbs were ashamed to unconditionally declare their Serb ethnicity anymore although they were actually proud of their nationality, as a consequence of the demonization of the Serbs.<ref name="GolubovićSpasić2003">{{cite book|author1=Zagorka Golubović|authorlink=Zagorka Golubović|author2=Ivana Spasić|author3=Đorđe Pavićević|title=Politika i svakodnevni život: Srbija 1999-2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l92SzQ0XoB8C&pg=PA166|accessdate=28 August 2013|year=2003|publisher=IFDT|isbn=978-86-82417-06-4|page=166|quote=Razlikuju se, dakle, oni koji se bezuslovno identifikuju kao Srbi, od onih koji zbog stranih uticaja na demonizaciju srpskog naroda iskazuju i izvestan stid, iako se ponose svojom nacijom}}</ref> Since the demonization of Serbs continued in Croatia many younger Serbs decided to became Croats and converted from [[Orthodox Christianity]] to [[Catholicism]], some changing their names to look more Croatian.<ref>{{cite book|author=Raju G. C. Thomas|title=Yugoslavia Unraveled: Sovereignty, Self-Determination, Intervention|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSo2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|accessdate=28 August 2013|date=13 October 2003|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-585-45499-3|page=14|quote=Facing continued demonization and discrimination in Croatia, large numbers of younger Serbs have converted to Catholicism in order to become Croats and changed their more obvious Serbian names to more Croatian ones.}}</ref> In 2008 [[Dobrica Ćosić]] expressed his concerns for Serb children and future generations of Serbs because of the hatred and despise toward Serbs caused by their satanization.<ref name="ЋосићЋосић-Вукић2008">{{cite book|author1=Добрица Ћосић|author2=Ана Ћосић-Вукић|title=Vreme zmija: piščevi zapisi 1999-2000 : mali svetski rat protiv Srbije|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UV8pAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=28 August 2013|year=2008|publisher=Службени гласник|isbn=978-86-519-0066-5|page=58|quote=Шта ће бити са децом и младим нараштајем српским после овог рата? Сатанизација Срба коју је читаву деценију вршио Запад изазва- ла је мржњу, зловољу, презирање Срба код читавог човечанства }}</ref> [[Danko Popović]] thought that intensive satanization of Serbs and Serbia made Serbs feeling inferior to other people.<ref name="Popović1998">{{cite book|author=Danko Popović|title=Na krstu i raskršću|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpXuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 August 2013|year=1998|publisher=Serbian Literary Company|page=156|quote=Сатанизовање Срба и Србије имало је такав интензитет, толике размере да је не само потрло истину и искривило слику Србије у светском јавном мишљењу него је утицало и на Србе, ... па се Срби.... осећају инфериорним ...}}</ref>

In 2008 the [[Kosovo declaration of independence 2008|Kosovo declared independence from Serbia]] and Serb bashing was again employed, while dispute was routinelly presented in [[Manichean]] terms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Neil |title=It's time to end Serb-bashing |journal=The Guardian |date=14 Jan 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jan/14/itstimetoendserbbashing |accessdate=12 May 2020 |quote=The Serbs have been demonised because they have consistently got in the way of the west's hegemonic ambitions in the region...Now, with Kosovo again in the headlines, the Serb-bashers are once more out in force. Once again, the dispute is being portrayed in Manichean terms.}}</ref>

In April 2013, during the [[thematic debate on the role of international criminal justice in reconciliation|thematic debate]] organized by the [[United Nations General Assembly]], the [[president of Serbia]] [[Tomislav Nikolić]] stated that demonization of Serbs has prevented a development of different interpretations of the events for 20 years.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/67/issues/icj/Serbia.pdf | title=United Nations General Assembly - Statement by H.E. Mr. Tomislav Nikolić, President of the Republic of Serbia | publisher=un.org/ | date=10 April 2013 | accessdate=29 August 2013 | author=Tomislav Nikolić | pages=7 | quote=Media demonization of Serbs has been carried out very fast and with an unparalleled uneven-handedness and uncritical spirit of the western media which has not allowed for full two decades any different opinion or interpretation of events to emerge}}</ref> In June 2013 [[National Assembly (Republika Srpska)|National Assembly]] of the [[Republika Srpska]] issued a declaration which proclaimed that lack of the balanced and objective approach to all conflicting parties in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] was a basis for the numerous forms of the satanization of Serbs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Deklaracija Narodne skupštine RS o uzrocima, karakteru i posljedicama tragičnog oružanog sukoba u BiH|url=http://www.frontal.ba/novost/63535/deklaracija-narodne-skupstine-rs-o-uzrocima-karakteru-i-posljedicama-tragicnog-oruzanog-sukoba-u-bih|accessdate=28 August 2013|newspaper=Frontal|date=19 June 2013|location=Banja Luka|language=Serbian|quote=Narodna skupština konstatuje da, u ocjenjivanju događaja iz prethodnog rata, nema dovoljno objektivnog, uravnoteženog i ujednačenog pristupa svih strana u Bosni Hercegovini i van nje, a posebno kada je u pitanju kršenje međunarodnog ratnog i humanitarnog prava i odnos prema uzrocima, karakteru i posljedicama ratnog sukoba. Negativna kvalifikacija pojedinih događaja bila je osnova brojnih oblika satanizacije srpskog naroda.}}</ref>

The sociologist Vladimir Vuletić believed that demonization of Serbs in [[Hollywood movies]] contributed to creation of the stereotypes about Serbs. Vuletić emphasizes that such stereotypes gave inspiration to people who wanted to identify with "bad guys" when committing some crimes, such as [[Christchurch mosque shootings]] or [[2011 Norway attacks]], although they know nothing about the real events involving Serbs, nor they are in any way connected with them.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vuletić |first1=Vladimir |title=Satanizacija Srba u Holivudu inspiracija za psihopate?[Demonization of Serbs in Hollywood is an inspiration for psychopaths] |url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/drustvo/aktuelno.290.html:783132-Satanizacija-Srba-u-Holivudu-inspiracija-za-psihopate |accessdate=14 May 2020 |agency=Tanjug |publisher=Novosti |language=Serbian}}</ref>


== Види још ==
== Види још ==
* [[Србофобија]]
*[[Србофобија]]
* [[Геноцид над Србима у Другом светском рату]]
*[[Геноцид над Србима у Првом светском рату]]
*[[Геноцид над Србима у Другом свјетском рату|Геноцид над Србима у Другом светском рату]]


== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{извори}}
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book
|ref=harv
|last1=Libal
|first1=Michael
|last2=Halstead
|first2=Donald D.
|title=Limits of Persuasion: Germany and the Yugoslav Crisis, 1991-1992
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9qA2sLb5gkC&pg=PA177
|year=1997
|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
|isbn=978-0-275-95798-8}}
* {{cite book
|ref=harv
|last=Perić
|first=Nenad
|title=David Vs. Goliath: NATO War Against Yugoslavia and Its Implications
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OHfxgEACAAJ
|accessdate=12 May 2020
|year=2019
|publisher=Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, Faculty of Security Studies at the University of Belgrade
|language=English
|isbn=978-86-7067-261-1
|chapter=MEDIA WAR: “ARTILLERY SUPPORT” FOR NATO AGGRESSION ON THE FRY 1999}}
* {{cite book
|ref=harv
|last=Vukmanović-Tempo
|first=Svetozar
|title=Zašto se i kako raspala Jugoslavija
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnjiAAAAMAAJ
|year=1996
|publisher=Službeni list SRJ}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
|title=To Kill a Nation: The Attack on Yugoslavia
|publisher=Verso
|first=Michael
|last=Parenti
|year=2000}}
* {{cite book|author=Émil Vlajki|title=Demonization of Serbs: western imperialism and media war criminals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7wIAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 August 2013|year=2001|publisher=Revolt}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.michaelparenti.org/Milosevic.html
|title=The Demonization of Slobodan Milosevic
|first=Michael
|last=Parenti
|accessdate=25 December 2007
|year=2003
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013215434/http://michaelparenti.org/Milosevic.html
|archivedate=13 October 2007
|url-status=live
}}
* Jackson, Thomas (2004) [https://issuu.com/slovojournal/docs/slovo_16.2/16 Demonization and Defence of the Serbs: Balkanist Discourses During the Break-up of Yugoslavia], Slovo 16(2): 107–124.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demonisation of the Serbs}}


[[Category:Propaganda techniques]]
[[Category:Yugoslav Wars]]
[[Category:Anti-Serbian sentiment]]
[[Категорија:Србофобија]]
[[Категорија:Србофобија]]
[[Категорија:Пропаганда]]
[[Категорија:Пропаганда]]

Верзија на датум 17. мај 2020. у 14:42

Демонизација Срба или сатанизација Срба била је систематска,[1] планска и намерна демонизација српског народа која је била спровођена у западним медијима као пропагандна техника током ратова у бившој Југославији. Срби су бивали окарактерисани као нацистички агресори који су били најзаслужнији за избијање ратова у СФР Југославији. Срби су бивали приказивани као геноцидни народ, називан „зверима” и „чудовиштима”.

The campaign started in Germany in 1991 and it continued when the Croatian and Bosnian Muslim sides in the Yugoslav Wars employed the services of PR professional companies (like Ruder Finn) during their propaganda campaigns.

The demonization of the Serbs received significant coverage in numerous works. Many authors criticized the demonization of the Serbs, some of them even referred to it as racism, while others emphasized the fact that demonization of the opposed society and its government is a common war strategy which is difficult to avoid during contemporary wars because if it were not employed, most people would be unwilling to support their own side during those conflicts. Some authors denied the existence of the demonization of the Serbs by claiming that it was just a collection of conspiracy theories which was fabricated by extreme Serbian nationalists, while other authors claimed that the demonization of the Serbs was just a simple difference of opinion.

Background

The Demonization of the Serbs is generally believed to have been orchestrated by the Western media networks during the Yugoslav Wars, though some assert that it began before the events of the 1990s.[2] Between 1987 and 1991, (between the fall of the Berlin Wall and the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars) politicians representing each of the core ethnic groups residing in Yugoslavia engaged in nationalistic discourse, routinely demonizing the "other".[3]

Before and During the Yugoslav Wars

The breakup of Yugoslavia (early 1990's)

According to Nenad Perić, the campaign of Serb demonization started in July 1991 with barrage of articles in the German media publishing almost daily decsriptions of Serbs such as "militant Bolseviks" who “have no place in the European community”. [4] The campaign did not stop in Germany because two sides in the Yugoslav Wars, Croatian and Bosnian Muslims' engaged US public relations companies for propaganda campaign.[5] The demonization of the opponent is a war strategy conducted by the PR professional companies (like Ruder Finn) during the breakup of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav wars.[6] When Slovenians, Croats, Bosniaks and Macedonians decided to leave Yugoslavia at the beginning of 1990's the Serbs were dehumanized and demonized by the media in the West.[7] This demonization successfully presented Serbs as the most responsible for the Yugoslav wars in the mainstream Western media.[8]

Journalism had an important role in the breakup of Yugoslavia, especially in successful satanization of Serbs.[9] The mass media regularly demonized Serbs who were presented as particularly genocidal[10] sometimes referred to as "beasts" and "monsters".[11] After being first demonized in the media Serbs became demonized in the eyes of American citizens and government.[12] Although the demonization of Serbs together with sanctions imposed to Serbia created a need for national unity Milošević's party gradually lost the support of the citizens of Serbia and, starting from 1992, was forced to form minority governments with other parties eventually having the support of only around 20% of citizens.[13]

During the Yugoslav wars atrocities were committed by all sides. In cases when perpetrators of some of the atrocities were nationalist extremist of Serbian ethnicity Western media would accuse the entire Serb nation ("the Serbs") instead using precise terminology like 'Serb extremists' in order to present an entire Serb nation as being in conflict with the whole world.[14] Demonizing of the nationalists of Serb ethnicity was accompanied by "angelizing" Tuđman's nationalists of Croatian ethnicity and Izetbegović's nationalists of Muslim.[15] The Government of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia appealed against demonization of the Serb nation.[16] Svetozar Vukmanović Tempo emphasized that the demonization of Serbs was used as an excuse to introduce UN Sanctions against Serbia and Serbs and to isolate Serbia from the rest of the world.[17]

Kosovo war (late 1990s)

A Tomahawk cruise missile launches from the aft missile deck of the USS Gonzalez on March 31, 1999

Former Yugoslav minister of foreign affairs Živorad Jovanović estimated that satanization of the Serbs was particularly increased during Rambouillet negotiations with aim to present Serbs as "bad guys" who are responsible for the obstruction of the negotiations with Albanian "good guys".[18]

Demonization of the people from the beginning of the 1990s was replaced with a demonization of Slobodan Milošević.[19] With the beginning of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia this propaganda pattern had to be modified to again include Serbian people who elected their leader.[20][21]

Media from USA regularly portray conflicts involving their country as struggle between good and evil presenting the leader of the opponent as devil's incarnation. In case of NATO attack on Yugoslavia, NATO propaganda demonized Serbs and Serbian president Slobodan Milošević presenting NATO attack on Yugoslavia as a war between NATO humanitarian forces and satanic Yugoslav forces led by Milošević portrayed as Hitler.[22] At the early stages of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia the Guardian published a text which blatantly demonized Serbs presenting majority of them being `legally and morally incompetent' to carry out their own affairs so their state has to be put under the custody.[23][24] One of the main reason for a group of people from all parts of the world to establish the International Committee to Defend Slobodan Milošević was what they referred to as unprecedented demonization of the Serbian people.[25] The members and supporters of this committee were numerous scholars and intellectuals including Klaus Hartmann, Peter Handke, Ramsey Clark and many others.[25]

Demonization of Serbs and Milošević by media in United States and European NATO countries was mirrored by Serbian demonization of NATO.[26]

Criticism

While some authors find demonization of the enemy a necessity of modern era wars the other believe that any form of ethnic demonization is unacceptable[27] and that it is necessary to reject demonized images of the Serbs not because they should be idealized but to dispute biased propaganda which justified NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.[28]

Many scholars (like Chandler, Woodward, Burg, Hayden, Shoup, Lenard Cohen or Kent) refuted demonization presented in practically all mainstream accounts of the period such as texts of Judah, Nordland, Gutman or Cohen published in the Newsweek, The Times, The New York Times or Time.[29] Patrick Besson believed that the biggest concentration of opponents to the satanization of Serbs was in France.[30] British historian Jeremy Black was opposed to the practice of demonization of the opposed society and its government finding it difficult to avoid in contemporary wars and emphasized that the majority of modern people are unwilling to accept any "less than Holocaust" justification explaining "Serbs are like Nazis and therefore we must act" argument used during 1999 crisis on Kosovo.[31] Some authors criticize leftist scholars for disputing the guilt of Slobodan Milošević referring to their works as conspiracy theories, attributing “enemy of my enemy is my friend” approach to them (because Milošević resisted the USA imperium).[32] Some authors find a discourse of undisguised demonization of the Serbs which depicted them as aggressive expansionists had actually a racist tone.[33][34] Serb satanization is a consequence of the unbalanced good-against-evil positions toward conflicting parties in the Yugoslav wars.[35] Rodney Atkinson emphasized that biased texts in the British press created the myth about Serbs being "nationalists".[36] The demonization of Serbs as incurably nationalistic with Milošević merely responding to their obsession was seen as an oversimplification of the reality.[37]

Controversies

There are authors who believe that demonization of Serbs belongs to the self-victimization discourse of extreme Serb nationalist and that demonization process went in opposite direction because Serbs invented conspiracies against themselves and consequently demonized the whole world, except for several countries they perceived as friendly.[38][39][40] Sabrina P. Ramet explains that those who committed massacres can use demonization as useful tool for self-victimization and maintaining a positive image.[40] Marko Atilla Hoare emphasized that "demonization of Serbs" was actually a diversity of opinions blaming "left revisionists" for "demonizing the media".[41] Some authors reject allegations of "demonization" of the Serbs as fantasy of people who are actaully responsible for underrating of cruelty and brutality of Serb nationalism and for omission to protect victims of Serb aggressiveness.[42] Roger Cohen a columnist for The New York Times emphasizes that narratives asserting the "demonization" of the Serbs occurred are a manoeuvre to turn the general view of the Yugoslav Wars on its head by transforming Serbs from aggressors into victims.[43]

Aftermath

In January 2000, six months after the end of the Kosovo War, Vojislav Koštunica estimated that Serbs were stigmatized to such extent that the consequences of the demonization of the Serbs would remain after overthrow of Milošević and after all sanctions against Yugoslavia would be removed.[44] Zagorka Golubović explained that some Serbs were ashamed to unconditionally declare their Serb ethnicity anymore although they were actually proud of their nationality, as a consequence of the demonization of the Serbs.[45] Since the demonization of Serbs continued in Croatia many younger Serbs decided to became Croats and converted from Orthodox Christianity to Catholicism, some changing their names to look more Croatian.[46] In 2008 Dobrica Ćosić expressed his concerns for Serb children and future generations of Serbs because of the hatred and despise toward Serbs caused by their satanization.[47] Danko Popović thought that intensive satanization of Serbs and Serbia made Serbs feeling inferior to other people.[48]

In 2008 the Kosovo declared independence from Serbia and Serb bashing was again employed, while dispute was routinelly presented in Manichean terms.[49]

In April 2013, during the thematic debate organized by the United Nations General Assembly, the president of Serbia Tomislav Nikolić stated that demonization of Serbs has prevented a development of different interpretations of the events for 20 years.[50] In June 2013 National Assembly of the Republika Srpska issued a declaration which proclaimed that lack of the balanced and objective approach to all conflicting parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a basis for the numerous forms of the satanization of Serbs.[51]

The sociologist Vladimir Vuletić believed that demonization of Serbs in Hollywood movies contributed to creation of the stereotypes about Serbs. Vuletić emphasizes that such stereotypes gave inspiration to people who wanted to identify with "bad guys" when committing some crimes, such as Christchurch mosque shootings or 2011 Norway attacks, although they know nothing about the real events involving Serbs, nor they are in any way connected with them.[52]

Види још

Референце

  1. ^ Tony Benn (6. 1. 2004). Free Radical (e). Continuum. стр. 125. ISBN 978-1-4411-6560-2. Приступљено 17. 5. 2020. „The Serbs, who are now so systematically demonized by world leaders and the media...” 
  2. ^ Marko Mladenović (1999). Pisma za Mary Ann: trilogija. Narodna knji. Alfa. стр. 103. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „Сатанизација Срба не траје, као што неки тврде, десет, већ много више година.” 
  3. ^ Badredine Arfi (23. 2. 2005). International Change and the Stability of Multiethnic States: Yugoslavia, Lebanon, and Crises of Governance. Indiana University Press. стр. 125. ISBN 978-0-253-11133-3. Приступљено 29. 8. 2013. „In period 1987-1991 ... a new political discourse anchored in ultranationalism ... Demonizing the "Other" became an intercommunal routine” 
  4. ^ Perić 2019, стр. 351:"The Serbs’ demonization campaign began in July 1991 with a poisonous barrage of articles in the German media, led by the influential conservative newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ). In almost everyday columns, the FAZ editor Johan Georg Rajsmiler justified the unlawfully declared independence of Slovenia and Croatia by describing the Serbs as “militant Bolsheviks” who “have no place in the European community”."
  5. ^ Perić 2019, стр. 351
  6. ^ R. Craig Nation (2003). War in the Balkans, 1991-2002. Strategic Studies Institute. стр. 131. ISBN 978-1-58487-134-7. Приступљено 28. 8. 2013. „In the Yugoslav case, where efforts to demonize the enemy became a strategy of war pursued by professional public relations firms such as Ruder Finn Global Public Affairs, the challenge was particularly severe.” 
  7. ^ Raju G. C. Thomas (1. 1. 2003). Yugoslavia Unraveled: Sovereignty, Self-Determination, Intervention. Lexington Books. стр. 11. ISBN 978-0-7391-0757-7. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013. „Dissident Slovenes, Croats, Bosnian Muslims, and Macedonians chose to leave Yugoslavia. The Serbs were demonized and dehumanized by the Western media and their united Serbian state destroyed....” 
  8. ^ Edward S. Herman (2009). „Serb Demonization as Propaganda Coup”. Washington, DC, United States: Institute for Policy Studies. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013. „The successful demonization of the Serbs, making them largely responsible for the Yugoslav wars,” 
  9. ^ Dejan Medaković; Radovan Popović (2000). Suočavanja sa ljudima i vremenom. BIGZ. стр. 192. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „У историји новинарства остаће забележена и његова улога у распаду Југославије, а посебно биће упамћена и успешна сатанизација српског народа.” 
  10. ^ Edward S. Herman (2009). „Serb Demonization as Propaganda Coup”. Washington, DC, United States: Institute for Policy Studies. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013. „The successful demonization of the Serbs, ...as unique and genocidal killers,” 
  11. ^ Carl Boggs (1. 1. 2005). Imperial Delusions: American Militarism and Endless War. Rowman & Littlefield. стр. 163. ISBN 978-0-7425-2772-0. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „Serbs were regularly demonized in the mass media” 
  12. ^ Robert W. Merry (31. 5. 2005). Sands of Empire: Missionary Zeal, American Foreign Policy, and the Hazards of Global Ambition. Simon & Schuster. стр. 116. ISBN 978-0-7432-6667-3. Приступљено 26. 8. 2013. „By then the story line had cast the Serbs into the role of villain; demonized by the media, the Serbs became demon- ized also in the eyes of the American government and people.” 
  13. ^ Jens Stilhoff Sörensen (15. 1. 2011). State Collapse and Reconstruction in the Periphery: Political Economy, Ethnicity and Development in Yugoslavia, Serbia and Kosovo. Berghahn Books. стр. 164. ISBN 978-1-84545-919-2. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013. „Furthermore, the demonisation of Serbs in the West, and the economic sanctions imposed on Serbia, created a feeling of being exposed to external hostility and therefore a need for unity. However, the support for the regime was already in decline...” 
  14. ^ Michel Collon; Milo Yelesiyevich; Terence McGee (2002). Liar's poker: the great powers, Yugoslavia and the wars of the future. International Action Center. стр. 25. ISBN 978-0-9656916-6-6. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013. „Lie No. 5: Demonizing an Entire People - Each time atrocities were committed, the corporate media accused "the Serbs." In reality, they involved not just any Serbs, but the extreme, right-wing, nationalist militias.” 
  15. ^ Michel Collon; Milo Yelesiyevich; Terence McGee (2002). Liar's poker: the great powers, Yugoslavia and the wars of the future. International Action Center. стр. 25. ISBN 978-0-9656916-6-6. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013. „A double campaign in fact: on the one hand, demonizing "our" adversaries, the Serbian nationalists; on the other hand, "angelizing" "our" proteges, the Croatian nationalists of Tudjman and the Muslim nationalists of Izetbegovic.” 
  16. ^ University of Cambridge. Research Centre for International Law (28. 7. 1997). The Yugoslav Crisis in International Law. Cambridge University Press. стр. 260. ISBN 978-0-521-46304-1. 
  17. ^ Vukmanović-Tempo 1996, стр. 289:"Сатанизација Срба, а и ЈНА је искоришћена да се према Србији и Србима спроведе економска блокада, а са њом и потпуна изолација од осталог света."
  18. ^ Живадин Jовановић (2006). Косовско огледало. Beogradski forum za svet ravnopravnih. стр. 130. Приступљено 28. 8. 2013. „Појачава се сатанизација Срба, они су кри- ви за сва зла, и за опструцију преговора. Срби су "лоши момци". Ал- банци су жртве, за њих све симпатије, они су "добри момци".” 
  19. ^ Helle Malmvig (26. 9. 2006). State Sovereignty and Intervention: A Discourse Analysis of Interventionary and Non-Interventionary Practices in Kosovo and Algeria. Routledge. стр. 88. ISBN 978-1-134-16307-6. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. 
  20. ^ Noam Chomsky (1999). The New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo. Pluto Press. стр. 93. ISBN 978-0-7453-1633-8. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „it became necessary to modify the propaganda framework, demonizing the people of Serbia, not merely their leader” 
  21. ^ Scott Taylor (2009). Unembedded: Two Decades of Maverick War Reporting. Douglas & McIntyre. стр. 197. ISBN 978-1-926685-88-5. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „The western media began yet another round of demonizing the Serbs” 
  22. ^ Canadian Peace Research and Education Association (2001). Perspectives on human security: national sovereignty and humanitarian intervention. CPREA. стр. 61. ISBN 978-0-9688083-0-6. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „Demonization of Milosevic and the Serbs In its propaganda campaign to justify its attacks on Yugoslavia, NATO presented the Kosovo crisis as a war between the humanitarian forces of NATO and the devilish forces of Yugoslavia led by the Hitler-like Milošević.” 
  23. ^ Tom Campbell; Seumas Miller (25. 2. 2006). Human Rights and the Moral Responsibilities of Corporate and Public Sector Organisations. Springer. стр. 233. ISBN 978-1-4020-2361-3. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013. „the majority of the Serbian people, by supporting or condoning Milosevic's eliminationist politics, have rendered themselves legally and morally incompetent to conduct their own affairs (sic) and a presumptive ongoing danger to the others. Essentially their country must be placed in receivership.” 
  24. ^ Daniel Goldhagen (29. 4. 1999). „German lessons - 'The majority of Serbs are now legally and morally incompetent'”. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013. 
  25. ^ а б „SLOBODAN MILOŠEVIĆ INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE”. milosevic.co. milosevic.co. Приступљено 13. 10. 2019. 
  26. ^ Howard F. Didsbury (1. 1. 2003). 21st Century Opportunities and Challenges: An Age of Destruction Or an Age of Transformation. World Future Society. стр. 223. ISBN 978-0-930242-58-9. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „The media in Europe and the United States demonized Yugoslavian President Slobodan Milosevic and the Serbs, labeling Milosevic as another Hitler... The NATO countries and Serbs demonized each other...” 
  27. ^ Andrew Moravcsik (1. 1. 2005). Europe Without Illusions: The Paul-Henri Spaak Lectures, 1994-1999. University Press of America. стр. 107. ISBN 978-0-7618-3129-7. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „...wars today require demonization of the opponent...The Yugoslav authorities demonized the Albanians, while NATO governments demonized the Serbs.... we have learned that any form of ethnic demonization is unacceptable.” 
  28. ^ Russ Kick (1. 1. 2009). You Are STILL Being Lied To: The NEW Disinformation Guide to Media Distortion, Historical Whitewashes and Cultural Myths. The Disinformation Company. стр. 79. ISBN 978-1-934708-30-9. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „To reject the demonized images of Milosevic and of the Serbian people is not to idealize them .... It is merely to challenge one-sided propaganda” 
  29. ^ Edward S. Herman (2003). Raju G. C. Thomas, ур. Yugoslavia unraveled: sovereignty, self-determination, intervention. Lexington Books. стр. 254. ISBN 978-0-7391-0517-7. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013. „The wars were a "catastrophe that Slobodan Milosevic unleashed" (Tim Judah, The Times [London], June 29, 2001). This is comic book history, that follows the standard demonization process, and is refuted by every serious historian dealing with the area (Susan Woodward, Robert Hayden, David Chandler, Lenard Cohen, Raymond Kent, Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup).” 
  30. ^ Goran Čvorović (8. 12. 2012). „Patrik Beson: Srbima je učinjena velika nepravda”. Večernje Novosti. Приступљено 28. 8. 2013. „Ali, u isto vreme je u Francuskoj, od zapadnih zemalja, bila najveća koncentracija oponenata satanizacije Srba, kako u vojsci, tako u nekim medijima i među određenim intelektualcima, koji su pokušavali da razviju drugačiji diskurs.” 
  31. ^ Jeremy Black (20. 6. 2005). War and the New Disorder in the 21st Century: Compact. Continuum. стр. 98. ISBN 978-0-8264-7635-7. Приступљено 26. 8. 2013. „To do so, it would be necessary to wage a war in which the opposing society and government was not demonized , but that would be difficult , given the need to offer public justification for the conflict, and given the unwillingness of much of the public to accept anything less than the Holocaust justification. 'Serbs are like Nazis and therefore we must act' was the gist of the argument pursued by the West in the Kosovo crisis of 1999” 
  32. ^ John Feffer (2009). „Why Yugoslavia Still Matters”. Washington DC, USA: Institute for Policy Studies. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013. 
  33. ^ Natasa Kovacevic (19. 5. 2008). Narrating Post/Communism: Colonial Discourse and Europe's Borderline Civilization. Routledge. стр. 161. ISBN 978-1-134-04414-6. Приступљено 27. 8. 2013. „What is obscured in such a discourse is the way this intervention, ostensibly aimed at rescuing multiculturalism from the Holocaust, adopts racist undertones in the designation of Serbia as a terrorist state, in an open demonization of Serbs...” 
  34. ^ Književnost. Prosveta. 1999. стр. 904. Приступљено 28. 8. 2013. „Заборавља се да је сатанизација једног народа најгрубљи облик расизма.” 
  35. ^ Matjaž Klemenčič; Thomas A. Emmert (15. 9. 2012). Charles Ingrao, ур. Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative. Purdue University Press. стр. 176. ISBN 978-1-55753-617-4. Приступљено 29. 8. 2013. „...a naive and one-sided good-versus-evil view that demonized the Serbs...” 
  36. ^ Fraser, Ron (октобар 2008). „The Demonizing of a Nation How one of the West's staunchest allies was turned into a pariah”. The Trumpet. Приступљено 12. 5. 2020. „The grossest calumny in the continuing anti-Serb bias in the British press is the myth that it was the Serbs who were ‘nationalists.’” 
  37. ^ Michael Ignatieff (1994). Blood and belonging: journeys into the new nationalism. Penguin Books. стр. 26. ISBN 978-0-14-023262-2. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „It would make matters simpler if we could demonize the Serbs as incorrigibly nationalistic and assume that Milosevic was merely responding to their ethnic paranoia. The reality is much more complicated.” 
  38. ^ Pascal Bruckner (2007). The Temptation of Innocence: Living in the Age of Entitlement. Algora Publishing. стр. 234. ISBN 978-1-892941-26-8. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „So it wasn't that the world demonized the Serbs, it is the Serbs who began by demonizing all their neighbors and gradually the whole world (except for some friendly countries, Greece, Russia, Romania) by inventing a plot against themselves,” 
  39. ^ Rabia Ali; Lawrence Lifschultz (1993). Why Bosnia?: writings on the Balkan war. Pamphleteer's Press. стр. 62. ISBN 978-0-9630587-8-2. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „Along with the satanization of everyone else, and the Serb bravado, there is the whining self-pity that runs trough all extreme Serb nationalist discourse.” 
  40. ^ а б Sabrina P. Ramet (1. 7. 2005). Serbia since 1989: Politics and Society under Milopevic and After. University of Washington Press. стр. 134. ISBN 978-0-295-80207-7. Приступљено 29. 8. 2013. „Demonization specifically makes it possible for perpetrators of atrocities to maintain a positive self-image even while victimizing” 
  41. ^ Hoare, Marko (2003). „Nothing Is Left”. The Bosnian Institute. Приступљено 15. 8. 2013. „The media in Britain and the US have not, therefore, been guilty of ‘anti-Serb bias’ or of ‘demonising the Serbs’; nor have they upheld the policies of the British government or made propaganda on its behalf; nor have they been a monolith; they have, on the contrary, represented a diversity of opinions.” 
  42. ^ Libal & Halstead 1997, стр. 177:"In the first years of Yugoslav crisis, the real problem on the West was not an anti-Serb bias, but on the contrary, constant underestimation of the potential for violence and cruelty in Serb nationalism. Those who then fantasized about an alleged "demonization" of the Serbs bear considerable responsibility for the failure to protect victims of Serb militancy"
  43. ^ The New Republic, 11 March 1996, "Far from aggressors, Serbs are transformed into victims. This is quite a manoeuvre. The general view of the wars of 1991 to 1995 is turned on its head; and the press becomes a malevolent force mysteriously engaged in 'demonization' of the Serbs."
  44. ^ Politika NIN. Politika. јануар 2000. стр. 13. Приступљено 28. 8. 2013. „Ко- начно, у свету, нарочито на Западу, Срби данас носе на лицу страшан жиг. Слободан Милошевић ће отићи, али ће тај жиг остати. Војислав Коштуница каже да је, за њега, сатанизација Срба гора и од” 
  45. ^ Zagorka Golubović; Ivana Spasić; Đorđe Pavićević (2003). Politika i svakodnevni život: Srbija 1999-2002. IFDT. стр. 166. ISBN 978-86-82417-06-4. Приступљено 28. 8. 2013. „Razlikuju se, dakle, oni koji se bezuslovno identifikuju kao Srbi, od onih koji zbog stranih uticaja na demonizaciju srpskog naroda iskazuju i izvestan stid, iako se ponose svojom nacijom” 
  46. ^ Raju G. C. Thomas (13. 10. 2003). Yugoslavia Unraveled: Sovereignty, Self-Determination, Intervention. Lexington Books. стр. 14. ISBN 978-0-585-45499-3. Приступљено 28. 8. 2013. „Facing continued demonization and discrimination in Croatia, large numbers of younger Serbs have converted to Catholicism in order to become Croats and changed their more obvious Serbian names to more Croatian ones.” 
  47. ^ Добрица Ћосић; Ана Ћосић-Вукић (2008). Vreme zmija: piščevi zapisi 1999-2000 : mali svetski rat protiv Srbije. Службени гласник. стр. 58. ISBN 978-86-519-0066-5. Приступљено 28. 8. 2013. „Шта ће бити са децом и младим нараштајем српским после овог рата? Сатанизација Срба коју је читаву деценију вршио Запад изазва- ла је мржњу, зловољу, презирање Срба код читавог човечанства” 
  48. ^ Danko Popović (1998). Na krstu i raskršću. Serbian Literary Company. стр. 156. Приступљено 28. 8. 2013. „Сатанизовање Срба и Србије имало је такав интензитет, толике размере да је не само потрло истину и искривило слику Србије у светском јавном мишљењу него је утицало и на Србе, ... па се Срби.... осећају инфериорним ...” 
  49. ^ Clark, Neil (14. 1. 2008). „It's time to end Serb-bashing”. The Guardian. Приступљено 12. 5. 2020. „The Serbs have been demonised because they have consistently got in the way of the west's hegemonic ambitions in the region...Now, with Kosovo again in the headlines, the Serb-bashers are once more out in force. Once again, the dispute is being portrayed in Manichean terms.” 
  50. ^ Tomislav Nikolić (10. 4. 2013). „United Nations General Assembly - Statement by H.E. Mr. Tomislav Nikolić, President of the Republic of Serbia” (PDF). un.org/. стр. 7. Приступљено 29. 8. 2013. „Media demonization of Serbs has been carried out very fast and with an unparalleled uneven-handedness and uncritical spirit of the western media which has not allowed for full two decades any different opinion or interpretation of events to emerge” 
  51. ^ „Deklaracija Narodne skupštine RS o uzrocima, karakteru i posljedicama tragičnog oružanog sukoba u BiH”. Frontal. Banja Luka. 19. 6. 2013. Приступљено 28. 8. 2013. „Narodna skupština konstatuje da, u ocjenjivanju događaja iz prethodnog rata, nema dovoljno objektivnog, uravnoteženog i ujednačenog pristupa svih strana u Bosni Hercegovini i van nje, a posebno kada je u pitanju kršenje međunarodnog ratnog i humanitarnog prava i odnos prema uzrocima, karakteru i posljedicama ratnog sukoba. Negativna kvalifikacija pojedinih događaja bila je osnova brojnih oblika satanizacije srpskog naroda.” 
  52. ^ Vuletić, Vladimir. „Satanizacija Srba u Holivudu inspiracija za psihopate?[Demonization of Serbs in Hollywood is an inspiration for psychopaths]”. Novosti. Tanjug. Приступљено 14. 5. 2020. 

Sources

Further reading

Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Демонизација_Срба&oldid=23137362”