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{{short description|Automat za kockanje u kazinu}}{{rut}}
[[Датотека:Slot machine.jpg|десно|мини|250п|Slot-mašina]]
[[Датотека:Slot machine.jpg|десно|мини|250п|Slot-mašina]]
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'''Slot-mašina''' je [[Америка|američki]] naziv za vrstu [[igra|igre]] u [[kazino|kazinu]]. U [[Уједињено Краљевство|Britaniji]] se naziva ''-{fruit machine}-'', a u [[Australija|Australiji]] poker mašina (''-{poker machine}-''). Tradicionalne slot-mašine rade na novčić, a imaju tri ili više prozorčeta sa [[slika]]ma koje se vrte kada se povuče ručica sa strane (iz tog razloga se ova mašina [[žargon]]ski naziva i jednoruki Džek ili jednoruki bandit). Prava kombinacija slika koja se dobije omogućava igraču da dobije [[nagrada|nagradu]]. Današnje verzije su modernizovane uz pomoć [[računar]]ske [[tehnologija|tehnologije]] i veoma su popularne; oko 70 posto dobiti kazina ostvaruju uz pomoć ovih mašina.


⚫
'''Slot-mašina''' je [[Америка|američki]] naziv za vrstu [[igra|igre]] u [[kazino|kazinu]]. U [[Уједињено Краљевство|Britaniji]] se naziva ''-{fruit machine}-'', a u [[Australija|Australiji]] poker mašina (''-{poker machine}-'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Partridge |first=Eric |date=2006 |title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J–Z |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAdUqLrKw4YC&pg=PA1552 |publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]] |page=1552 |isbn=9780415259385 |access-date=17 October 2014 }}</ref> Tradicionalne slot-mašine rade na novčić, a imaju tri ili više prozorčeta sa [[slika]]ma koje se vrte kada se povuče ručica sa strane (iz tog razloga se ova mašina [[žargon]]ski naziva i jednoruki Džek ili jednoruki bandit).<ref>[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/15149 bandit] in the Oxford English Dictionary</ref> Prava kombinacija slika koja se dobije omogućava igraču da dobije [[nagrada|nagradu]]. Današnje verzije su modernizovane uz pomoć [[računar]]ske [[tehnologija|tehnologije]] i veoma su popularne; oko 70 posto dobiti kazina ostvaruju uz pomoć ovih mašina.
== Istorijat ==

Slot machines include one or more [[currency detector]]s that validate the form of payment, whether [[coin]], [[cash]], [[voucher]], or [[token coin|token]]. The machine pays out according to the pattern of symbols displayed when the reels stop "spinning". Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in [[casino]]s and constitute about 70% of the average U.S. casino's income.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200512/slot-machines|title=How slot machines give gamblers the business|last=Cooper|first=Marc|date=December 2005|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group|access-date=2008-04-21}}</ref>

== Etimologija ==
The "slot machine" term derives from the slots on the machine for inserting and retrieving coins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/slot%20machine|title=Slot Machine - Definition of slot machine by Merriam-Webster|work=merriam-webster.com}}</ref> "Fruit machine" comes from the traditional fruit images on the spinning reels such as lemons and cherries.<ref>[[OED]], ''fruit'', n.</ref>

== Istorija ==
[[File:Liberty bell.jpg|thumb|1899 "Liberty Bell" machine, manufactured by Charles Fey.]]
[[File:Liberty Bell slot machine 2012-09-15 16-50-38.jpg|thumb|Plaque marking the location of [[Charles Fey]]'s San Francisco workshop, where he invented the three-reel slot machine. The location is a [[California Historical Landmark]].]]

Preteču savremene video slot-mašine razvili su Sitmen i Pit iz [[Bruklin]]a, ([[država]] i [[grad]] [[Njujork]]) [[1891]]. godine. Bio je to [[aparat]] za [[kockanje]] sa 5 bubnjeva koji su ukupno imali 50 slika [[karte|karata]] i bio je baziran na [[poker]]u. Ovaj poker aparat se pokazao kao izuzetno popularan i uskoro su mnogi [[Бар (кафана)|barovi]] u gradu imali jedan ili više mehaničkih poker aparata. Igrači bi stavili novčić i povukli ručicu, koja bi pokrenula bubnjeve i karte koje su bile na bubnjevima, a igrač bi se nadao dobrom rasporedu karata na poker aparatu. Nije postojao direktan mehanizam isplate, tako da bi par kraljeva igraču doneo besplatno [[pivo]], dok bi flešom mogao platiti [[cigara|cigare]] ili [[piće]]. Stoga su nagrade u potpunosti zavisile od toga šta je nudio lokalni [[establišment]]. Kako bi [[verovatnoća]] bila na strani kuće, po dve karte bi se vadile iz „[[špil]]a“: desetka [[karo]] i [[žandar]] [[herc]]. Bubnjevi poker aparata bi takođe mogli biti preraspoređeni tako kako bi se nadalje smanjila verovatnoća pobede.
Preteču savremene video slot-mašine razvili su Sitmen i Pit iz [[Bruklin]]a, ([[država]] i [[grad]] [[Njujork]]) [[1891]]. godine. Bio je to [[aparat]] za [[kockanje]] sa 5 bubnjeva koji su ukupno imali 50 slika [[karte|karata]] i bio je baziran na [[poker]]u. Ovaj poker aparat se pokazao kao izuzetno popularan i uskoro su mnogi [[Бар (кафана)|barovi]] u gradu imali jedan ili više mehaničkih poker aparata. Igrači bi stavili novčić i povukli ručicu, koja bi pokrenula bubnjeve i karte koje su bile na bubnjevima, a igrač bi se nadao dobrom rasporedu karata na poker aparatu. Nije postojao direktan mehanizam isplate, tako da bi par kraljeva igraču doneo besplatno [[pivo]], dok bi flešom mogao platiti [[cigara|cigare]] ili [[piće]]. Stoga su nagrade u potpunosti zavisile od toga šta je nudio lokalni [[establišment]]. Kako bi [[verovatnoća]] bila na strani kuće, po dve karte bi se vadile iz „[[špil]]a“: desetka [[karo]] i [[žandar]] [[herc]]. Bubnjevi poker aparata bi takođe mogli biti preraspoređeni tako kako bi se nadalje smanjila verovatnoća pobede.


U početku zagovornici [[moral]]a, a potom i [[vlast]]i su se protivile upotrebi slot-mašina. Naime, tokom dvadesetih godina [[20. vek]]a, slot-mašine su bile [[popularnost|popularne]] duž cele Amerike, posebno u [[turizam|turističkim]] mestima i nastavile su da budu popularne za vreme velikog finansijskog kraha tridesetih godina. Međutim, uverenje da organizovani [[kriminal]] kontroliše [[distribucija|distribuciju]] slot-mašina dovodi do zakonske [[restrikcija|restrikcije]] njihove prodaje i [[transport]]a, kao i restrikcije na njihovo korišćenje. Van [[Nevada|Nevade]], koja je dugo imala [[legalizacija|legalizovano]] kockanje, [[prohibicija]] je bila sveobuhvatna do [[1951]], iako je ilegalno kockanje u privatnim [[klub]]ovima bilo široko rasprostranjeno.
U početku zagovornici [[moral]]a, a potom i [[vlast]]i su se protivile upotrebi slot-mašina. Naime, tokom dvadesetih godina [[20. vek]]a, slot-mašine su bile [[popularnost|popularne]] duž cele Amerike, posebno u [[turizam|turističkim]] mestima i nastavile su da budu popularne za vreme velikog finansijskog kraha tridesetih godina. Međutim, uverenje da organizovani [[kriminal]] kontroliše [[distribucija|distribuciju]] slot-mašina dovodi do zakonske [[restrikcija|restrikcije]] njihove prodaje i [[transport]]a, kao i restrikcije na njihovo korišćenje. Van [[Nevada|Nevade]], koja je dugo imala [[legalizacija|legalizovano]] kockanje, [[prohibicija]] je bila sveobuhvatna do [[1951]], iako je ilegalno kockanje u privatnim [[klub]]ovima bilo široko rasprostranjeno.


Pošto su kasnije zbog ogromnih prihoda ostale države dozvoljavale kockanje, slot-mašine su ušle u široku upotrebu u [[svet]]u, posebno po kasinima. Američki [[proizvođač]]i su imali [[dominacija|dominaciju]] na [[tržište|tržištu]]. Kasnih sedamdesetih u upotrebu ulaze elektronske video slot-mašine pokretane pritiskom [[dugme]]ta i sa vizuelnim [[displej]]ima, posebno za poker ili [[ajnc]].
Pošto su kasnije zbog ogromnih prihoda ostale države dozvoljavale kockanje, slot-mašine su ušle u široku upotrebu u [[svet]]u, posebno po kasinima. Američki [[proizvođač]]i su imali [[dominacija|dominaciju]] na [[tržište|tržištu]]. Kasnih sedamdesetih u upotrebu ulaze elektronske video slot-mašine pokretane pritiskom [[dugme]]ta i sa vizuelnim [[displej]]ima, posebno za poker ili [[ajnc]]. Žargonski naziv jednoruki bandit ili jednoruki Džek rodio se zbog jedne ručice za povlačenje na slot-mašini i mogućnosti da operator podesi količinu isplate, smanjujući je u vreme velikog obima igre i povećavajući je za vreme loših vremena. Neke igračke [[komisija|komisije]] su pokušale da izdejstvuju [[minimum]] isplate. U kasnom 20. veku rekordni džekpot za petobubanjsku slot-mašinu je iznosio milion dolara (1.000.000 $).


Because of the vast number of possible wins in the original poker-based game, it proved practically impossible to make a machine capable of awarding an automatic payout for all possible winning combinations. At some time between 1887 and 1895,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slot-machine-resource.com/slot-machine-history.htm |title=History of slot machines }}</ref> [[Charles Fey]] of [[San Francisco]], California devised a much simpler automatic mechanism<ref>{{cite web|url=http://casinogambling.about.com/od/slots/a/charlesfey.htm |title=Charles Fey article |publisher=Casinogambling.about.com |date=2009-06-22 |access-date=2009-08-04}}</ref> with three spinning reels containing a total of five symbols: [[horseshoe]]s, [[Diamonds (suit)|diamonds]], spades, [[Hearts (suit)|hearts]] and a [[Liberty Bell]]; the bell gave the machine its name. By replacing ten cards with five symbols and using three reels instead of five drums, the complexity of reading a win was considerably reduced, allowing Fey to design an effective automatic payout mechanism. Three bells in a row produced the biggest payoff, ten nickels (50¢). Liberty Bell was a huge success and spawned a thriving mechanical gaming device industry. After a few years, the devices were banned in California, but Fey still could not keep up with the demand for them from elsewhere. The Liberty Bell machine was so popular that it was copied by many slot-machine manufacturers. The first of these, also called the "Liberty Bell", was produced by the manufacturer Herbert Mills in 1907. By 1908, many "bell" machines had been installed in most cigar stores, saloons, bowling alleys, brothels and barber shops.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Long, Colorful, Profitable History of Slot Machines|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/gallery/photo/long-colorful-profitable-history-slot-machines-55000|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130064559/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/gallery/photo/long-colorful-profitable-history-slot-machines-55000|archive-date=January 30, 2014|access-date=2016-07-18|publisher=The Indian Observer}}</ref> Early machines, including an 1899 Liberty Bell, are now part of the Nevada State Museum's Fey Collection.<ref>{{cite web|title=CM-5716-P-06 Machine, Slot|url=http://www.nevadaculture.org/museums/new_exhibits/cc-slot_machines/exhibit1/e10007a.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001120708/http://www.nevadaculture.org/museums/new_exhibits/cc-slot_machines/exhibit1/e10007a.html|archive-date=October 1, 2015|access-date=2015-09-18|website=Nevada State Museum}}</ref>
Žargonski naziv jednoruki bandit ili jednoruki Džek rodio se zbog jedne ručice za povlačenje na slot-mašini i mogućnosti da operator podesi količinu isplate, smanjujući je u vreme velikog obima igre i povećavajući je za vreme loših vremena. Neke igračke [[komisija|komisije]] su pokušale da izdejstvuju [[minimum]] isplate. U kasnom 20. veku rekordni džekpot za petobubanjsku slot-mašinu je iznosio milion dolara (1.000.000 $).

The first Liberty Bell machines produced by [[Mills Novelty Company|Mills]] used the same symbols on the reels as did Charles Fey's original. Soon afterward, another version was produced with patriotic symbols, such as [[flag]]s and [[wreath]]s, on the wheels. Later, a similar machine called the Operator's Bell was produced that included the option of adding a [[Chewing gum|gum]]-vending attachment. As the gum offered was fruit-flavored, fruit symbols were placed on the reels: [[lemon]]s, [[cherry|cherries]], [[orange (fruit)|oranges]] and [[plum]]s. A bell was retained, and a picture of a stick of Bell-Fruit Gum, the origin of the bar symbol, was also present. This set of symbols proved highly popular and was used by other companies that began to make their own slot machines: [[Caille Bros.|Caille]], Watling, [[Jennings & Company|Jennings]] and Pace.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fey |first=Marshall |date=1983 |title=Slot Machines A Pictorial History of the First 100 Years |publisher=[[Liberty Belle Books]] |isbn=0-9623852-7-1 }}</ref>

A commonly used technique to avoid gambling laws in a number of states was to award food prizes. For this reason, a number of [[gumball machine|gumball]] and other [[vending machine]]s were regarded with mistrust by the courts. The two [[Iowa]] cases of ''State v. Ellis''<ref>200 Iowa 1228, 206 N.W. 105. (Iowa, 1925).</ref> and ''State v. Striggles''<ref>202 Iowa 1318, 210 N.W. 137. (Iowa, 1926).</ref> are both used in [[criminal law]] classes to illustrate the concept of reliance upon authority as it relates to the axiomatic ''[[ignorantia juris non excusat]]'' ("ignorance of the law is no excuse").<ref>Singer, Richard G. ''[http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/bclrarticles/3(2)/singer.pdf The Proposed Duty to Inquire as Affected by Recent Criminal Law Decisions in the United States Supreme Court] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219143750/http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/bclrarticles/3%282%29/singer.pdf |date=2008-12-19 }}''. 24 April 2000.</ref> In these cases, a [[Mint (candy)|mint]] vending machine was declared to be a gambling device because the machine would, by internally manufactured chance, occasionally give the next user a number of tokens exchangeable for more candy. Despite the display of the result of the next use on the machine, the courts ruled that "[t]he machine appealed to the player's propensity to gamble, and that is [a] vice."<ref>''State v. Ellis''. 200 Iowa 1228, 206 N.W. 105. (Iowa, 1925). (citing to ''Ferguson v. State of Indiana'', 178 Ind. 568, 99 N. E. 806 (1912); ''City of Moberly v. Deskin'', 169 Mo. App. 672, 155 S. W. 842. (1913).)</ref>

In 1963, [[Bally Manufacturing|Bally]] developed the first fully electromechanical slot machine called Money Honey (although earlier machines such as Bally's High Hand draw-poker machine had exhibited the basics of electromechanical construction as early as 1940). Its electromechanical workings made Money Honey the first slot machine with a bottomless hopper and automatic payout of up to 500 coins without the help of an attendant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bally Technologies, Inc. &#124; Company Information|url=http://ballytech.com/company-information|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930001018/http://ballytech.com/company-information|archive-date=September 30, 2009|access-date=2009-08-04|publisher=Ballytech.com}}</ref> The popularity of this machine led to the increasing predominance of [[electronic game]]s, with the side lever soon becoming vestigial.

The first American video slot machine to offer a "second screen" bonus round was Reel ’Em In, developed by [[WMS Industries]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.casinocenter.com/?p=834|title=HALL OF FAME IN SLOT GAMES : Casino Player Magazine - Strictly Slots Magazine - Casino Gambling Tips|work=casinocenter.com}}</ref> This type of machine had appeared in Australia from at least 1994 with the Three Bags Full game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=3-bags-full&page=detail&id=5056|title=3 Bags Full|work=arcade-history.com}}</ref> With this type of machine, the display changes to provide a different game in which an additional payout may be awarded.

== Problemi sa kockanjem i automati za igre na sreću ==

Natasha Dow Schüll, associate professor in [[New York University]]'s Department of Media, Culture and Communication, uses the term "machine zone" to describe the state of immersion that users of slot machines experience when gambling, where they lose a sense of time, space, bodily awareness, and monetary value.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schüll|first=Natasha|title=Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas|location=Princeton, N.J.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-69-116088-7|oclc=866583433}}</ref>

Mike Dixon, PhD, professor of psychology at the [[University of Waterloo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uwaterloo.ca/psychology/people-profiles/mike-j-dixon|title=Mike J. Dixon|work= Website of the Department of Psychology|publisher=University of Waterloo|date=2013-04-04}}</ref> studies the relationship between slot players and machines. In one of Dixon's studies, players were observed experiencing heightened arousal from the [[Stimulus (physiology)|sensory stimulus]] coming from the machines. They "sought to show that these 'losses disguised as wins' (LDWs) would be as arousing as wins, and more arousing than regular losses."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dixon|first1=Mike J.|last2=Harrigan|first2=Kevin A.|last3=Sandhu|first3=Rajwant|last4=Collins|first4=Karen|last5=Fugelsang|first5=Jonathan A.|date=October 2010|title=Losses disguised as wins in modern multi-line video slot machines: Losses disguised as wins|journal=Addiction|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1819–1824|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03050.x|pmid=20712818}}</ref>

Psychologists Robert Breen and Marc Zimmerman<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Breen|first1=Robert B|first2=M.|last2=Zimmerman|year=2002|title=Rapid Onset of Pathological Gambling in Machine Gamblers|journal=Journal of Gambling Studies|volume=18|issue=1|pages=31–43|doi=10.1023/A:1014580112648|pmid=12050846|s2cid=10700182}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Breen|first1=Robert B|year=2004|title=Rapid Onset of Pathological Gambling in Machine Gamblers: A Replication|journal=ECommunity: The International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction|volume=2|issue=1|pages=44–49}}</ref> found that players of video slot machines reach a debilitating level of involvement with gambling three times as rapidly as those who play traditional casino games, even if they have engaged in other forms of gambling without problems.

Eye-tracking research in local bookkeepers' offices in the UK suggested that, in slots games, the reels dominated players' visual attention, and that problem gamblers looked more frequently at amount-won messages than did those without gambling problems.<ref>Rogers, R. D., Butler, J., Millard, S., Cristino, F., Davitt, L. I., & Leek, E. C. (2018). A scoping investigation of eye-tracking in Electronic Gambling Machine (EGM) play. ''Bangor: Bangor University''. Retrieved from: https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/files/20304339/2018_RGT_Eye_tracking_machines.pdf</ref>

The 2011 ''[[60 Minutes]]'' report "Slot Machines: The Big Gamble"<ref>{{cite episode|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/slot-machines-the-big-gamble-07-01-2011/|access-date=8 May 2011|title=Slot Machines: The Big Gamble|series=60 Minutes|network=CBS|date=7 January 2011}}</ref> focused on the link between slot machines and gambling addiction.

== Reference ==
{{reflist}}

== Literatura ==
{{refbegin|}}
* Brisman, Andrew. ''The American Mensa Guide to Casino Gambling: Winning Ways'' (Stirling, 1999) {{ISBN|0-8069-4837-X}}
* Grochowski, John. ''The Slot Machine Answer Book: How They Work, How They've Changed, and How to Overcome the House Advantage'' (Bonus Books, 2005) {{ISBN|1-56625-235-0}}
* Legato, Frank. ''How to Win Millions Playing Slot Machines! ...Or Lose Trying'' (Bonus Books, 2004) {{ISBN|1-56625-216-4}}

{{refend}}


== Spoljašnje veze ==
== Spoljašnje veze ==
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Верзија на датум 16. септембар 2021. у 10:42

Slot-mašina

Slot-mašina je američki naziv za vrstu igre u kazinu. U Britaniji se naziva fruit machine, a u Australiji poker mašina (poker machine).[1] Tradicionalne slot-mašine rade na novčić, a imaju tri ili više prozorčeta sa slikama koje se vrte kada se povuče ručica sa strane (iz tog razloga se ova mašina žargonski naziva i jednoruki Džek ili jednoruki bandit).[2] Prava kombinacija slika koja se dobije omogućava igraču da dobije nagradu. Današnje verzije su modernizovane uz pomoć računarske tehnologije i veoma su popularne; oko 70 posto dobiti kazina ostvaruju uz pomoć ovih mašina.

Slot machines include one or more currency detectors that validate the form of payment, whether coin, cash, voucher, or token. The machine pays out according to the pattern of symbols displayed when the reels stop "spinning". Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and constitute about 70% of the average U.S. casino's income.[3]

Etimologija

The "slot machine" term derives from the slots on the machine for inserting and retrieving coins.[4] "Fruit machine" comes from the traditional fruit images on the spinning reels such as lemons and cherries.[5]

Istorija

1899 "Liberty Bell" machine, manufactured by Charles Fey.
Plaque marking the location of Charles Fey's San Francisco workshop, where he invented the three-reel slot machine. The location is a California Historical Landmark.

Preteču savremene video slot-mašine razvili su Sitmen i Pit iz Bruklina, (država i grad Njujork) 1891. godine. Bio je to aparat za kockanje sa 5 bubnjeva koji su ukupno imali 50 slika karata i bio je baziran na pokeru. Ovaj poker aparat se pokazao kao izuzetno popularan i uskoro su mnogi barovi u gradu imali jedan ili više mehaničkih poker aparata. Igrači bi stavili novčić i povukli ručicu, koja bi pokrenula bubnjeve i karte koje su bile na bubnjevima, a igrač bi se nadao dobrom rasporedu karata na poker aparatu. Nije postojao direktan mehanizam isplate, tako da bi par kraljeva igraču doneo besplatno pivo, dok bi flešom mogao platiti cigare ili piće. Stoga su nagrade u potpunosti zavisile od toga šta je nudio lokalni establišment. Kako bi verovatnoća bila na strani kuće, po dve karte bi se vadile iz „špila“: desetka karo i žandar herc. Bubnjevi poker aparata bi takođe mogli biti preraspoređeni tako kako bi se nadalje smanjila verovatnoća pobede.

U početku zagovornici morala, a potom i vlasti su se protivile upotrebi slot-mašina. Naime, tokom dvadesetih godina 20. veka, slot-mašine su bile popularne duž cele Amerike, posebno u turističkim mestima i nastavile su da budu popularne za vreme velikog finansijskog kraha tridesetih godina. Međutim, uverenje da organizovani kriminal kontroliše distribuciju slot-mašina dovodi do zakonske restrikcije njihove prodaje i transporta, kao i restrikcije na njihovo korišćenje. Van Nevade, koja je dugo imala legalizovano kockanje, prohibicija je bila sveobuhvatna do 1951, iako je ilegalno kockanje u privatnim klubovima bilo široko rasprostranjeno.

Pošto su kasnije zbog ogromnih prihoda ostale države dozvoljavale kockanje, slot-mašine su ušle u široku upotrebu u svetu, posebno po kasinima. Američki proizvođači su imali dominaciju na tržištu. Kasnih sedamdesetih u upotrebu ulaze elektronske video slot-mašine pokretane pritiskom dugmeta i sa vizuelnim displejima, posebno za poker ili ajnc. Žargonski naziv jednoruki bandit ili jednoruki Džek rodio se zbog jedne ručice za povlačenje na slot-mašini i mogućnosti da operator podesi količinu isplate, smanjujući je u vreme velikog obima igre i povećavajući je za vreme loših vremena. Neke igračke komisije su pokušale da izdejstvuju minimum isplate. U kasnom 20. veku rekordni džekpot za petobubanjsku slot-mašinu je iznosio milion dolara (1.000.000 $).

Because of the vast number of possible wins in the original poker-based game, it proved practically impossible to make a machine capable of awarding an automatic payout for all possible winning combinations. At some time between 1887 and 1895,[6] Charles Fey of San Francisco, California devised a much simpler automatic mechanism[7] with three spinning reels containing a total of five symbols: horseshoes, diamonds, spades, hearts and a Liberty Bell; the bell gave the machine its name. By replacing ten cards with five symbols and using three reels instead of five drums, the complexity of reading a win was considerably reduced, allowing Fey to design an effective automatic payout mechanism. Three bells in a row produced the biggest payoff, ten nickels (50¢). Liberty Bell was a huge success and spawned a thriving mechanical gaming device industry. After a few years, the devices were banned in California, but Fey still could not keep up with the demand for them from elsewhere. The Liberty Bell machine was so popular that it was copied by many slot-machine manufacturers. The first of these, also called the "Liberty Bell", was produced by the manufacturer Herbert Mills in 1907. By 1908, many "bell" machines had been installed in most cigar stores, saloons, bowling alleys, brothels and barber shops.[8] Early machines, including an 1899 Liberty Bell, are now part of the Nevada State Museum's Fey Collection.[9]

The first Liberty Bell machines produced by Mills used the same symbols on the reels as did Charles Fey's original. Soon afterward, another version was produced with patriotic symbols, such as flags and wreaths, on the wheels. Later, a similar machine called the Operator's Bell was produced that included the option of adding a gum-vending attachment. As the gum offered was fruit-flavored, fruit symbols were placed on the reels: lemons, cherries, oranges and plums. A bell was retained, and a picture of a stick of Bell-Fruit Gum, the origin of the bar symbol, was also present. This set of symbols proved highly popular and was used by other companies that began to make their own slot machines: Caille, Watling, Jennings and Pace.[10]

A commonly used technique to avoid gambling laws in a number of states was to award food prizes. For this reason, a number of gumball and other vending machines were regarded with mistrust by the courts. The two Iowa cases of State v. Ellis[11] and State v. Striggles[12] are both used in criminal law classes to illustrate the concept of reliance upon authority as it relates to the axiomatic ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law is no excuse").[13] In these cases, a mint vending machine was declared to be a gambling device because the machine would, by internally manufactured chance, occasionally give the next user a number of tokens exchangeable for more candy. Despite the display of the result of the next use on the machine, the courts ruled that "[t]he machine appealed to the player's propensity to gamble, and that is [a] vice."[14]

In 1963, Bally developed the first fully electromechanical slot machine called Money Honey (although earlier machines such as Bally's High Hand draw-poker machine had exhibited the basics of electromechanical construction as early as 1940). Its electromechanical workings made Money Honey the first slot machine with a bottomless hopper and automatic payout of up to 500 coins without the help of an attendant.[15] The popularity of this machine led to the increasing predominance of electronic games, with the side lever soon becoming vestigial.

The first American video slot machine to offer a "second screen" bonus round was Reel ’Em In, developed by WMS Industries in 1996.[16] This type of machine had appeared in Australia from at least 1994 with the Three Bags Full game.[17] With this type of machine, the display changes to provide a different game in which an additional payout may be awarded.

Problemi sa kockanjem i automati za igre na sreću

Natasha Dow Schüll, associate professor in New York University's Department of Media, Culture and Communication, uses the term "machine zone" to describe the state of immersion that users of slot machines experience when gambling, where they lose a sense of time, space, bodily awareness, and monetary value.[18]

Mike Dixon, PhD, professor of psychology at the University of Waterloo,[19] studies the relationship between slot players and machines. In one of Dixon's studies, players were observed experiencing heightened arousal from the sensory stimulus coming from the machines. They "sought to show that these 'losses disguised as wins' (LDWs) would be as arousing as wins, and more arousing than regular losses."[20]

Psychologists Robert Breen and Marc Zimmerman[21][22] found that players of video slot machines reach a debilitating level of involvement with gambling three times as rapidly as those who play traditional casino games, even if they have engaged in other forms of gambling without problems.

Eye-tracking research in local bookkeepers' offices in the UK suggested that, in slots games, the reels dominated players' visual attention, and that problem gamblers looked more frequently at amount-won messages than did those without gambling problems.[23]

The 2011 60 Minutes report "Slot Machines: The Big Gamble"[24] focused on the link between slot machines and gambling addiction.

Reference

  1. ^ Partridge, Eric (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J–Z. Taylor and Francis. стр. 1552. ISBN 9780415259385. Приступљено 17. 10. 2014. 
  2. ^ bandit in the Oxford English Dictionary
  3. ^ Cooper, Marc (децембар 2005). „How slot machines give gamblers the business”. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Приступљено 2008-04-21. 
  4. ^ „Slot Machine - Definition of slot machine by Merriam-Webster”. merriam-webster.com. 
  5. ^ OED, fruit, n.
  6. ^ „History of slot machines”. 
  7. ^ „Charles Fey article”. Casinogambling.about.com. 2009-06-22. Приступљено 2009-08-04. 
  8. ^ „The Long, Colorful, Profitable History of Slot Machines”. The Indian Observer. Архивирано из оригинала 30. 1. 2014. г. Приступљено 2016-07-18. 
  9. ^ „CM-5716-P-06 Machine, Slot”. Nevada State Museum. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 10. 2015. г. Приступљено 2015-09-18. 
  10. ^ Fey, Marshall (1983). Slot Machines A Pictorial History of the First 100 Years. Liberty Belle Books. ISBN 0-9623852-7-1. 
  11. ^ 200 Iowa 1228, 206 N.W. 105. (Iowa, 1925).
  12. ^ 202 Iowa 1318, 210 N.W. 137. (Iowa, 1926).
  13. ^ Singer, Richard G. The Proposed Duty to Inquire as Affected by Recent Criminal Law Decisions in the United States Supreme Court Архивирано 2008-12-19 на сајту Wayback Machine. 24 April 2000.
  14. ^ State v. Ellis. 200 Iowa 1228, 206 N.W. 105. (Iowa, 1925). (citing to Ferguson v. State of Indiana, 178 Ind. 568, 99 N. E. 806 (1912); City of Moberly v. Deskin, 169 Mo. App. 672, 155 S. W. 842. (1913).)
  15. ^ „Bally Technologies, Inc. | Company Information”. Ballytech.com. Архивирано из оригинала 30. 9. 2009. г. Приступљено 2009-08-04. 
  16. ^ „HALL OF FAME IN SLOT GAMES : Casino Player Magazine - Strictly Slots Magazine - Casino Gambling Tips”. casinocenter.com. 
  17. ^ „3 Bags Full”. arcade-history.com. 
  18. ^ Schüll, Natasha (2012). Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-69-116088-7. OCLC 866583433. 
  19. ^ „Mike J. Dixon”. Website of the Department of Psychology. University of Waterloo. 2013-04-04. 
  20. ^ Dixon, Mike J.; Harrigan, Kevin A.; Sandhu, Rajwant; Collins, Karen; Fugelsang, Jonathan A. (октобар 2010). „Losses disguised as wins in modern multi-line video slot machines: Losses disguised as wins”. Addiction. 105 (10): 1819—1824. PMID 20712818. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03050.x. 
  21. ^ Breen, Robert B; Zimmerman, M. (2002). „Rapid Onset of Pathological Gambling in Machine Gamblers”. Journal of Gambling Studies. 18 (1): 31—43. PMID 12050846. S2CID 10700182. doi:10.1023/A:1014580112648. 
  22. ^ Breen, Robert B (2004). „Rapid Onset of Pathological Gambling in Machine Gamblers: A Replication”. ECommunity: The International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2 (1): 44—49. 
  23. ^ Rogers, R. D., Butler, J., Millard, S., Cristino, F., Davitt, L. I., & Leek, E. C. (2018). A scoping investigation of eye-tracking in Electronic Gambling Machine (EGM) play. Bangor: Bangor University. Retrieved from: https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/files/20304339/2018_RGT_Eye_tracking_machines.pdf
  24. ^ „Slot Machines: The Big Gamble”. 60 Minutes. 7. 1. 2011. CBS. Приступљено 8. 5. 2011. 

Literatura

  • Brisman, Andrew. The American Mensa Guide to Casino Gambling: Winning Ways (Stirling, 1999) ISBN 0-8069-4837-X
  • Grochowski, John. The Slot Machine Answer Book: How They Work, How They've Changed, and How to Overcome the House Advantage (Bonus Books, 2005) ISBN 1-56625-235-0
  • Legato, Frank. How to Win Millions Playing Slot Machines! ...Or Lose Trying (Bonus Books, 2004) ISBN 1-56625-216-4

Spoljašnje veze

Slot-mašina на Викимедијиној остави.


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