Говедина

За друге употребе, погледајте Говедина (вишезначна одредница).

Некувани одрезак ребара говедине

Говедина је назив за месо добијено од говеда, нарочито од краве. Говедина је месо добијено од 14 до 16 месеци старог говеда које је тешко од 450 до 500 килограма. Месо млађих говеда се назива јунетина, а још млађих телетина. Говедина спада у црвена меса.

Категорије

Говедина се по квалитету може сврстати у категорије. Постоје следеће категорије:

• говедина и јунетина I категорије — месо мекших делова бута и леђа с костима или без костију
• говедина и јунетина II категорије — месо тврђих делова бута и лопатица.
• говедина и јунетина III категорије — месо врата, подлопатице, прса, ребра, потрбушине, коленице и подлактице
• месо изван категорије (писана печенка или филе).

Историја

People have eaten the flesh of bovines from prehistoric times; some of the earliest known cave paintings, such as those of Lascaux, show aurochs in hunting scenes. People domesticated cattle to provide ready access to beef, milk, and leather. Cattle have been domesticated at least twice over the course of evolutionary history. The first domestication event occurred around 10,500 years ago with the evolution of Bos taurus. The second was more recent, around 7,000 years ago, with the evolution of Bos indicus in the Indus Valley. There is a possible third domestication even 8,500 years ago, with a potential third species Bos africanus arising in Africa. Most cattle originated in the Old World, with the exception of bison hybrids, which originated in the Americas. Examples include the Wagyū from Japan, Ankole-Watusi from Egypt, and longhorn Zebu from the Indian subcontinent.

In the United States, the growth of the beef business was largely due to expansion in the Southwest. Upon the acquisition of grasslands through the Mexican–American War of 1848, and later the expulsion of the Plains Indians from this region and the Midwest, the American livestock industry began, starting primarily with the taming of wild longhorn cattle. Chicago and New York City were the first to benefit from these developments in their stockyards and in their meat markets.

Продукција

Beef cattle are raised and fed using a variety of methods, including feedlots, free range, ranching, backgrounding and intensive animal farming. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), commonly referred to as factory farms, are commonly used to meet the demand of beef production. CAFOs supply 70.4% of cows in the US market and 99% of all meat in the United States supply. Cattle CAFOs can also be a source of E. coli contamination in the food supply due to the prevalence of manure in CAFOs. These E. coli contaminations include one strain, E. coli O157:H7, which can be toxic to humans, because cattle typically hold this strain in their digestive system. Another consequence of unsanitary conditions created by high-density confinement systems is increased use of antibiotics in order to prevent illness. An analysis of FDA sales data by the Natural Resources Defense Council found 42% of medically important antibiotic use in the U.S. was on cattle, posing concerns about the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Environmental impact

The amount of globally needed agricultural land would be reduced by almost half if no beef or mutton would be eaten.

Mean greenhouse gas emissions for different food types

Food Types	Greenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO2-Ceq per g protein)
Ruminant Meat	62
Recirculating Aquaculture	30
Trawling Fishery	26
Non-recirculating Aquaculture	12
Pork	10
Poultry	10
Dairy	9,1
Non-trawling Fishery	8,6
Eggs	6,8
Starchy Roots	1,7
Wheat	1,2
Maize	1,2
Legumes	0,25

Mean land use of different foods

Food Types	Land Use (m2year per 100g protein)
Lamb and Mutton	185
Beef	164
Cheese	41
Pork	11
Poultry	7,1
Eggs	5,7
Farmed Fish	3,7
Groundnuts	3,5
Peas	3,4
Tofu	2,2

The consumption of beef poses numerous threats to the natural environment. Of all agricultural products, beef requires some of the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), air pollution, and water pollution. A 2021 study added up GHG emissions from the entire lifecycle, including production, transportation, and consumption, and estimated that beef contributed about 4 billion tonnes (9%) of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in 2010. Cattle populations graze around 26% of all land on Earth, not including the large agricultural fields that are used to grow cattle feed. According to FAO, "Ranching-induced deforestation is one of the main causes of loss of some unique plant and animal species in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America as well as carbon release in the atmosphere." Beef is also the primary driver of deforestation in the Amazon, with around 80% of all converted land being used to rear cattle. 91% of Amazon land deforested since 1970 has been converted to cattle ranching. 41% of global deforestation from 2005 to 2013 has been attributed to the expansion of beef production. This is due to the higher ratio of net energy of gain to net energy of maintenance where metabolizable energy intake is higher. It takes seven pounds of feed to produce a pound of beef (live weight), compared to more than three pounds for a pound of pork and less than two pounds for a pound of chicken. However, assumptions about feed quality are implicit in such generalizations. For example, production of a pound of beef cattle live weight may require between 4 and 5 pounds of feed high in protein and metabolizable energy content, or more than 20 pounds of feed of much lower quality. A simple exchange of beef to soy beans (a common feed source for cattle) in Americans' diets would, according to one estimate, result in meeting between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas emission goals of the United States as pledged in 2009.Шаблон:Update inline A 2021 CSIRO trial concluded that feeding cattle a 3% diet of the seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis could reduce the methane component of their emissions by 80%.

Some scientists claim that the demand for beef is contributing to significant biodiversity loss as it is a significant driver of deforestation and habitat destruction; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the Amazon region, are being converted to agriculture for meat production. The 2019 IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services also concurs that the beef industry plays a significant role in biodiversity loss. Around 25% to nearly 40% of global land surface is being used for livestock farming, which is mostly cattle.

Цертификати

Some kinds of beef may receive special certifications or designations based on criteria including their breed (Certified Angus Beef, Certified Hereford Beef), origin (Kobe beef, Carne de Ávila, Belgian Blue), or the way the cattle are treated, fed or slaughtered (organic, grass-fed, Kosher, or Halal beef). Some countries regulate the marketing and sale of beef by observing criteria post-slaughter and classifying the observed quality of the meat.

Глобална статистика

In 2018, the United States, Brazil, and China produced the most beef with 12.22 million tons, 9.9 million tons, and 6.46 million tons respectively. The top 3 beef exporting countries in 2019 were Australia (14.8% of total exports), the United States (13.4% of total exports), and Brazil (12.6% of total exports). Beef production is also important to the economies of Japan, Argentina, Uruguay, Canada, Paraguay, Mexico, Belarus and Nicaragua.

Top 5 cattle and beef exporting countries (2016)

Beef exports, including buffalo meat, in metric tons (2016)

Rank	Country	2016	%of the World
1	Brazil	1,850,000	19.60%
2	India	1,850,000	19.60%
3	Australia	1,385,000	14.67%
4	United States	1,120,000	11.87%
5	New Zealand	580,000	6.14%

Top 10 cattle and beef producing countries (2009, 2010)

Beef production (1000 Metric Tons CWE) (2009)

Rank	Country	2009	2010	%Chg
1	United States	11,889	11,789	−0.8%
2	Brazil	8,935	9,300	4%
3	EU-27	7,970	7,920	−0.6%
4	China	5,764	5,550	−4%
5	Argentina	3,400	2,800	−18%
6	India	2,610	2,760	6%
7	Australia	2,100	2,075	−1%
8	Mexico	1,700	1,735	2%
9	Russia	1,285	1,260	−2%
10	Pakistan	1,226	1,250	2%

National cattle herds (Per 1000 Head)

Rank	Country	2009	2010	%Chg
1	India	57,960	58,300	0.6%
2	Brazil	49,150	49,400	0.5%
3	China	42,572	41,000	−4%
4	United States	35,819	35,300	−1.4%
5	EU-27	30,400	30,150	−0.8%
6	Argentina	12,300	13,200	7%
7	Australia	9,213	10,158	10%
8	Russia	7,010	6,970	−0.6%
9	Mexico	6,775	6,797	0.3%

Спољашње везе

• Делови говеда
• USDA beef grading standards (PDF)
• Beef State Documentary produced by Nebraska Educational Telecommunications