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Ред 1: Ред 1:
{{short description|Врсте вунастих припитомљених сисара}}
{{друго значење2|Лама}}
{{друго значење2|Лама}}
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
Ред 4: Ред 5:
| status = DOM
| status = DOM
| image =Domestic_llama_(2009-05-19).jpg
| image =Domestic_llama_(2009-05-19).jpg
| image_caption =
| image_width = 250п
| image_width = 250п
| image2 = Llamas, Vernagt-Stausee, Italy.jpg
| image2_caption =
| image2_width = 250п
| regnum = -{[[Животиње|Animalia]]}-
| regnum = -{[[Животиње|Animalia]]}-
| phylum = -{[[Хордати|Chordata]]}-
| phylum = -{[[Хордати|Chordata]]}-
Ред 13: Ред 18:
| species = '''''-{L. glama}-'''''
| species = '''''-{L. glama}-'''''
| binomial = ''-{Lama glama}-''
| binomial = ''-{Lama glama}-''
| binomial_authority = (-{[[Карл фон Лине|Linnaeus]]}-, 1758)}}
| binomial_authority = (-{[[Карл фон Лине|Linnaeus]]}-, 1758)
| range_map = Lama glama Vicugna pacos range.png
| range_map_caption = Domestic llama and alpaca range<ref>Daniel W. Gade, Nature and culture in the Andes, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1999, p. 104</ref>
| synonyms = ''Camelus glama'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}

}}

'''Лама''' ({{јез-лат|Lama glama}}) је домаћа врста, настала [[доместификација|доместификацијом]] [[гванако|гванака]]. Гаји се у подручју [[Анди|Анда]], првенствено као теглећа животиња, а мање због [[месо|меса]] и [[длака|длаке]]. Припитомљена је око 3500 година пре нове ере у [[Перу]]у. Јавља се у различитим бојама, од беле, преко смеђе и сиве до црне. Често је шарена, у комбинацији ових боја. Висина до врха главе јој износи око 1,8 м, а маса између 130 и 200 кг.
'''Лама''' ({{јез-лат|Lama glama}}) је домаћа врста, настала [[доместификација|доместификацијом]] [[гванако|гванака]]. Гаји се у подручју [[Анди|Анда]], првенствено као теглећа животиња, а мање због [[месо|меса]] и [[длака|длаке]]. Припитомљена је око 3500 година пре нове ере у [[Перу]]у. Јавља се у различитим бојама, од беле, преко смеђе и сиве до црне. Често је шарена, у комбинацији ових боја. Висина до врха главе јој износи око 1,8 м, а маса између 130 и 200 кг.


Овај преживар са Анда је сродник камиле. Постоје четири врсте лама: гванако, лама, алпака и викуња. Гванако и викуња су и данас дивље врсте; ламе и алпаке су још у прадавна времена припитомљене и постале домаће животиње. Обе те врсте нашли су припитомљене већ први амерички досељеници. Ламе живе на висоравнима Кордиљера до висине од 4.500 метара. Лама се највише користи као теретна животиња; може да носи терет до 50 килограма читавих 12 сати! Алпака има кратку, мекану и неговану длаку, па се гаји првенствено због тога. Женке обично рађају једно младунче годину дана после парења. Све врсте лама се служе необичним начином одбране. Пуштају противника да им се приближи, а онда му нагло и жестоко пљуну у лице накупљену пљувачку и све што им се налази у устима, односно избљувану биљну храну.
Овај преживар са Анда је сродник камиле. Постоје четири врсте лама: гванако, лама, алпака и викуња. Гванако и викуња су и данас дивље врсте; ламе и алпаке су још у прадавна времена припитомљене и постале домаће животиње. Обе те врсте нашли су припитомљене већ први амерички досељеници. Ламе живе на висоравнима Кордиљера до висине од 4.500 метара. Лама се највише користи као теретна животиња; може да носи терет до 50 килограма читавих 12 сати! Алпака има кратку, мекану и неговану длаку, па се гаји првенствено због тога. Женке обично рађају једно младунче годину дана после парења. Све врсте лама се служе необичним начином одбране. Пуштају противника да им се приближи, а онда му нагло и жестоко пљуну у лице накупљену пљувачку и све што им се налази у устима, односно избљувану биљну храну.

Llamas are social animals and live with others as a [[herd]]. Their [[wool]] is soft and contains only a small amount of [[lanolin]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eveline|title=Is Alpaca Wool Hypoallergenic? (Lanolin Free)|url=https://www.yanantin-alpaca.com/is-alpaca-wool-hypoallergenic-lanolin-free/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Yanantin Alpaca|language=en-US}}</ref> Llamas can learn simple tasks after a few repetitions. When using a pack, they can carry about 25 to 30% of their body weight for 8 to 13 [[kilometre|km]] (5–8 [[mile]]s).<ref name=OK_State>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/other/llama/
|publisher=[[Oklahoma State University]]
|title=Llama
|date=25 June 2007}}</ref> The name ''llama'' (in the past also spelled "lama" or "glama") was adopted by [[European colonization of the Americas|European settlers]] from [[Indigenous people in Peru|native Peruvians]].<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, "''llama''"</ref>

The ancestors of llamas are thought to have originated from the [[Great Plains]] of [[North America]] about 40 million years ago, and subsequently migrated to South America about three million years ago during the [[Great American Interchange]]. By the end of the last [[Quaternary glaciation|ice age]] (10,000–12,000 years ago), camelids were extinct in North America.<ref name=OK_State/> As of 2007, there were over seven million llamas and [[alpaca]]s in South America and over 158,000 llamas and 100,000 alpacas, descended from progenitors imported late in the 20th century, in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref name=Numbers>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.scla.us/llamafacts.html
|author=South Central Llama Association
|title=Llama Facts 2
|date=22 January 2009}}</ref>

In [[Aymara people|Aymara]] mythology llamas are important beings. The Heavenly Llama is said to drink water from the ocean and urinates as it rains.<ref name=Sonia2015/> According to Aymara [[eschatology]], llamas will return to the water springs and [[lagoon]]s where they come from at the end of time.<ref name=Sonia2015>{{Cite book|title=Mitos de Chile: Enciclopedia de seres, apariciones y encantos|last=Montecino Aguirre|first=Sonia|publisher=[[Catalonia (publisher)|Catalonia]] |year=2015|isbn=978-956-324-375-8 |page=415|chapter=Llamas |language=es}}</ref>

== Класификација ==
[[File:A Quechua girl and her Llama.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Традиционално обучена [[Quechuas|кечуанска]] девојчица са ламом у [[Cusco|Куску]], [[Перу]] ]]

Lamoids, or llamas (as they are more generally known as a group), consist of the [[vicuña]] (''Vicugna vicugna'', prev. ''Lama vicugna''), [[guanaco]] (''Lama guanicoe''), Suri [[alpaca]], and [[Huacaya alpaca]] (''Vicugna pacos'', prev. ''Lama guanicoe pacos''), and the domestic llama (''Lama glama''). Guanacos and vicuñas live in the wild, while llamas and alpacas exist only as domesticated animals.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wonders of Llamas |isbn=0-396-07460-X |first=Roger |last=Perry |year=1977 |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/wondersofllamas00perr/page/7 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/wondersofllamas00perr/page/7 }}</ref> Although early writers compared llamas to [[sheep]], their similarity to the [[camel]] was soon recognized. They were included in the genus ''Camelus'' along with [[alpaca]] in the ''Systema Naturae'' ([[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) of [[Carl Linnaeus]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb9zbY-JfBUC|isbn=0-8138-0397-7|title=Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids|author=Murray E. Fowler|year=1998|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|page=1}}</ref> They were, however, separated by [[Georges Cuvier]] in 1800 under the name of ''lama'' along with the [[guanaco]].<ref name=ITIS>{{cite web|title=Lama|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=624943#|publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System|access-date=5 January 2013}}</ref> [[DNA]] analysis has confirmed that the guanaco is the wild ancestor of the llama, while the vicuña is the wild ancestor of the alpaca; the latter two were placed in the genus ''Vicugna''.<ref name=wheeler>{{cite journal|first =Dr Jane|last =Wheeler|author2=Miranda Kadwell |author3=Matilde Fernandez |author4=Helen F. Stanley |author5=Ricardo Baldi |author6=Raul Rosadio |author7=Michael W. Bruford |date=December 2001|title =Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca|journal =Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume =268|issue =1485|pages =2575–2584|id= 0962-8452 (Paper) 1471–2954 (Online)|doi = 10.1098/rspb.2001.1774|pmid =11749713|pmc =1088918 }}</ref>

The genera ''Lama'' and ''Vicugna'' are, with the two species of true camels, the sole existing representatives of a very distinct section of the [[Artiodactyla]] or even-toed ungulates, called [[Tylopoda]], or "bump-footed", from the peculiar bumps on the soles of their feet. The Tylopoda consist of a single family, the Camelidae, and shares the [[taxon|order]] Artiodactyla with the [[Suinae|Suina]] ([[pig]]s), the Tragulina ([[chevrotain]]s), the [[Pecora]] ([[ruminant]]s), and the [[Whippomorpha]] ([[Hippopotamidae|hippos]] and [[cetacea]]ns, which belong to Artiodactyla from a [[Cladistics|cladistic]], if not traditional, standpoint). The Tylopoda have more or less affinity to each of the sister [[taxon|taxa]], standing in some respects in a middle position between them, sharing some characteristics from each, but in others showing special modifications not found in any of the other taxa.

[[File:Domestic llama (2009-05-19).jpg|thumb|left|250px|Домаћа лама]]
The 19th-century discoveries of a vast and previously unexpected extinct [[Paleogene]] fauna of North America, as interpreted by paleontologists [[Joseph Leidy]], [[Edward Drinker Cope]], and [[Othniel Charles Marsh]], aided understanding of the early history of this family. Llamas were not always confined to [[South America]]; abundant llama-like remains were found in [[Pleistocene]] deposits in the [[Rocky Mountains]] and in [[Central America]]. Some of the [[fossil]] llamas were much larger than current forms. Some species remained in North America during the last ice ages. North American llamas are categorized as a single extinct genus, ''[[Hemiauchenia]]''. Llama-like animals would have been a common sight 25,000 years ago, in modern-day [[California]], [[Texas]], [[New Mexico]], [[Utah]], [[Missouri]], and [[Florida]].<ref name=kurten>{{cite book|last=Kurtén|first=Björn|title=Pleistocene Mammals of North America|year=1980|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=0231037333|author2=Anderson, Elaine |page=307}}</ref>

The camelid lineage has a good fossil record. Camel-like animals have been traced from the thoroughly differentiated, modern species back through early [[Miocene]] forms. Their characteristics became more general, and they lost those that distinguished them as camelids; hence, they were classified as ancestral artiodactyls.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Evolutionary Transitions in the Fossil Record of Terrestrial Hoofed Mammals |last=Prothero |first=Donald R |date=April 16, 2009 |journal=Evolution: Education and Outreach |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=289–302 |publisher= 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Part of Springer Nature. |doi=10.1007/s12052-009-0136-1 |s2cid=32344744 |doi-access=free }}</ref> No fossils of these earlier forms have been found in the [[Old World]], indicating that North America was the original home of camelids, and that the ancestors of Old World [[camel]]s crossed over via the [[Beringia|Bering Land Bridge]] from North America. The formation of the [[Isthmus of Panama]] three million years ago allowed camelids to spread to South America as part of the [[Great American Interchange]], where they evolved further. Meanwhile, North American camelids [[Quaternary extinction event|died out at the end of the Pleistocene]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grayson |first1=Donald K. |year=1991 |title=Late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America: Taxonomy, chronology, and explanations |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume= 5|issue=3 |pages=193–231 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/BF00974990|s2cid=162363534 }}</ref>

== Карактеристике ==
[[File:Llama skeleton at MAV-USP.jpg|250px|thumb|Костур ламе]]

A full-grown llama can reach a height of {{convert|1.7|to|1.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} at the top of the head, and can weigh between {{convert|130|and|272|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[https://bluemoonranch.net/frequently-asked-questions/ Frequently Asked Questions - Blue Moon Ranch Alpacas]</ref> At maturity, males can weigh 94.74 kg, while females can weigh 102.27 kg.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/846966060|title=South American camelids research. Volume 2|date=2008|publisher=Wageningen Academic Publishers|others=Eduardo Frank, Marco Antonini, Oscar Toro|isbn=978-90-8686-648-9|location=Wageningen, Netherlands|oclc=846966060}}</ref> At birth, a baby llama (called a ''[[cria]]'') can weigh between {{convert|9|and|14|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Llamas typically live for 15 to 25&nbsp;years, with some individuals surviving 30 years or more.<ref name=Characteristics>
{{cite web
|title=Llama characteristics
|date=25 June 2007
|website=Nose-n-Toes
|url=http://www.nose-n-toes.com/characts.htm
}}
</ref><ref name=Facts>{{cite web
|title=Llama facts&nbsp;1
|date=25 June 2007
|website=Llamas of Atlanta
|url=http://www.llamasofatlanta.com/llama_facts.htm
|access-date=5 August 2014
|archive-date=17 August 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817045228/http://www.llamasofatlanta.com/llama_facts.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name=FAQ>
{{cite web
|title=Llama FAQ
|date=25 June 2007
|website=Twin Creeks Llamas
|url=http://www.twincreeksllamas.com/faq/FAQs.htm
}}
</ref>{{better source needed|sources, plural: all three are unathoritative breeders|date=December 2019}}

The following characteristics apply especially to llamas. [[Dentition]] of adults: incisors {{sfrac|1|3}} canines {{sfrac|1|1}}, premolars {{sfrac|2|2}}, molars {{sfrac|3|3}}; total 32. In the upper jaw, a compressed, sharp, pointed laniariform [[incisor]] near the hinder edge of the [[premaxilla]] is followed in the male at least by a moderate-sized, pointed, curved true [[canine tooth|canine]] in the anterior part of the maxilla.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dental anatomy of llamas |website=www.vivo.colostate.edu |publisher=[[Colorado State University]] |url=http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/llamapage.html}}</ref> The isolated canine-like [[premolar]] that follows in the camels is not present. The teeth of the molar series, which are in contact with each other, consist of two very small premolars (the first almost rudimentary) and three broad [[molars]], constructed generally like those of ''Camelus''. In the lower jaw, the three incisors are long, spatulate, and procumbent; the outer ones are the smallest. Next to these is a curved, suberect canine, followed after an interval by an isolated minute and often deciduous simple conical premolar; then a contiguous series of one premolar and three molars, which differ from those of ''Camelus'' in having a small accessory column at the anterior outer edge.

== Исхрана ==
[[File:Black Llama.jpg|thumb|250px|Црна лама]]
Options for feeding llamas are quite wide; a wide variety of commercial and farm-based feeds are available. The major determining factors include feed cost, availability, nutrient balance and energy density required. Young, actively growing llamas require a greater concentration of nutrients than mature animals because of their smaller digestive tract capacities.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/alt-ag/llama.htm
|work=Department of Agricultural Economics, [[North Dakota State University]]
|title=Llama
|date=17 April 2007
|author=Randy Sell}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Estimated daily requirements of bromgrass hay, alfalfa hay and corn silage on an as-fed and 100% dry matter basis for llamas from 22 to 550&nbsp;pounds.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author = Murray E. Fowler, DVM
| title = Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids; Llama, Alpaca, Vicuña, Guanaco
| publisher = [[Iowa State University]] Press
| year = 1989}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Body weight<br /> (lb)
! colspan="2" | Bromgrass
! colspan="2" | Alfalfa
! colspan="2" | Corn silage
|-
! (as fed)
! (dry matter)
! (as fed)
! (dry matter)
! (as fed)
! (dry matter)
|-
| 22
| 0.8
| 0.7
| 0.5
| 0.5
| 1.5
| 0.4
|-
| 44
| 1.3
| 1.1
| 0.9
| 0.8
| 2.6
| 0.7
|-
| 88
| 2.1
| 1.9
| 1.5
| 1.3
| 4.3
| 1.2
|-
| 110
| 2.6
| 2.3
| 1.7
| 1.6
| 5.2
| 1.4
|-
| 165
| 3.4
| 3.1
| 2.3
| 2.1
| 6.9
| 1.9
|-
| 275
| 5.0
| 4.5
| 3.4
| 3.1
| 10.1
| 2.8
|-
| 385
| 6.4
| 5.7
| 4.3
| 3.9
| 12.9
| 3.6
|-
| 495
| 7.8
| 7.0
| 5.3
| 4.8
| 15.8
| 4.4
|-
| 550
| 8.5
| 7.6
| 5.7
| 5.2
| 17.0
| 4.8
|}

== Референце ==
{{Reflist}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Lama glama}}
{{Commonscat|Lama glama}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Llama |volume=16 |page=829 |short=1}}
{{клица-животиње}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.llamapaedia.com/gifs/orgle.aiff |title=Llamapaedia Orgle Sound |format=AIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030063729/http://www.llamapaedia.com/gifs/orgle.aiff |archive-date=30 October 2007 }}
{{Taxonbar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101012212903/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/22395/llamas-and-alpacas-close-up Llamas Close Up] – slideshow by ''[[Life (magazine)|Life magazine]]''
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Llama |short=x}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q42569}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Категорија:Ламе]]
[[Категорија:Ламе]]

Верзија на датум 27. март 2022. у 16:39

За друге употребе, погледајте Лама (вишезначна одредница).

Лама
Припитомљен
Научна класификација
Царство:
Animalia
Тип:
Chordata
Класа:
Mammalia
Ред:
Artiodactyla
Породица:
Camelidae
Род:
Lama
Врста:
L. glama
Биномно име
Lama glama
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Domestic llama and alpaca range[1]
Синоними

Camelus glama Linnaeus, 1758

Лама (лат. Lama glama) је домаћа врста, настала доместификацијом гванака. Гаји се у подручју Анда, првенствено као теглећа животиња, а мање због меса и длаке. Припитомљена је око 3500 година пре нове ере у Перуу. Јавља се у различитим бојама, од беле, преко смеђе и сиве до црне. Често је шарена, у комбинацији ових боја. Висина до врха главе јој износи око 1,8 м, а маса између 130 и 200 кг.

Овај преживар са Анда је сродник камиле. Постоје четири врсте лама: гванако, лама, алпака и викуња. Гванако и викуња су и данас дивље врсте; ламе и алпаке су још у прадавна времена припитомљене и постале домаће животиње. Обе те врсте нашли су припитомљене већ први амерички досељеници. Ламе живе на висоравнима Кордиљера до висине од 4.500 метара. Лама се највише користи као теретна животиња; може да носи терет до 50 килограма читавих 12 сати! Алпака има кратку, мекану и неговану длаку, па се гаји првенствено због тога. Женке обично рађају једно младунче годину дана после парења. Све врсте лама се служе необичним начином одбране. Пуштају противника да им се приближи, а онда му нагло и жестоко пљуну у лице накупљену пљувачку и све што им се налази у устима, односно избљувану биљну храну.

Llamas are social animals and live with others as a herd. Their wool is soft and contains only a small amount of lanolin.[2] Llamas can learn simple tasks after a few repetitions. When using a pack, they can carry about 25 to 30% of their body weight for 8 to 13 km (5–8 miles).[3] The name llama (in the past also spelled "lama" or "glama") was adopted by European settlers from native Peruvians.[4]

The ancestors of llamas are thought to have originated from the Great Plains of North America about 40 million years ago, and subsequently migrated to South America about three million years ago during the Great American Interchange. By the end of the last ice age (10,000–12,000 years ago), camelids were extinct in North America.[3] As of 2007, there were over seven million llamas and alpacas in South America and over 158,000 llamas and 100,000 alpacas, descended from progenitors imported late in the 20th century, in the United States and Canada.[5]

In Aymara mythology llamas are important beings. The Heavenly Llama is said to drink water from the ocean and urinates as it rains.[6] According to Aymara eschatology, llamas will return to the water springs and lagoons where they come from at the end of time.[6]

Класификација

Традиционално обучена кечуанска девојчица са ламом у Куску, Перу

Lamoids, or llamas (as they are more generally known as a group), consist of the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna, prev. Lama vicugna), guanaco (Lama guanicoe), Suri alpaca, and Huacaya alpaca (Vicugna pacos, prev. Lama guanicoe pacos), and the domestic llama (Lama glama). Guanacos and vicuñas live in the wild, while llamas and alpacas exist only as domesticated animals.[7] Although early writers compared llamas to sheep, their similarity to the camel was soon recognized. They were included in the genus Camelus along with alpaca in the Systema Naturae (1758) of Carl Linnaeus.[8] They were, however, separated by Georges Cuvier in 1800 under the name of lama along with the guanaco.[9] DNA analysis has confirmed that the guanaco is the wild ancestor of the llama, while the vicuña is the wild ancestor of the alpaca; the latter two were placed in the genus Vicugna.[10]

The genera Lama and Vicugna are, with the two species of true camels, the sole existing representatives of a very distinct section of the Artiodactyla or even-toed ungulates, called Tylopoda, or "bump-footed", from the peculiar bumps on the soles of their feet. The Tylopoda consist of a single family, the Camelidae, and shares the order Artiodactyla with the Suina (pigs), the Tragulina (chevrotains), the Pecora (ruminants), and the Whippomorpha (hippos and cetaceans, which belong to Artiodactyla from a cladistic, if not traditional, standpoint). The Tylopoda have more or less affinity to each of the sister taxa, standing in some respects in a middle position between them, sharing some characteristics from each, but in others showing special modifications not found in any of the other taxa.

Домаћа лама

The 19th-century discoveries of a vast and previously unexpected extinct Paleogene fauna of North America, as interpreted by paleontologists Joseph Leidy, Edward Drinker Cope, and Othniel Charles Marsh, aided understanding of the early history of this family. Llamas were not always confined to South America; abundant llama-like remains were found in Pleistocene deposits in the Rocky Mountains and in Central America. Some of the fossil llamas were much larger than current forms. Some species remained in North America during the last ice ages. North American llamas are categorized as a single extinct genus, Hemiauchenia. Llama-like animals would have been a common sight 25,000 years ago, in modern-day California, Texas, New Mexico, Utah, Missouri, and Florida.[11]

The camelid lineage has a good fossil record. Camel-like animals have been traced from the thoroughly differentiated, modern species back through early Miocene forms. Their characteristics became more general, and they lost those that distinguished them as camelids; hence, they were classified as ancestral artiodactyls.[12] No fossils of these earlier forms have been found in the Old World, indicating that North America was the original home of camelids, and that the ancestors of Old World camels crossed over via the Bering Land Bridge from North America. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama three million years ago allowed camelids to spread to South America as part of the Great American Interchange, where they evolved further. Meanwhile, North American camelids died out at the end of the Pleistocene.[13]

Карактеристике

Костур ламе

A full-grown llama can reach a height of 17 to 18 m (55 ft 9 in to 59 ft 1 in) at the top of the head, and can weigh between 130 and 272 kg (287 and 600 lb).[14] At maturity, males can weigh 94.74 kg, while females can weigh 102.27 kg.[15] At birth, a baby llama (called a cria) can weigh between 9 and 14 kg (20 and 31 lb). Llamas typically live for 15 to 25 years, with some individuals surviving 30 years or more.[16][17][18]Шаблон:Better source needed

The following characteristics apply especially to llamas. Dentition of adults: incisors 1/3 canines 1/1, premolars 2/2, molars 3/3; total 32. In the upper jaw, a compressed, sharp, pointed laniariform incisor near the hinder edge of the premaxilla is followed in the male at least by a moderate-sized, pointed, curved true canine in the anterior part of the maxilla.[19] The isolated canine-like premolar that follows in the camels is not present. The teeth of the molar series, which are in contact with each other, consist of two very small premolars (the first almost rudimentary) and three broad molars, constructed generally like those of Camelus. In the lower jaw, the three incisors are long, spatulate, and procumbent; the outer ones are the smallest. Next to these is a curved, suberect canine, followed after an interval by an isolated minute and often deciduous simple conical premolar; then a contiguous series of one premolar and three molars, which differ from those of Camelus in having a small accessory column at the anterior outer edge.

Исхрана

Црна лама

Options for feeding llamas are quite wide; a wide variety of commercial and farm-based feeds are available. The major determining factors include feed cost, availability, nutrient balance and energy density required. Young, actively growing llamas require a greater concentration of nutrients than mature animals because of their smaller digestive tract capacities.[20]

Estimated daily requirements of bromgrass hay, alfalfa hay and corn silage on an as-fed and 100% dry matter basis for llamas from 22 to 550 pounds.[21]
Body weight
(lb) 		Bromgrass Alfalfa Corn silage
(as fed) (dry matter) (as fed) (dry matter) (as fed) (dry matter)
22 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.4
44 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 2.6 0.7
88 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.3 4.3 1.2
110 2.6 2.3 1.7 1.6 5.2 1.4
165 3.4 3.1 2.3 2.1 6.9 1.9
275 5.0 4.5 3.4 3.1 10.1 2.8
385 6.4 5.7 4.3 3.9 12.9 3.6
495 7.8 7.0 5.3 4.8 15.8 4.4
550 8.5 7.6 5.7 5.2 17.0 4.8

Референце

  1. ^ Daniel W. Gade, Nature and culture in the Andes, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1999, p. 104
  2. ^ Eveline. „Is Alpaca Wool Hypoallergenic? (Lanolin Free)”. Yanantin Alpaca (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-10-16. 
  3. ^ а б „Llama”. Oklahoma State University. 25. 6. 2007. 
  4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, "llama"
  5. ^ South Central Llama Association (22. 1. 2009). „Llama Facts 2”. 
  6. ^ а б Montecino Aguirre, Sonia (2015). „Llamas”. Mitos de Chile: Enciclopedia de seres, apariciones y encantos (на језику: шпански). Catalonia. стр. 415. ISBN 978-956-324-375-8. 
  7. ^ Perry, Roger (1977). Wonders of Llamas. Dodd, Mead & Company. стр. 7. ISBN 0-396-07460-X. 
  8. ^ Murray E. Fowler (1998). Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids. Wiley-Blackwell. стр. 1. ISBN 0-8138-0397-7. 
  9. ^ „Lama”. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Приступљено 5. 1. 2013. 
  10. ^ Wheeler, Dr Jane; Miranda Kadwell; Matilde Fernandez; Helen F. Stanley; Ricardo Baldi; Raul Rosadio; Michael W. Bruford (децембар 2001). „Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1485): 2575—2584. PMC 1088918 Слободан приступ. PMID 11749713. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1774. 0962-8452 (Paper) 1471–2954 (Online). 
  11. ^ Kurtén, Björn; Anderson, Elaine (1980). Pleistocene Mammals of North America. New York: Columbia University Press. стр. 307. ISBN 0231037333. 
  12. ^ Prothero, Donald R (16. 4. 2009). „Evolutionary Transitions in the Fossil Record of Terrestrial Hoofed Mammals”. Evolution: Education and Outreach. 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Part of Springer Nature. 2 (2): 289—302. S2CID 32344744. doi:10.1007/s12052-009-0136-1 Слободан приступ. 
  13. ^ Grayson, Donald K. (1991). „Late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America: Taxonomy, chronology, and explanations”. Journal of World Prehistory. Springer Netherlands. 5 (3): 193—231. S2CID 162363534. doi:10.1007/BF00974990. 
  14. ^ Frequently Asked Questions - Blue Moon Ranch Alpacas
  15. ^ South American camelids research. Volume 2. Eduardo Frank, Marco Antonini, Oscar Toro. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. 2008. ISBN 978-90-8686-648-9. OCLC 846966060. 
  16. ^ „Llama characteristics”. Nose-n-Toes. 25. 6. 2007. 
  17. ^ „Llama facts 1”. Llamas of Atlanta. 25. 6. 2007. Архивирано из оригинала 17. 8. 2016. г. Приступљено 5. 8. 2014. 
  18. ^ „Llama FAQ”. Twin Creeks Llamas. 25. 6. 2007. 
  19. ^ „Dental anatomy of llamas”. www.vivo.colostate.edu. Colorado State University. 
  20. ^ Randy Sell (17. 4. 2007). „Llama”. Department of Agricultural Economics, North Dakota State University. 
  21. ^ Murray E. Fowler, DVM (1989). „Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids; Llama, Alpaca, Vicuña, Guanaco”. Iowa State University Press. 

Спољашње везе

Лама на Викимедијиној остави.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Лама&oldid=24456134”