Оаза

Уколико сте тражили река у Француској, погледајте чланак Оаза (река).

Уколико сте тражили департман у Француској, погледајте чланак Оаза (департман).

Оаза у либијском делу Сахаре

Стабла урме у оази Лива

Оаза у Либији

Оаза (грч. ὄασις) је изолована област богате вегетације усред пустиње. Оазе се типично налазе у околини воде у изворима, бунарима или се она допрема наводњавањем.

Многе оазе су вештачке. Оне су често једина места у пустињама која подржавају усеве и стално настањивање. Оазе су од кључног значаја за саобраћајне и трговачке путеве у пустињама. Пустињски каравани се снабдевају водом и храном у оазама. Најзначајније светске оазе се налазе у Египту (Сива, Бахрија), Либији (Куфра), Алжиру (Уаргла), Израелу (Еин Геди), Саудијској Арабији (Ел Катиф), Кини (Турпан, Јарканд), Чилеу (Сан Педро де Атакама), САД и Мексику.

Етимологија

The word oasis came into English from лат. oasis, from стгрч. ὄασις, óasis, which in turn is a direct borrowing from Demotic Egyptian. The word for oasis in the latter-attested Coptic language (the descendant of Demotic Egyptian) is wahe or ouahe which means a "dwelling place".

Опис

Oases are made fertile when sources of freshwater, such as underground rivers or aquifers, irrigate the surface naturally or via man-made wells. The presence of water on the surface or underground is necessary and the local or regional management of this essential resource is strategic, but not sufficient to create such areas: continuous human work and know-how (a technical and social culture) are essential to maintain such ecosystems.

Rain showers provide subterranean water to sustain natural oases, such as the Tuat. Substrata of impermeable rock and stone can trap water and retain it in pockets, or on long faulting subsurface ridges or volcanic dikes water can collect and percolate to the surface. Any incidence of water is then used by migrating birds, which also pass seeds with their droppings which will grow at the water's edge forming an oasis. It can also be used to plant crops.

Историјски значај

The location of oases has been of critical importance for trade and transportation routes in desert areas; caravans must travel via oases so that supplies of water and food can be replenished. Thus, political or military control of an oasis has in many cases meant control of trade on a particular route. For example, the oases of Awjila, Ghadames and Kufra, situated in modern-day Libya, have at various times been vital to both north–south and east–west trade in the Sahara Desert. The Silk Road across Central Asia also incorporated several oases.

In North American history, oases have been less prominent because the desert regions are smaller; however, several areas in the deep southwestern United States have oases regions that served as important links through the hot deserts and vast rural areas. While present-day desert cities like Las Vegas, Phoenix, Palm Springs, and Tucson are large modern cities, many of these locations were once small, isolated farming areas at which travelers through the western desert stopped for food and supplies. Even today, there are several roads that go through western deserts like U.S. Route 50 through southern Nevada, and the Mojave Desert that feature small green fields, citrus groves and small isolated supply towns.

Узгој биљака

People who live in an oasis must manage land and water use carefully; fields must be irrigated to grow plants like apricots, dates, figs, and olives. The most important plant in an oasis is the date palm, which forms the upper layer. These palm trees provide shade for smaller trees like peach trees, which form the middle layer. By growing plants in different layers, the farmers make best use of the soil and water. Many vegetables are also grown and some cereals, such as barley, millet, and wheat, are grown where there is more moisture.

In summary, an oasis palm grove is a highly anthropized and irrigated area that supports a traditionally intensive and polyculture-based agriculture. The oasis is integrated into its desert environment through an often close association with nomadic transhumant livestock farming (very often pastoral and sedentary populations are clearly distinguished). However, the oasis is emancipated from the desert by a very particular social and ecosystem structure. Responding to environmental constraints, it is an integrated agriculture that is conducted with the superposition (in its typical form) of two or three strata creating what is called the "oasis effect":

• the first and highest stratum is made up of date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and maintains freshness;
• an intermediate stratum includes fruit trees (orange, banana, pomegranate, apple, etc.);
• the third stratum, in the shade, of herbaceous plants (market gardening, fodder, cereals).

Галерија

• 
  Al-Ahsa Oasis, also known as Al-Hasa Oasis, in Saudi Arabia is the largest oasis in the world
• 
  Al Ain Oasis in the city of Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates
• 
  Taghit in Algeria, North Africa
• 
  Ein Gedi in Israel, Middle East
• 
  Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge in Utah, United States
• 
  Rubaksa in a dry limestone environment in north Ethiopia is an oasis thanks to the existence of karstic springs
• 
  Twentynine Palms sign
• 
  Creosote (Larrea tridentata) on alluvium at Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, southern Nevada. United States
• 
  Crescent Lake (Yueyaquan) in the Gobi Desert
• 
  Liwa Oasis in Rub' al Khali desert
• 
  Huacachina in southwestern Peru„Diccionario cultural kichwa del Napo”. Issuu (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2019-07-24. </ref>

Литература

• Battesti, Vincent (2005). Jardins au désert, Évolution des pratiques et savoirs oasiens, Jérid tunisien. Paris: IRD Éditions. стр. 440. ISBN 9782709915649. 
• „Complete Files of Geographic Names for Geopolitical Areas from GNS (ISO/IEC 10646 [Unicode UTF-8]”. Earth-info.nga.mil. Архивирано из оригинала 2012-07-09. г. Приступљено 2012-07-05. 
• „Liwa International Festival / Moreeb Dune”. Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi Tourism Office. Приступљено 2019-06-19. 
• Motohiro, Ono (март 2011). „Reconsideration of the Meanings of the Tribal Ties in the United Arab Emirates: Abu Dhabi Emirate in Early ʼ90s” (PDF). Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies. 4—1 (2): 25—34. Приступљено 17. 4. 2013. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• „Largest cities in Saudi Arabia”. Mongabay. Приступљено 2022-04-21. 
• „Largest oasis”. Guinness World Records. 
• „Al-Ahsa enters UNESCO Creative Cities Network”. Arab News (на језику: енглески). 13. 12. 2015. Приступљено 3. 10. 2018. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Marshall Cavendish (2007). „Geography and climate”. World and Its Peoples. 1. Cavendish Square Publishing. стр. 8—19. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2. 
• „Al Ain National Museum”. VisitAbuDhabi.ae. Приступљено 2017-08-06. 
• Insight Guides Oman & the UAE (Travel Guide eBook). Insight Guides. APA Publications (UK) Limited. 2015-12-01. ISBN 9781780055480. 
• Yildirim, Ege; El-Masri, Sami (2010), Master Planning for Heritage Conservation in Al Ain Oasis, UAE (PDF), UAE: ADACH and ISOCARP, стр. 1—11, Приступљено 2019-08-15 
• Wilson, A. (2008). „Hydraulic Engineering and Water Supply”. Ур.: John Peter Oleson. Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World (PDF). New York: Oxford University Press. стр. 290—293. ISBN 978-0-19-973485-6. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2017-11-07. г. Приступљено 1. 11. 2017. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Goldsmith, Edward. The qanats of Iran. Архивирано из оригинала 2012-01-14. г. 

Спољашње везе

• Пустиња и оазе
• Свет оаза
• Рад универзитета у Хамбургу о оазама и сродним темама
• „Museum and archaeological park for Abu Dhabi”. Past Horizons. Архивирано из оригинала 2012-03-06. г. Приступљено 2013-12-21.