Меритократија

Меритократија је вођство, теоретски засновано на заслугама, таленту, вештини, интелигенцији и другим релевантним вештинама, пре него на наслеђу (аристократија), богатству (плутократија) или вољи већине (демократија). Појам је настао од латинске речи мерео што значи зарадити и старогрчке речи кратос снага, моћ. Меритократија наглашава једнакост шанси за све узимајући у обзир да се положај у хијерархији стиче као резултат постигнућа мереног универзалним и објективним критеријумима. Сам концепт овог појма вуче корене од кинеске династије Хан 200. пре нове ере, познат као Мандарински систем, који је наглашавао да владини званичници требају да буду високо образовани. У XVIII веку се овај концепт из Кине проширио кроз Британску Индију, где је постао доминантан фактор у британској владавини, а затим и у континенталну Европу. Меритократија је стигла и у Америку и промовисана је после убиства председника Џејмса Гарфилда 1881. године, када је уведена пракса да се посао у влади добија на основу испитивања способности, а не на основу политичких веза или по политичкој блискости.

Напредак у таквом систему заснива се на учинку, који се мери испитивањем или приказаним достигнућем. Мада је концепт меритократије постојао вековима, сам термин је 1958. сковао социолог [Michael Dunlop Young[|Мајкл Данлоп Јанг]] у својој дистопијској политичкој и сатиричној књизи Успон меритократије.

Дефиниције

Ране дефиниције

Meritocracy was most famously argued by Plato, in his book The Republic and stood to become one of the foundations of politics in the Western world. The "most common definition of meritocracy conceptualizes merit in terms of tested competency and ability, and most likely, as measured by IQ or standardized achievement tests." In government and other administrative systems, "meritocracy" refers to a system under which advancement within the system turns on "merits", like performance, intelligence, credentials, and education. These are often determined through evaluations or examinations.

In a more general sense, meritocracy can refer to any form of evaluation based on achievement. Like "utilitarian" and "pragmatic", the word "meritocratic" has also developed a broader connotation, and is sometimes used to refer to any government run by "a ruling or influential class of educated or able people".

This is in contrast to the original, condemnatory use of the term in 1958 by Michael Dunlop Young in his work "The Rise of the Meritocracy", who was satirizing the ostensibly merit-based Tripartite System of education practiced in the United Kingdom at the time; he claimed that, in the Tripartite System, "merit is equated with intelligence-plus-effort, its possessors are identified at an early age and selected for appropriate intensive education, and there is an obsession with quantification, test-scoring, and qualifications."

Meritocracy in its wider sense, may be any general act of judgment upon the basis of various demonstrated merits; such acts frequently are described in sociology and psychology.

In rhetoric, the demonstration of one's merit regarding mastery of a particular subject is an essential task most directly related to the Aristotelian term Ethos. The equivalent Aristotelian conception of meritocracy is based upon aristocratic or oligarchic structures, rather than in the context of the modern state.

Скорије дефиниције

In the United States, the assassination of President James A. Garfield in 1881 prompted the replacement of the American spoils system with a meritocracy. In 1883, The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was passed, stipulating government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit through competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation.

The most common form of meritocratic screening found today is the college degree. Higher education is an imperfect meritocratic screening system for various reasons, such as lack of uniform standards worldwide, lack of scope (not all occupations and processes are included), and lack of access (some talented people never have an opportunity to participate because of the expense, most especially in developing countries). Nonetheless, academic degrees serve some amount of meritocratic screening purpose in the absence of a more refined methodology. Education alone, however, does not constitute a complete system, as meritocracy must automatically confer power and authority, which a degree does not accomplish independently.

Ray Dalio uses the term "idea meritocracy" for a system that promotes good ideas rather than just the originator.

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Спољашње везе

• Економист о меритократији у САД
• Часопис Куш
• Quinion, Michael (2001-07-21). „World Wide Words: Meritocracy”. World Wide Words. Приступљено 2016-02-17. 
• Bent, Nick. „Time for a more inclusive and progressive definition of meritocracy”. Progress Online. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 6. 2008. г. Приступљено 2016-02-17. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Markovits, Daniel (2019-08-19). „How Life Became an Endless, Terrible Competition”. The Atlantic (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2019-08-26.