Браћа Грим

Јакоб и Вилхелм Грим, портрет Елизабет Јерихау-Бауман

Браћа Грим (нем. Brüder Grimm) су Јакоб и Вилхелм Грим, који су славни по објављивању збирка немачких бајки, (нем. Kinder- und Hausmärchen) („Дечје и породичне приче“) (1812), другог свеска 1814. („1815“ на насловници), као и многих других издања током живота.

Биографија

Рани животи

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm lived in this house in Steinau from 1791 to 1796

Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm and Wilhelm Carl Grimm were born on 4 January 1785 and 24 February 1786, respectively, in Hanau in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, within the Holy Roman Empire (present-day Germany), to Philipp Wilhelm Grimm, a jurist, and Dorothea Grimm (née Zimmer), daughter of a Kassel city councilman. They were the second- and third-eldest surviving siblings in a family of nine children, three of whom died in infancy. In 1791 the family moved to the countryside town of Steinau during Philipp's employment there as a district magistrate (Amtmann). The family became prominent members of the community, residing in a large home surrounded by fields. Biographer Jack Zipes writes that the brothers were happy in Steinau and "clearly fond of country life". The children were educated at home by private tutors, receiving strict instruction as Lutherans, which instilled in both a lifelong religious faith. Later, they attended local schools.

In 1796 Philipp Grimm died of pneumonia, causing great poverty for the large family. Dorothea was forced to relinquish the brothers' servants and large house, depending on financial support from her father and sister, who was then the first lady-in-waiting at the court of William I, Elector of Hesse. Jacob was the eldest living son, forced at age 11 to quickly assume adult responsibilities (shared with Wilhelm) for the next two years. The two brothers then followed the advice of their grandfather, who continually exhorted them to be industrious.

The brothers left Steinau and their family in 1798 to attend the Friedrichsgymnasium in Kassel, which had been arranged and paid for by their aunt. By then they were without a male provider (their grandfather died that year), forcing them to rely entirely on each other and become exceptionally close. The two brothers differed in temperament—Jacob was introspective and Wilhelm was outgoing (although he often suffered from ill health)—but they shared a strong work ethic and excelled in their studies. In Kassel they became acutely aware of their inferior social status relative to "high-born" students who received more attention. Each brother graduated at the head of his class: Jacob in 1803 and Wilhelm in 1804 (he missed a year of school due to scarlet fever).

Касел

After graduation from the Friedrichsgymnasium, the brothers attended the University of Marburg. The university was small with about 200 students, and there they became painfully aware that students of lower social status were not treated equally. They were disqualified from admission because of their social standing and had to request dispensation to study law. Wealthier students received stipends, but the brothers were excluded even from tuition aid. Their poverty kept them from student activities or university social life. However, their outsider status worked in their favor and they pursued their studies with extra vigor.

Inspired by their law professor, Friedrich von Savigny, who awakened in them an interest in history and philology, the brothers studied medieval German literature. They shared Savigny's desire to see the unification of the 200 German principalities into a single state. Through Savigny and his circle of friends—German romantics such as Clemens Brentano and Ludwig Achim von Arnim—the Grimms were introduced to the ideas of Johann Gottfried Herder, who thought that German literature should revert to simpler forms, which he defined as Volkspoesie (natural poetry)—as opposed to Kunstpoesie (artistic poetry). The brothers dedicated themselves with great enthusiasm to their studies, about which Wilhelm wrote in his autobiography, "the ardor with which we studied Old German helped us overcome the spiritual depression of those days."

Jacob was still financially responsible for his mother, brother, and younger siblings in 1805, so he accepted a post in Paris as a research assistant to von Savigny. On his return to Marburg he was forced to abandon his studies to support the family, whose poverty was so extreme that food was often scarce, and take a job with the Hessian War Commission. In a letter written to his aunt at this time, Wilhelm wrote of their circumstances: "We five people eat only three portions and only once a day".

Jacob found full-time employment in 1808 when he was appointed court librarian to the King of Westphalia and went on to become a librarian in Kassel. After their mother's death that year, he became fully responsible for his younger siblings. He arranged and paid for his brother Ludwig's studies at art school and for Wilhelm's extended visit to Halle to seek treatment for heart and respiratory ailments, following which Wilhelm joined Jacob as librarian in Kassel At Brentano's request, the brothers had begun collecting folk tales in a cursory manner in 1807. According to Jack Zipes, at this point "the Grimms were unable to devote all their energies to their research and did not have a clear idea about the significance of collecting folk tales in this initial phase."

During their employment as librarians—which paid little but afforded them ample time for research—the brothers experienced a productive period of scholarship, publishing books between 1812 and 1830. In 1812 they published their first volume of 86 folk tales, Kinder- und Hausmärchen, followed quickly by two volumes of German legends and a volume of early literary history. They went on to publish works about Danish and Irish folk tales (and also Norse mythology), while continuing to edit the German folk tale collection. These works became so widely recognized that the brothers received honorary doctorates from universities in Marburg, Berlin, and Breslau (now Wrocław).

Гетиген

Jacob Grimm lecturing (illustration by Ludwig Emil Grimm, око 1830)

On 15 May 1825 Wilhelm married Henriette Dorothea (Dortchen) Wild, a pharmacist's daughter and childhood friend who had given the brothers several tales. Jacob never married but continued to live in the household with Wilhelm and Dortchen. In 1830 both brothers were overlooked when the post of chief librarian came available, which disappointed them greatly. They moved the household to Göttingen in the Kingdom of Hanover, where they took employment at the University of Göttingen—Jacob as a professor and head librarian and Wilhelm as a professor.

During the next seven years the brothers continued to research, write, and publish. In 1835 Jacob published the well-regarded German Mythology (Deutsche Mythologie); Wilhelm continued to edit and prepare the third edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen for publication. The two brothers taught German studies at the university, becoming well-respected in the newly established discipline.

In 1837 the brothers lost their university posts after joining the rest of the Göttingen Seven in protest. The 1830s were a period of political upheaval and peasant revolt in Germany, leading to the movement for democratic reform known as Young Germany. The brothers were not directly aligned with the Young Germans, but they and five of their colleagues reacted against the demands of Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, who in 1837 dissolved the parliament of Hanover and demanded oaths of allegiance from civil servants—including professors at the University of Göttingen. For refusing to sign the oath, the seven professors were dismissed and three were deported from Hanover—including Jacob, who went to Kassel. He was later joined there by Wilhelm, Dortchen, and their four children.

Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm, око 1837

The brothers were without income and again in extreme financial difficulty in 1838, so they began what would become a lifelong project—the writing of a definitive dictionary, the German Dictionary (Deutsches Wörterbuch)—whose first volume was not published until 1854. The brothers again depended on friends and supporters for financial assistance and influence in finding employment.

Уметничка бајка

Браћа Грим су зачетници уметничке бајке као и Шарл Перо.

Везе са српском књижевношћу

Браћа Грим су знали и српски језик и део бајки су преузели са српског језика. Били су и у вези са Вуком Стефановићем Караџићем.

Бајке браће Грим

Главни чланак: Бајке браће Грим

• Снежана и седам патуљака
• Пепељуга
• Ивица и Марица
• Црвенкапа
• Храбри кројач
• Тома палчић
• Рамплстилскин или Цвилидрета
• Златна гуска
• Златокоса
• Краљ жаба
• Ивица и Марица
• Сточићу, постави се
• Братац и сестрица
• Вила Перка
• Три брата
• Трнова Ружица

Сараднички радови

• Die beiden ältesten deutschen Gedichte aus dem achten Jahrhundert: Das Lied von Hildebrand und Hadubrand und das Weißenbrunner Gebet, (The Two Oldest German Poems of the Eighth Century: The Song of Hildebrand and Hadubrand and the Wessobrunn Prayer)—ninth century heroic song, published 1812
• Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales)—seven editions, between 1812 and 1857
• Altdeutsche Wälder (Old German Forests)—three volumes between 1813 and 1816
• Der arme Heinrich von Hartmann von der Aue (Poor Heinrich by Hartmann von der Aue)—1815
• Lieder der alten Edda (Songs from the Elder Edda)—1815
• Deutsche Sagen (German Sagas)—published in two parts between 1816 and 1818
• Irische Elfenmärchen—Grimms' translation of Thomas Crofton Croker's Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland, 1826
• Deutsches Wörterbuch (German Dictionary)—32 volumes published between 1852 and 1960

Види још

• Јакоб Грим
• Вилхелм Грим
• Храбри кројач

Литература

• Alister, Ian; Hauke, Christopher, ур. (1998). Contemporary Jungian Analysis. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14166-6. 
• Bottigheimer, Ruth (1982). „Tale Spinners: Submerged Voices in Grimms' Fairy Tales”. New German Critique. 27 (27): 141—150. JSTOR 487989. doi:10.2307/487989. 
• Dégh, Linda (1979). „Grimm's Household Tales and its Place in the Household”. Western Folklore. 38 (2): 85—103. JSTOR 1498562. doi:10.2307/1498562. 
• Haase, Donald (2008). „Literary Fairy Tales”. Ур.: Donald Haase. The Greenwood encyclopedia of folktales and fairy tales. 2. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33441-2. 
• Hettinga, Donald (2001). The Brothers Grimm. New York: Clarion. ISBN 978-0-618-05599-9. 
• Jean, Lydie (2007). „Charles Perrault's Paradox: How Aristocratic Fairy Tales became Synonymous with Folklore Conservation” (PDF). Trames. 11 (61): 276—283. 
• Joosen, Vanessa (2006). The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Children's Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514656-1. 
• Michaelis-Jena, Ruth (1970). The Brothers Grimm. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-6449-3. 
• Murphy, Ronald G. (2000). The Owl, the Raven, and the Dove. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515169-5. 
• Robinson, Orrin W. (2004). „Rhymes and Reasons in the Grimms' Kinder- und Hausmärchen”. The German Quarterly. 77 (1): 47—58. 
• Tatar, Maria (2004). The Annotated Brothers Grimm. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-05848-2. 
• Tatar, Maria (1987). The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-06722-3. 
• Tatar, Maria (2010). „Why Fairy Tales Matter: The Performative and the Transformative”. Western Folklore. 69 (1): 55—64. 
• Zipes, Jack (1994). Myth as Fairy Tale. Kentucky University Press. ISBN 978-0-8131-1890-1. 
• Zipes, Jack (1988). The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World (1st изд.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-90081-2. 
• Zipes, Jack (2002). The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World (2nd изд.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-312-29380-2. 
• Zipes, Jack (1984). „The Grimm German Legends in English”. Children's Literature. 12: 162—166. doi:10.1353/chl.0.0073. 
• Zipes, Jack (2014). The Original Folk and Fairy Tales of The Brothers Grimm. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16059-7. 
• Zipes, Jack (2000). The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860115-9. 
• Carpenter, Humphrey; Prichard, Mari (1984). The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211582-0. 
• Ihms, Schmidt M. (1975). „The Brothers Grimm and their collection of 'Kinder und Hausmärchen”. Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory. 45: 41—54. 
• Pullman, Philip (2012). „Introduction”. Ур.: Pullman, Philip. Fairy Tales from the Brothers Grimm. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02497-1. 
• Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). A Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-210019-1. 
• Ellis, John M. (1983). One Fairy Story Too Many: The Brothers Grimm and their Tales. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-22-6205465. 

Спољашње везе

• Цитати везани за чланак the Brothers Grimm на Викицитату
• Радови везани за чланак the Brothers Grimm на Викизворнику
• Works by the Brothers Grimm in eBook form на сајту Standard Ebooks
• Grimms' Fairy Tales на пројекту Гутенберг Translated by Edgar Taylor and Marian Edwardes.
• Grimms' household tales на пројекту Гутенберг. Translated by Margaret Raine Hunt.
• Браћа Грим на сајту Internet Archive (језик: енглески)
• Браћа Грим на сајту LibriVox (језик: енглески)