Едмунд Халеј — разлика између измена

Едмунд Халеј
Едмунд Халеј
	Едмунд Халеј
Лични подаци
Датум рођења	29. октобар 1656.
Место рођења	Лондон, Енглеска
Датум смрти	14. јануар 1742. (85 год.)
Место смрти	Гринич, Лондон, Енглеска
Образовање	Универзитет у Оксфорду, [[St. Paul's School[[\|]]]], Краљичин колеџ
Научни рад
Поље	астрономија; геофизика; математика; метеорологија; физика; картографија
Познат по	открићу Халејеве комете

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Верзија на датум 7. август 2022. у 07:16

Едмунд Халеј^[1] (енгл. Edmond Halley,^[2]^[3] 29. октобар 1656 — 14. јануар 1742)^[4]^[5] је био енглески астроном и геофизичар. Био је директор Гриничке опсерваторије и краљевски астроном, по ком је назив добила Халејева комета.^[6] Први је утврдио да су комете уочене 1682, 1601. и 1531. године исто тело које се периодично појављује.^[7] Израдио је први каталог сјајних звезда јужног неба и прву метеоролошку карту.^[8] Као један од секретара Краљевског друштва (британска академија наука у то време) охрабривао је Исака Њутна да објави своју чувену књигу „Математички принципи филозофије природе“, и побринуо се за њено штампање, које је помогао и сопственим финансијским средствима.^[9]

Рана каријера

Halley was born in Haggerston in Middlesex. According to Halley, his birthdate was 8 November [по јулијанском 29 October] 1656..^[10] his father, Edmond Halley Sr., came from a Derbyshire family and was a wealthy soap-maker in London.^[11] As a child, Halley was very interested in mathematics. He studied at St Paul's School,^[11] where he developed his initial interest in astronomy, and was elected captain of the school in 1671.^[10] On 3 November [по јулијанском 24 October] 1672., Halley's mother, Anne Robinson, died.^[10] In July 1673,^[10] he began studying at The Queen's College, Oxford.^[11] Halley took a 24-foot-long telescope with him, apparently paid for by his father.^[12] While still an undergraduate, Halley published papers on the Solar System and sunspots.^[13] In March 1675, he wrote to John Flamsteed, the Astronomer Royal (England's first), telling him that the leading published tables on the positions of Jupiter and Saturn were erroneous, as were some of Tycho Brahe's star positions.^[14]

Каријера

Publications and inventions

In 1676, Flamsteed helped Halley publish his first paper, titled "A Direct and Geometrical Method of Finding the Aphelia, Eccentricities, and Proportions of the Primary Planets, Without Supposing Equality in Angular Motion", about planetary orbits, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.^[14] Influenced by Flamsteed's project to compile a catalogue of stars of the northern celestial hemisphere, Halley proposed to do the same for the southern sky,^[15] dropping out of school to do so. He chose the south Atlantic island of Saint Helena (west of Africa), from which he would be able to observe not only the southern stars, but also some of the northern stars with which to cross-reference them.^[16] King Charles II supported his endeavour.^[17] Halley sailed to the island in late 1676, then set up an observatory with a large sextant with telescopic sights.^[18] Over a year, he made observations with which he would produce the first catalogue of the southern sky,^[19] and observed a transit of Mercury across the Sun. Focusing on this latter observation, Halley realised that observing the solar parallax of a planet—more ideally using the transit of Venus, which would not occur within his lifetime—could be used to trigonometrically determine the distances between Earth, Venus, and the Sun.^[20]^[а]

Halley returned to England in May 1678, and used his data to produce a map of the southern stars.^[22] Oxford would not allow Halley to return because he had violated his residency requirements when he left for Saint Helena. He appealed to Charles II, who signed a letter requesting that Halley be unconditionally awarded his Master of Arts degree, which the college granted on 3 December 1678.^[23] Just a few days before,^[24] Halley had been elected as a fellow of the Royal Society, at the age of 22.^[25] In 1679, he published Catalogus Stellarum Australium ('A catalogue of the stars of the South'), which includes his map and descriptions of 341 stars.^[22]^[26]^[б] Robert Hooke presented the catalogue to the Royal Society.^[19] In mid-1679, Halley went to Danzig (Gdańsk) on behalf of the Society to help resolve a dispute: because astronomer Johannes Hevelius' observing instruments were not equipped with telescopic sights, Flamsteed and Hooke had questioned the accuracy of his observations; Halley stayed with Hevelius and checked his observations, finding that they were quite precise.^[27]

By 1681, Giovanni Domenico Cassini had told Halley of his theory that comets were objects in orbit.^[28] In September 1682, Halley carried out a series of observations of what became known as Halley's Comet; his name became associated with it because of his work on its orbit and predicting its return in 1758^[29] (which he did not live to see). In early 1686, Halley was elected to the Royal Society's new position of secretary, requiring him to give up his fellowship and manage correspondence and meetings, as well as edit the Philosophical Transactions.^[30]^[в] Also in 1686, Halley published the second part of the results from his Helenian expedition, being a paper and chart on trade winds and monsoons. The symbols he used to represent trailing winds still exist in most modern day weather chart representations. In this article he identified solar heating as the cause of atmospheric motions. He also established the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level. His charts were an important contribution to the emerging field of information visualisation.^[31]

Напомене

^ He wrote as late as 1716 in hopes of a future expedition to make these observations.^[21]
^ This contribution caused Flamsteed to nickname Halley "the southern Tycho".^[26] Tycho had catalogued the stars observed by Johannes Hevelius.^[27]
^ For his payment, he was given 75 unsold copies of the Society's unsuccessful book The History of Fish, which it had depleted its funds on.^[30]

Референце

^ Hughes, David W.; Green, Daniel W. E. (јануар 2007). „Halley's First Name: Edmond or Edmund” (PDF). International Comet Quarterly. Harvard University. 29: 14. Bibcode:2007ICQ....29....7H. „Might we suggest... simply recogniz[ing] both forms, noting that—in the days when Halley lived—there was no rigid 'correct' spelling, and that this particular astronomer seemed to prefer the 'u' over the 'o' in his published works.”
^ Jones, Daniel; Gimson, Alfred C. (1977) [1917]. Everyman's English Pronunciation Dictionary. Everyman's Reference Library (14 изд.). London: J. M. Dent & Sons. ISBN 0-460-03029-9.
^ Kenyon, John S.; Knott, Thomas A. (1953). A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc. ISBN 0-87779-047-7.
^ The source of the dates of birth and death is a biography of Edmond Halley written shortly after his death: Biographia Britannica, vol. 4, 1757, pp. 2494–2520. On his tombstone at Lee near Greenwich his year of birth and his year of death were inscribed as follows: Natus est A.C. MDCLVI. Mortuus est A.C. MDCCXLI. Before 1752 the Julian calendar was used in England. Also, the year began on March 25th.
^ „Halley, Edmond”. astro.uni-bonn.de.
^ „Edmond Halley - Biography”. Maths History (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-01-16.
^ „Edmond Halley | British scientist | Britannica”. www.britannica.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-01-16.
^ published, Tim Sharp (2018-12-11). „Edmond Halley: An Extraordinary Scientist and the Second Astronomer Royal”. Space.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-01-16.
^ „Edmund Halley - Biography, Facts and Pictures” (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-01-16.
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 40.
^ ^а ^б ^в Clerke, Agnes Mary (1911). „Halley, Edmund”. Ур.: Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески). 12 (11 изд.). Cambridge University Press. стр. 856.
^ Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 40–41.
^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004). „Edmond Halley”. Westminster Abbey. Приступљено 3. 5. 2015.
^ ^а ^б Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 41.
^ BBC. „Edmond Halley (1656–1742)”. Приступљено 28. 3. 2017.
^ Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 42.
^ Cook, Alan (2003). „Edmond Halley and Visual Representation in Natural Philosophy”. Ур.: Lefèvre, Wolfgang; Renn, Jürgen; Schoepflin, Urs. The Power of Images in Early Modern Science (на језику: енглески). Basel: Birkhäuser. стр. 251—262. ISBN 978-3-0348-8099-2. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8099-2_13.
^ Ridpath, Ian. „Edmond Halley's southern star catalogue”. Star Tales. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 10. 2021. г. Приступљено 22. 2. 2022.
^ ^а ^б Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 44.
^ Jeremiah Horrocks, William Crabtree, and the Lancashire observations of the transit of Venus of 1639, Allan Chapman 2004 Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S1743921305001225
^ Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 60.
^ ^а ^б Kanas, Nick (2012). Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography (2nd изд.). Chickester, U.K.: Springer. стр. 123. ISBN 978-1-4614-0917-5.
^ Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 45.
^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (јануар 2000). „Edmond Halley - Biography”. Maths History (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 10. 8. 2020. г. Приступљено 2021-06-28.
^ Sharp, Tim (11. 12. 2018). „Edmond Halley: An Extraordinary Scientist and the Second Astronomer Royal”. Space.com (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 14. 2. 2014. г. Приступљено 2021-06-28.
^ ^а ^б Hughes 1985, стр. 202.
^ ^а ^б Jones, Harold Spencer (1957). „Halley as an Astronomer”. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 12 (2): 175—192. ISSN 0035-9149. JSTOR 530833. S2CID 202574705. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1957.0008.
^ Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 48.
^ Lancaster-Brown, Peter (1985). Halley & His Comet. Blandford Press. стр. 76—78. ISBN 0-7137-1447-6.
^ ^а ^б Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 56.
^ Halley E. (1686), "An Historical Account of the Trade Winds, and Monsoons, Observable in the Seas between and Near the Tropicks, with an Attempt to Assign the Phisical Cause of the Said Winds", Philosophical Transactions, 16:153–168 doi:10.1098/rstl.1686.0026

Литература

Hughes, David W. (август 1985). „Edmond Halley, Scientist” (PDF). Journal of the British Astronomical Association. London, UK: British Astronomical Association. 95 (5): 193. Bibcode:1985JBAA...95..193H.
Sagan, Carl; Druyan, Ann (1997). Comet. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-3078-0105-0.
Armitage, Angus (1966). Edmond Halley. London: Nelson.
Coley, Noel (1986). „Halley and Post-Restoration Science”. History Today. 36 (September): 10—16.
Cook, Alan H. (1998). Edmond Halley: Charting the Heavens and the Seas. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Bibcode:1998ehch.book.....C.
Ronan, Colin A. (1969). Edmond Halley, Genius in Eclipse. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company.
Seyour, Ian (1996). „Edmond Halley – explorer”. History Today. 46 (June): 39—44.
Sarah Irving (2008). „Natural science and the origins of the British empire (London,1704), 92–93”. A Collection of Voyages and Travels. 3 (June): 92—93.

Спољашње везе

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. „Едмунд Халеј”. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews.
Edmond Halley Biography (SEDS)
A Halley Odyssey
The National Portrait Gallery (London) has several portraits of Halley: Search the collection Архивирано 19 децембар 2006 на сајту Wayback Machine
Halley, Edmond, An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind (1693)
Halley, Edmond, Some Considerations about the Cause of the Universal Deluge (1694)
A synopsis of the astronomy of comets By Edmund Halley, Savilian Professor of Geometry, at Oxford; And Fellow of the Royal Society. Translated from the Original, printed at Oxford. Oxford: John Senex. 1705 — преко Internet Archive.
- Halley, Edmund, A Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets (1715) annexed on pages 881 to 905 of volume 2 of The Elements of Astronomy by David Gregory
Material on Halley's life table for Breslau on the Life & Work of Statisticians site: Halley, Edmond
Halley, Edmund, Considerations on the Changes of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixed Stars (1718) – Reprinted in R. G. Aitken, Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions (1942)
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. „Едмунд Халеј”. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews.
Online catalogue of Halley's working papers (part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives held at Cambridge University Library)
Halley, Edmond (1724) "Some considerations about the cause of the universal deluge, laid before the Royal Society, on the 12th of December 1694" and "Some farther thoughts upon the same subject, delivered on the 19th of the same month" Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World. Vol. 33 p. 118–125. – digital facsimile from Linda Hall Library

[22] He wrote as late as 1716 in hopes of a future expedition to make these observations.^[21]

[29] This contribution caused Flamsteed to nickname Halley "the southern Tycho".^[26] Tycho had catalogued the stars observed by Johannes Hevelius.^[27]

[33] For his payment, he was given 75 unsold copies of the Society's unsuccessful book The History of Fish, which it had depleted its funds on.^[30]

[ICQ-1] Hughes, David W.; Green, Daniel W. E. (јануар 2007). „Halley's First Name: Edmond or Edmund” (PDF). International Comet Quarterly. Harvard University. 29: 14. Bibcode:2007ICQ....29....7H. „Might we suggest... simply recogniz[ing] both forms, noting that—in the days when Halley lived—there was no rigid 'correct' spelling, and that this particular astronomer seemed to prefer the 'u' over the 'o' in his published works.”

[jones-2] Jones, Daniel; Gimson, Alfred C. (1977) [1917]. Everyman's English Pronunciation Dictionary. Everyman's Reference Library (14 изд.). London: J. M. Dent & Sons. ISBN 0-460-03029-9.

[kenyon-3] Kenyon, John S.; Knott, Thomas A. (1953). A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc. ISBN 0-87779-047-7.

[4] The source of the dates of birth and death is a biography of Edmond Halley written shortly after his death: Biographia Britannica, vol. 4, 1757, pp. 2494–2520. On his tombstone at Lee near Greenwich his year of birth and his year of death were inscribed as follows: Natus est A.C. MDCLVI. Mortuus est A.C. MDCCXLI. Before 1752 the Julian calendar was used in England. Also, the year began on March 25th.

[5] „Halley, Edmond”. astro.uni-bonn.de.

[6] „Edmond Halley - Biography”. Maths History (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-01-16.

[7] „Edmond Halley | British scientist | Britannica”. www.britannica.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-01-16.

[8] ublished, Tim Sharp (2018-12-11). „Edmond Halley: An Extraordinary Scientist and the Second Astronomer Royal”. Space.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-01-16.

[9] „Edmund Halley - Biography, Facts and Pictures” (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-01-16.

[FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740-10] а ^б ^в ^г Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 40.

[EB1911-11] а ^б ^в Clerke, Agnes Mary (1911). „Halley, Edmund”. Ур.: Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески). 12 (11 изд.). Cambridge University Press. стр. 856.

[FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199740–41-12] Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 40–41.

[WA-OD-13] Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004). „Edmond Halley”. Westminster Abbey. Приступљено 3. 5. 2015.

[FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199741-14] а ^б Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 41.

[bbc-15] BBC. „Edmond Halley (1656–1742)”. Приступљено 28. 3. 2017.

[FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199742-16] Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 42.

[17] Cook, Alan (2003). „Edmond Halley and Visual Representation in Natural Philosophy”. Ур.: Lefèvre, Wolfgang; Renn, Jürgen; Schoepflin, Urs. The Power of Images in Early Modern Science (на језику: енглески). Basel: Birkhäuser. стр. 251—262. ISBN 978-3-0348-8099-2. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8099-2_13.

[Ridpath-18] Ridpath, Ian. „Edmond Halley's southern star catalogue”. Star Tales. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 10. 2021. г. Приступљено 22. 2. 2022.

[FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199744-19] а ^б Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 44.

[Horrocks-20] Jeremiah Horrocks, William Crabtree, and the Lancashire observations of the transit of Venus of 1639, Allan Chapman 2004 Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S1743921305001225

[FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199760-21] Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 60.

[:0-23] а ^б Kanas, Nick (2012). Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography (2nd изд.). Chickester, U.K.: Springer. стр. 123. ISBN 978-1-4614-0917-5.

[FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199745-24] Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 45.

[25] O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (јануар 2000). „Edmond Halley - Biography”. Maths History (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 10. 8. 2020. г. Приступљено 2021-06-28.

[26] Sharp, Tim (11. 12. 2018). „Edmond Halley: An Extraordinary Scientist and the Second Astronomer Royal”. Space.com (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 14. 2. 2014. г. Приступљено 2021-06-28.

[FOOTNOTEHughes1985202-27] а ^б Hughes 1985, стр. 202.

[Jones-28] а ^б Jones, Harold Spencer (1957). „Halley as an Astronomer”. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 12 (2): 175—192. ISSN 0035-9149. JSTOR 530833. S2CID 202574705. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1957.0008.

[FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199748-30] Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 48.

[31] Lancaster-Brown, Peter (1985). Halley & His Comet. Blandford Press. стр. 76—78. ISBN 0-7137-1447-6.

[FOOTNOTESaganDruyan199756-32] а ^б Sagan & Druyan 1997, стр. 56.

[34] Halley E. (1686), "An Historical Account of the Trade Winds, and Monsoons, Observable in the Seas between and Near the Tropicks, with an Attempt to Assign the Phisical Cause of the Said Winds", Philosophical Transactions, 16:153–168 doi:10.1098/rstl.1686.0026

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{short description|Енглески астроном, геофизичар, математичар, метеоролог и физичар }}
 {{Научник
 |име           = Едмунд Халеј
@@ Ред 4: / Ред 5: @@
 |ширина_слике  = 200п
 |опис_слике    = Едмунд Халеј
-| датум_рођења = {{датум рођења|1656|10|29}}
+|датум_рођења  = {{датум рођења|1656|10|29}}
-| место_рођења = [[Лондон]]
+|место_рођења  = [[Лондон]]
-| држава_рођења = [[Енглеска]]
+|држава_рођења = [[Енглеска]]
-| датум_смрти = {{Датум смрти|1742|1|14|1656|10|29}}
+|датум_смрти   = {{Датум смрти|1742|1|14|1656|10|29}}
-| место_смрти = [[Гринич]], [[Лондон]]
+|место_смрти   = [[Гринич]], [[Лондон]]
-| држава_смрти = [[Енглеска]]
+|држава_смрти  = [[Енглеска]]
 |поље          = [[астрономија]]<br />[[геофизика]]<br />[[математика]]<br />[[метеорологија]]<br />[[физика]]<br />[[картографија]]
 |институција   =
-| школа = [[Универзитет у Оксфорду]], [[St. Paul's School]], [[The Queen's College]]
+|школа         = [[Универзитет у Оксфорду]], [[St. Paul's School[[|]]]], [[The Queen's College|Краљичин колеџ]]
 |студенти      =
 |познат_по     = открићу [[Халејева комета|Халејеве комете]]
@@ Ред 18: / Ред 19: @@
 |напомене      =
 }}
-'''Едмунд Халеј''' ({{јез-ен|Edmond Halley}}, [[29. октобар]] [[1656]] — [[14. јануар]] [[1742]]) је био [[Енглеска|енглески]] [[астрономија|астроном]] и [[геофизика|геофизичар]]. Био је директор [[Гриничка опсерваторија|Гриничке опсерваторије]] и краљевски астроном, по ком је назив добила [[Халејева комета]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Halley/|title=Edmond Halley - Biography|website=Maths History|language=en|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref> Први је утврдио да су [[комета|комете]] уочене [[1682]], [[1601]]. и [[1531]]. године исто тело које се периодично појављује.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edmond-Halley|title=Edmond Halley {{!}} British scientist {{!}} Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref> Израдио је први каталог сјајних [[звезда]] [[јужно небо|јужног неба]] и прву [[метеорологија|метеоролошку]] карту.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/24682-edmond-halley-biography.html|title=Edmond Halley: An Extraordinary Scientist and the Second Astronomer Royal|last=published|first=Tim Sharp|date=2018-12-11|website=Space.com|language=en|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref> Као један од секретара Краљевског друштва (британска академија наука у то време) охрабривао је [[Исак Њутн|Исака Њутна]] да објави своју чувену књигу „Математички принципи филозофије природе“, и побринуо се за њено штампање, које је помогао и сопственим финансијским средствима.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.famousscientists.org/edmund-halley/|title=Edmund Halley - Biography, Facts and Pictures|language=en-US|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref>
+'''Едмунд Халеј'''<ref name="ICQ">{{cite journal|last1=Hughes|first1=David W.|last2=Green|first2=Daniel W. E.|date=January 2007|title=Halley's First Name: Edmond or Edmund|url=http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/hughes_icq29_7t14.pdf|journal=International Comet Quarterly|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|volume=29|page=14|bibcode=2007ICQ....29....7H|quote=Might we suggest... simply recogniz[ing] both forms, noting that—in the days when Halley lived—there was no rigid [[English-language spelling reform#History|'correct' spelling]], and that this particular astronomer seemed to prefer the 'u' over the 'o' in his published works.}}</ref> ({{јез-ен|Edmond Halley}},<ref name=jones>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Daniel |author-link1=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |last2=Gimson |first2=Alfred C. |author-link2=Alfred C. Gimson |title=Everyman's English Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=14 |series=Everyman's Reference Library |year=1977 |orig-year=1917 |publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons |location=London |isbn=0-460-03029-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/everymansenglis000jone }}</ref><ref name=kenyon>{{cite book |last1=Kenyon |first1=John S. |author-link1=John Samuel Kenyon |last2=Knott |first2=Thomas A. |author-link2=Thomas Albert Knott |title=A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English |year=1953 |publisher=Merriam-Webster Inc. |location=Springfield, MA |isbn=0-87779-047-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/pronouncingdicti00keny }}</ref> [[29. октобар]] [[1656]] — [[14. јануар]] [[1742]])<ref>The source of the dates of birth and death is a biography of Edmond Halley written shortly after his death: Biographia Britannica, vol. 4, 1757, pp. 2494–2520. On his tombstone at Lee near Greenwich his year of birth and his year of death were inscribed as follows: Natus est A.C. MDCLVI. Mortuus est A.C. MDCCXLI. Before 1752 the Julian calendar was used in England. Also, the year began on March 25th.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_halley.html|title=Halley, Edmond|website=astro.uni-bonn.de}}</ref> је био [[Енглеска|енглески]] [[астрономија|астроном]] и [[геофизика|геофизичар]]. Био је директор [[Гриничка опсерваторија|Гриничке опсерваторије]] и краљевски астроном, по ком је назив добила [[Халејева комета]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Halley/|title=Edmond Halley - Biography|website=Maths History|language=en|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref> Први је утврдио да су [[комета|комете]] уочене [[1682]], [[1601]]. и [[1531]]. године исто тело које се периодично појављује.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edmond-Halley|title=Edmond Halley {{!}} British scientist {{!}} Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref> Израдио је први каталог сјајних [[звезда]] [[јужно небо|јужног неба]] и прву [[метеорологија|метеоролошку]] карту.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/24682-edmond-halley-biography.html|title=Edmond Halley: An Extraordinary Scientist and the Second Astronomer Royal|last=published|first=Tim Sharp|date=2018-12-11|website=Space.com|language=en|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref> Као један од секретара Краљевског друштва (британска академија наука у то време) охрабривао је [[Исак Њутн|Исака Њутна]] да објави своју чувену књигу „Математички принципи филозофије природе“, и побринуо се за њено штампање, које је помогао и сопственим финансијским средствима.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.famousscientists.org/edmund-halley/|title=Edmund Halley - Biography, Facts and Pictures|language=en-US|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref>
+== Рана каријера ==
+{{рут}}
+Halley was born in [[Haggerston]] in [[Middlesex]]. According to Halley, his birthdate was {{OldStyleDate|8 November|1656|29 October}}.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=40}} his father, Edmond Halley Sr., came from a [[Derbyshire]] family and was a wealthy soap-maker in London.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Halley, Edmund |volume=12 |page=856 |first=Agnes Mary |last=Clerke |author-link=Agnes Mary Clerke}}</ref> As a child, Halley was very interested in mathematics. He studied at [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]],<ref name=EB1911/> where he developed his initial interest in astronomy, and was elected captain of the school in 1671.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=40}} On {{OldStyleDate|3 November|1672|24 October}}, Halley's mother, Anne Robinson, died.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=40}} In July 1673,{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=40}} he began studying at [[The Queen's College, Oxford]].<ref name=EB1911/> Halley took a 24-foot-long telescope with him, apparently paid for by his father.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|pp=40–41}} While still an undergraduate, Halley published papers on the [[Solar System]] and [[sunspots]].<ref name=WA-OD /> In March 1675, he wrote to [[John Flamsteed]], the [[Astronomer Royal]] (England's first), telling him that the leading published tables on the positions of [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]] were erroneous, as were some of [[Tycho Brahe]]'s star positions.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=41}}
+== Каријера ==
+===Publications and inventions===
+[[File:Halley's Observatory 2020 cropped.jpg|thumb|left|Site of Halley's Observatory in Saint Helena]]
+In 1676, Flamsteed helped Halley publish his first paper, titled "A Direct and Geometrical Method of Finding the Aphelia, Eccentricities, and Proportions of the Primary Planets, Without Supposing Equality in Angular Motion", about planetary [[orbit]]s, in ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]''.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=41}} Influenced by Flamsteed's project to compile a catalogue of stars of the [[northern celestial hemisphere]], Halley proposed to do the same for the [[southern sky]],<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|author=BBC|title=Edmond Halley (1656–1742)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/halley_edmond.shtml|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> dropping out of school to do so. He chose the south Atlantic island of [[Saint Helena]] (west of Africa), from which he would be able to observe not only the southern stars, but also some of the northern stars with which to cross-reference them.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=42}} King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] supported his endeavour.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cook|first=Alan|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8099-2_13|chapter=Edmond Halley and Visual Representation in Natural Philosophy|title=The Power of Images in Early Modern Science|publisher=Birkhäuser|year=2003|isbn=978-3-0348-8099-2|editor-last=Lefèvre|editor-first=Wolfgang|place=Basel|pages=251–262|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-0348-8099-2_13|author-link=Alan Cook|editor2-last=Renn|editor2-first=Jürgen|editor3-last=Schoepflin|editor3-first=Urs}}</ref> Halley sailed to the island in late 1676, then set up an observatory with a large [[sextant]] with telescopic sights.<ref name="Ridpath">{{cite web|author=Ridpath|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Ridpath|title=Edmond Halley's southern star catalogue|url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/halley.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 February 2022|website=Star Tales|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026155017/http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/halley.html |archive-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> Over a year, he made observations with which he would produce the first catalogue of the southern sky,{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=44}} and observed a [[transit of Mercury]] across the Sun. Focusing on this latter observation, Halley realised that observing the [[solar parallax]] of a planet—more ideally using the [[transit of Venus]], which would not occur within his lifetime—could be used to [[Trigonometry|trigonometrically]] determine the distances between Earth, Venus, and the Sun.<ref name="Horrocks">Jeremiah Horrocks, William Crabtree, and the Lancashire observations of the transit of Venus of 1639, Allan Chapman 2004 Cambridge University Press {{doi|10.1017/S1743921305001225}}</ref>{{Efn|He wrote as late as 1716 in hopes of a future expedition to make these observations.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=60}}}}
+Halley returned to England in May 1678, and used his data to produce a [[Star chart|map]] of the southern stars.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Kanas|first=Nick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bae3LP4tfP4C&pg=PA123|title=Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography|publisher=Springer|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4614-0917-5|edition=2nd|location=Chickester, U.K.|page=123}}</ref> Oxford would not allow Halley to return because he had violated his residency requirements when he left for Saint Helena. He appealed to Charles II, who signed a letter requesting that Halley be unconditionally awarded his [[Master of Arts]] degree, which the college granted on 3 December 1678.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=45}} Just a few days before,<ref>{{cite web|last1=O'Connor|first1=J. J.|last2=Robertson|first2=E. F.|date=January 2000|title=Edmond Halley - Biography|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Halley/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Maths History|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810080811/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Halley/ |archive-date=10 August 2020 }}</ref> Halley had been elected as a [[fellow of the Royal Society]], at the age of 22.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharp|first=Tim|date=11 December 2018|title=Edmond Halley: An Extraordinary Scientist and the Second Astronomer Royal|url=https://www.space.com/24682-edmond-halley-biography.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Space.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214093053/http://www.space.com/24682-edmond-halley-biography.html |archive-date=14 February 2014 }}</ref> In 1679, he published ''Catalogus Stellarum Australium'' ('A catalogue of the stars of the South'), which includes his map and descriptions of 341 stars.<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Hughes|1985|p=202}}{{efn|This contribution caused Flamsteed to nickname Halley "the southern Tycho".{{sfn|Hughes|1985|p=202}} Tycho had catalogued the stars observed by [[Johannes Hevelius]].<ref name=Jones/>}} [[Robert Hooke]] presented the catalogue to the Royal Society.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=44}} In mid-1679, Halley went to Danzig ([[Gdańsk]]) on behalf of the Society to help resolve a dispute: because astronomer [[Johannes Hevelius]]' observing instruments were not equipped with [[telescopic sight]]s, Flamsteed and Hooke had questioned the accuracy of his observations; Halley stayed with Hevelius and checked his observations, finding that they were quite precise.<ref name=Jones>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Harold Spencer|author-link=Harold Spencer Jones|date=1957|title=Halley as an Astronomer|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/530833|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=12|issue=2|pages=175–192|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1957.0008|jstor=530833|s2cid=202574705|issn=0035-9149}}</ref>
+By 1681, [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] had told Halley of his theory that comets were objects in orbit.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=48}} In September 1682, Halley carried out a series of observations of what became known as [[Halley's Comet]]; his name became associated with it because of his work on its orbit and predicting its return in 1758<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lancaster-Brown|first=Peter|url=https://archive.org/details/halleyhiscomet00pete/page/76|title=Halley & His Comet|publisher=Blandford Press|year=1985|isbn=0-7137-1447-6|pages=76–78}}</ref> (which he did not live to see). In early 1686, Halley was elected to the Royal Society's new position of secretary, requiring him to give up his fellowship and manage correspondence and meetings, as well as edit the ''Philosophical Transactions''.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=56}}{{Efn|For his payment, he was given 75 unsold copies of the Society's unsuccessful book ''[[The History of Fish]]'', which it had depleted its funds on.{{sfn|Sagan|Druyan|1997|p=56}}}} Also in 1686, Halley published the second part of the results from his Helenian expedition, being a paper and chart on [[trade wind]]s and [[monsoon]]s. The symbols he used to represent trailing winds still exist in most modern day weather chart representations. In this article he identified solar heating as the cause of [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmospheric]] motions. He also established the relationship between [[barometer|barometric pressure]] and height above sea level. His charts were an important contribution to the emerging field of [[information visualisation]].<ref>Halley E. (1686), "An Historical Account of the Trade Winds, and Monsoons, Observable in the Seas between and Near the {{sic|Tropi|cks|hide=yes}}, with an Attempt to Assign the {{sic|Phis|ical|hide=yes}} Cause of the Said Winds", ''Philosophical Transactions'', '''16''':153–168 {{doi|10.1098/rstl.1686.0026}}</ref>
+== Напомене ==
+{{Notelist}}
 == Референце ==
-{{извори}}
+{{извори|refs=
+<ref name=WA-OD>{{cite web|author1=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|title=Edmond Halley|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/edmond-halley|publisher=Westminster Abbey|access-date=3 May 2015|date=2004}}</ref>
+}}
+== Литература ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* {{cite journal | last =Hughes | first =David W. | author-link = David Hughes (astronomer) | title =Edmond Halley, Scientist | journal =Journal of the British Astronomical Association | volume =95 | issue =5 | page =193 | publisher =British Astronomical Association | location =London, UK | date =August 1985 | url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1985JBAA...95..193H&amp;data_type=PDF_HIGH&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;type=PRINTER&amp;filetype=.pdf|bibcode = 1985JBAA...95..193H }}
+* {{cite book|last1=Sagan|first1=Carl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhkoowKFaTsC|title=Comet|last2=Druyan|first2=Ann|publisher=Random House|year=1997|isbn=978-0-3078-0105-0|location=New York|author-link1=Carl Sagan|author-link2=Ann Druyan }}
+* {{cite book | author = Armitage, Angus | title = Edmond Halley | year = 1966 | publisher = Nelson | location = London}}
+* {{cite journal | author = Coley, Noel | title = Halley and Post-Restoration Science | journal = [[History Today]] | year = 1986 | volume = 36 | issue = September | pages = 10–16 | url = http://www.historytoday.com/noel-coley/halley-and-post-restoration-science}}
+* {{cite book | author = Cook, Alan H. | title = Edmond Halley: Charting the Heavens and the Seas | year = 1998 | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford| bibcode = 1998ehch.book.....C }}
+* {{cite book | author = Ronan, Colin A. | title = Edmond Halley, Genius in Eclipse | year = 1969 | publisher = Doubleday and Company | location = Garden City, New York}}
+* {{cite journal | author = Seyour, Ian | title = Edmond Halley – explorer | journal = [[History Today]] | year = 1996 | issue = June | volume = 46 |pages = 39–44 | url = https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000361197 }}
+* {{cite journal | author = Sarah Irving | title = Natural science and the origins of the British empire (London,1704), 92–93| journal = A Collection of Voyages and Travels | year = 2008 | issue = June | volume = 3 |pages = 92–93}}
+{{refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
+{{Commons category|Edmond Halley}}
-{{портал|Биографија|Астрономија}}
-{{commonscat|Edmond Halley}}
 * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Halley}}
+* [http://messier.seds.org/xtra/Bios/halley.html Edmond Halley Biography (SEDS)]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040830092717/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/6745/OdysseyI.htm A Halley Odyssey]
-{{клица-научник}}
+* The National Portrait Gallery (London) has several portraits of Halley: [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/ Search the collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219023458/http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/ |date=19 December 2006 }}
+* Halley, Edmond, [http://www.pierre-marteau.com/editions/1693-mortality.html An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind (1693)]
+* Halley, Edmond, [http://www.jasoncolavito.com/halley-on-noahs-comet.html Some Considerations about the Cause of the Universal Deluge (1694)]
+* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/synopsisofastron00hall/page/n3/mode/2up|title=A synopsis of the astronomy of comets By Edmund Halley, Savilian Professor of Geometry, at Oxford; And Fellow of the Royal Society. Translated from the Original, printed at Oxford|publisher=John Senex|year=1705|place=Oxford|via=Internet Archive}}
+** Halley, Edmund, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GPR3vEzN694C ''A Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets'' (1715)] annexed on pages 881 to 905 of volume 2 of ''The Elements of Astronomy'' by David Gregory
+* Material on Halley's life table for Breslau on the Life & Work of Statisticians site: [http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/lifework.htm#h Halley, Edmond]
+* Halley, Edmund, [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1942ASPL....4..103A Considerations on the Changes of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixed Stars (1718)] – Reprinted in R. G. Aitken, ''Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions'' (1942)
+* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Halley}}
+* [http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0180%2FRGO%202 Online catalogue of Halley's working papers (part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives held at Cambridge University Library)]
+* Halley, Edmond (1724) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/2435 "Some considerations about the cause of the universal deluge, laid before the Royal Society, on the 12th of December 1694"] and [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/2439 "Some farther thoughts upon the same subject, delivered on the 19th of the same month"] ''Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World. Vol. 33'' p.&nbsp;118–125. – digital facsimile from [[Linda Hall Library]]
 {{нормативна контрола}}
+{{портал бар|Биографија|Астрономија}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Халеј, Едмунд}}

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