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{{Speciesbox-lat
{{Speciesbox-lat
| image = Wildschwein, Nähe Pulverstampftor (cropped).jpg
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| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn" /><ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Keuling, O. |author2=Leus, K. |date=2019 |title=''Sus scrofa'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T41775A44141833 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41775A44141833.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn" />
| taxon = Sus scrofa
| taxon = Sus scrofa
| authority = [[Karl fon Line|Linnaeus]], [[10. izdanje Systema Naturae|1758]].
| authority = [[Karl fon Line|Linnaeus]], [[10. izdanje Systema Naturae|1758]].
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'''Divlja svinja'''<ref name=heptner1988>{{cite book |last1=Heptner |first1=V. G. |last2=Nasimovich |first2=A. A. |last3=Bannikov |first3=A. G. |last4=Hoffman |first4=R. S. |year=1988 |url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsovietu11988gept#page/18/mode/2up |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola. |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union |volume=I |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution Libraries]] and [[National Science Foundation]] |pages=19–82}}</ref> ({{јез-лат-лат|Sus scrofa}}), takođe poznata i kao '''obična divlja svinja''',<ref name="oliver1993">{{cite book |last=Oliver |first=W. L. R. |display-authors=etal |year=1993 |chapter=The Common Wild Pig (''Sus scrofa'') |editor-last=Oliver |editor-first=W. L. R. |title=Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos – 1993 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |pages=112–121 |publisher=[[IUCN]] / SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group |isbn=2-8317-0141-4}}</ref> '''evroazijska divlja svinja''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Explore the Database|url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#species-id=1006377|access-date=2021-08-21|website=mammaldiversity.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/boar-mammal|title=Boar – mammal|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> je vrsta iz roda [[svinja]] (''-{Sus}-''). Divlje svinje su bliski rođaci [[Domaća svinja|domaćih svinja]] (''-{Sus scrofa domestica}-''), a žive u [[čopor]]ima, uglavnom oko vlažnih [[šuma]]. To je krupna [[divljač]] koja je često plen lovaca zbog svoje brojnosti. Za tu brojnost je zaslužan veliki broj mladih u leglu i nedostatak prirodnih neprijatelja.Iako po prirodi nisu agresivne, divlje svinje mogu biti opasne jer imaju velike kljove i jako su brze.<ref name="britanika"/> The species is now one of the widest-ranging mammals in the world, as well as the most widespread [[Suina|suiform]].<ref name="oliver1993" /> It has been assessed as [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] due to its wide range, high numbers, and adaptability to a diversity of habitats.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021" /> It has become an [[invasive species]] in part of its introduced range. Wild boars probably originated in [[Southeast Asia]] during the [[Early Pleistocene]]<ref name=chen2007 /> and outcompeted other suid species as they spread throughout the [[Old World]].<ref name=kurten1968 />


As of 1990, up to 16 [[subspecies]] are recognized, which are divided into four regional groupings based on skull height and [[lacrimal bone]] length.<ref name=msw3 /> The species lives in matriarchal societies consisting of interrelated females and their young (both male and female). Fully grown males are usually solitary outside the [[breeding season]].<ref name="marsan75">{{Harvnb|Marsan|Mattioli|2013|pp=75–76}}</ref> The [[wolf]] is the wild boar's main predator in most of its natural range except in the [[Far East]] and the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], where it is replaced by the [[tiger]] and [[Komodo dragon]] respectively.<ref name="baskin2003">{{cite book |last1=Baskin |first1=L. |last2=Danell |first2=K. |year=2003 |title=Ecology of Ungulates: A Handbook of Species in North, Central, and South America, Eastern Europe and Northern and Central Asia |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |pages=15–38 |isbn=3-540-43804-1}}</ref><ref name="auffenberg1981">{{cite book |last=Affenberg |first=W. |year=1981 |title=The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor |publisher=[[University Press of Florida]] |page=248 |isbn=0-8130-0621-X}}</ref> The wild boar has a long history of association with [[human]]s, having been the ancestor of most [[domestic pig]] breeds and a [[Big-game hunting|big-game animal]] for millennia. Boars have also re-[[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] in recent decades with [[feral pigs]]; these [[boar–pig hybrid]]s have become a serious pest wild animal in the [[Americas]] and [[Australia]].
'''Divlja svinja''' ({{јез-лат-лат|Sus scrofa}}), takođe poznata i kao '''evroazijska divlja svinja''', je vrsta iz roda [[svinja]] (''-{Sus}-''). Divlje svinje su bliski rođaci [[Domaća svinja|domaćih svinja]] (''-{Sus scrofa domestica}-''), a žive u [[čopor]]ima, uglavnom oko vlažnih [[šuma]]. To je krupna [[divljač]] koja je često plen lovaca zbog svoje brojnosti. Za tu brojnost je zaslužan veliki broj mladih u leglu i nedostatak prirodnih neprijatelja.


== Terminologija ==
Iako po prirodi nisu agresivne, divlje svinje mogu biti opasne jer imaju velike kljove i jako su brze.<ref name="britanika"/>

As true wild boars became extinct in [[Great Britain]] before the development of [[Modern English]], the same terms are often used for both true wild boar and pigs, especially large or semi-wild ones. The [[English language|English]] ''boar'' stems from the [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|bar}}, which is thought to be derived from the [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] ''bairaz'', of unknown origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=boar |title= Online Etymological Dictionary|access-date=2014-10-08}}</ref> Boar is sometimes used specifically to refer to males, and may also be used to refer to male domesticated pigs, especially breeding males that have not been castrated.

''Sow'', the traditional name for a female, again comes from Old English and Germanic; it stems from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]], and is related to the {{lang-lat|sus}} and Greek ''hus'', and more closely to the [[New High German]] {{lang|de|Sau}}. The young may be called ''piglets'' or ''boarlets''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Magnier|first=Eileen|date=2020-05-07|title=Wild boarlets born in Donegal believed to be first in 800 years|work=[[RTE]]|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/ulster/2020/0505/1136581-boarlets-donegal/|access-date=2021-05-13}}</ref>

The animals' specific name ''scrofa'' is [[Latin]] for 'sow'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latin-dictionary.net/definition/34362/scrofa-scrofae |title= Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources|access-date=2014-10-08}}</ref>

=== Hunting ===
In hunting terminology, boars are given different designations according to their age:<ref name="cabanau24">{{Harvnb|Cabanau|2001|pp=24}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsed" cellpadding="5"
|-
! Designation !! Age !! Image
|-
| <small>'''Squeaker'''</small> || <small>0–10 months</small> || [[File:Augen zu und schlafen.JPG|150 px]]
|-
| <small>'''Juvenile'''</small> || <small>10–12 months</small> || [[File:Young Wild Boar (5696463735).jpg|150 px]]
|-
| <small>'''Pig of the sounder'''</small> || <small>Two years</small> ||
|-
| <small>'''Boar of the 4th/5th/6th year'''</small> || <small>3–5 years</small> || [[File:Jabalí 13. F. FOTO-ARDEIDAS.jpg|150 px]]
|-
| <small>'''Old boar'''</small> || <small>Six years</small> ||
|-
| <small>'''Grand old boar'''</small> || <small>Over seven years</small> || [[File:Scavenger feast - Yala December 2010 (1) (cropped).jpg|150 px]]
|}

== Taksonomija i evolucija ==
[[File:Sus strozzii 1.JPG|thumb|Skull of ''[[Sus strozzi]]i'' ([[Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze]]), a [[Pleistocene]] suid that was outcompeted by ''S. scrofa'']]
[[MtDNA]] studies indicate that the wild boar originated from islands in Southeast Asia such as [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]], and subsequently spread onto mainland Eurasia and North Africa.<ref name=chen2007>{{cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = K. |display-authors=etal | year = 2007 | title = Genetic Resources, Genome Mapping and Evolutionary Genomics of the Pig (''Sus scrofa'') | journal = Int J Biol Sci | volume = 3 | issue = 3| pages = 153–165 | doi = 10.7150/ijbs.3.153 | pmid = 17384734 | pmc = 1802013 }}</ref> The earliest fossil finds of the species come from both Europe and Asia, and date back to the [[Early Pleistocene]].<ref name=ruvinsky>Ruvinsky, A. et al. (2011). "Systematics and evolution of the pig". In: Ruvinsky A, Rothschild MF (eds), ''The Genetics of the Pig''. 2nd ed. CAB International, Oxon. pp. 1–13. {{ISBN|978-1-84593-756-0}}</ref> By the late [[Villafranchian]], ''S. scrofa'' largely displaced the related ''[[Sus strozzi|S. strozzii]]'', a large, possibly swamp-adapted suid ancestral to the modern ''[[Javan warty pig|S. verrucosus]]'' throughout the Eurasian mainland, restricting it to insular Asia.<ref name=kurten1968>Kurtén, Björn (1968). Pleistocene mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 153–155</ref> Its closest wild relative is the [[Bornean bearded pig|bearded pig]] of [[Malacca]] and surrounding islands.<ref name=heptner1988 />


== Fizičke osobine ==
== Fizičke osobine ==

Верзија на датум 8. септембар 2022. у 02:07

Divlja svinja
Mužjak srednjoevropske svinje
(S. s. scrofa)
Naučna klasifikacija edit
Domen: Eukaryota
Carstvo: Animalia
Tip: Chordata
Klasa: Mammalia
Red: Artiodactyla
Porodica: Suidae
Rod: Sus
Vrsta:
S. scrofa
Binomno ime
Sus scrofa
Areal divlje svinje.[1]
Sinonimi
Sinonimi vrste[3]
  • andamanensis
    Blyth, 1858
  • babi
    Miller, 1906
  • enganus
    Lyon, 1916
  • floresianus
    Jentink, 1905
  • natunensis
    Miller, 1901
  • nicobaricus
    Miller, 1902

Divlja svinja[4] (lat. Sus scrofa), takođe poznata i kao obična divlja svinja,[5] evroazijska divlja svinja,[6][7] je vrsta iz roda svinja (Sus). Divlje svinje su bliski rođaci domaćih svinja (Sus scrofa domestica), a žive u čoporima, uglavnom oko vlažnih šuma. To je krupna divljač koja je često plen lovaca zbog svoje brojnosti. Za tu brojnost je zaslužan veliki broj mladih u leglu i nedostatak prirodnih neprijatelja.Iako po prirodi nisu agresivne, divlje svinje mogu biti opasne jer imaju velike kljove i jako su brze.[8] The species is now one of the widest-ranging mammals in the world, as well as the most widespread suiform.[5] It has been assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List due to its wide range, high numbers, and adaptability to a diversity of habitats.[2] It has become an invasive species in part of its introduced range. Wild boars probably originated in Southeast Asia during the Early Pleistocene[9] and outcompeted other suid species as they spread throughout the Old World.[10]

As of 1990, up to 16 subspecies are recognized, which are divided into four regional groupings based on skull height and lacrimal bone length.[3] The species lives in matriarchal societies consisting of interrelated females and their young (both male and female). Fully grown males are usually solitary outside the breeding season.[11] The wolf is the wild boar's main predator in most of its natural range except in the Far East and the Lesser Sunda Islands, where it is replaced by the tiger and Komodo dragon respectively.[12][13] The wild boar has a long history of association with humans, having been the ancestor of most domestic pig breeds and a big-game animal for millennia. Boars have also re-hybridized in recent decades with feral pigs; these boar–pig hybrids have become a serious pest wild animal in the Americas and Australia.

Terminologija

As true wild boars became extinct in Great Britain before the development of Modern English, the same terms are often used for both true wild boar and pigs, especially large or semi-wild ones. The English boar stems from the Old English bar, which is thought to be derived from the West Germanic bairaz, of unknown origin.[14] Boar is sometimes used specifically to refer to males, and may also be used to refer to male domesticated pigs, especially breeding males that have not been castrated.

Sow, the traditional name for a female, again comes from Old English and Germanic; it stems from Proto-Indo-European, and is related to the Шаблон:Lang-lat and Greek hus, and more closely to the New High German Sau. The young may be called piglets or boarlets.[15]

The animals' specific name scrofa is Latin for 'sow'.[16]

Hunting

In hunting terminology, boars are given different designations according to their age:[17]

Taksonomija i evolucija

Skull of Sus strozzii (Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze), a Pleistocene suid that was outcompeted by S. scrofa

MtDNA studies indicate that the wild boar originated from islands in Southeast Asia such as Indonesia and the Philippines, and subsequently spread onto mainland Eurasia and North Africa.[9] The earliest fossil finds of the species come from both Europe and Asia, and date back to the Early Pleistocene.[18] By the late Villafranchian, S. scrofa largely displaced the related S. strozzii, a large, possibly swamp-adapted suid ancestral to the modern S. verrucosus throughout the Eurasian mainland, restricting it to insular Asia.[10] Its closest wild relative is the bearded pig of Malacca and surrounding islands.[4]

Fizičke osobine

Masa im varira u zavisnosti od godišnjih doba i klime u kojoj žive. Dok se u nekim područjima masa kreće između 75 i 115 kg kod mužjaka a kod ženki oko 75 kg, u vlažnijim i hladnijim područjima mužjaci budu teški i 175, pa i preko 200 kg, a ženke i do 140 kg[19]. Odrasli primerci divljih svinja mogu biti visoki od 90 do 100 cm, a dugački od 120 do 160 cm.

Očnjaci su im tako postavljeni u vilici da se donji, sekači, uvek preklapaju sa gornjim, brusačima, i na taj način se oštre.

Divlja svinja ima boju krzna smeđe boje, tako da se uklapa u okolinu. Mladi, kada se oprase, imaju karakteristične uzdužne pruge koje im ostaju do drugog meseca.

Osobine

Osobine divljih svinja: izuzetno brzo trče i dobri su plivači[8]. Uglavnom se zadržavaju po obodima šuma gde postoje vodotoci. Vole da se kaljuže i na taj način se osvežavaju i rešavaju kožnih parazita. Za odmor koriste brlog, ali pre nego što legnu u njega prvo neko vreme sede. Način pridizanja je takav da prvo sednu osmatrajući okolinu, pa tek zatim ustaju.

Za starije je karakteristično da žive usamljeničkim životom i čoporu se priključuju samo u vreme parenja. Mladi veprovi se često nalaze u blizini čopora, ali nikada kao njegov deo. Kada se posmatra kretanje krda, uoči se da se na čelu kreće najstarija krmača.

Po načinu ishrane spadaju u svaštojede, što znači da će pored hrane biljnog porekla pojesti životinje koje uspeju uhvatiti, pa će čak jesti i strvine[20].

Razmnožavanje

Prasići divlje svinje sisaju

Ženke postaju polno zrele sa 10 meseci, a mužjaci koji mesec kasnije. Međutim, ne pare se pre navršenih 18 meseci, osim ako nije došlo do poremećaja prirodne ravnoteže. Period teranja divlje svinje se odvija od polovine novembra do početka februara. U tom periodu može da dođe do borbi među mužjacima, jer glavna ženka obeleži teritoriju na više mesta i to je znak da će sve ženke iz čopora biti u teranju za dve nedelje. Posle borbi sa drugim mužjacima, najjači vepar ostaje sa čoporom oko mesec dana i za to vreme upari sve ženke iz čopora. Posle tog perioda se vraća usamljeničkom životu.

Reference

  1. ^ а б Oliver, W. & Leus, K. (2008). „Sus scrofa”. Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN. IUCN. 2008: e.T41775A10559847. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41775A10559847.en Слободан приступ.  Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
  2. ^ а б Keuling, O.; Leus, K. (2019). „Sus scrofa”. Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN. IUCN. 2019: e.T41775A44141833. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41775A44141833.en Слободан приступ. Приступљено 16. 11. 2021. 
  3. ^ а б Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). „Order Carnivora”. Ур.: Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd изд.). Johns Hopkins University Press. стр. 532—628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. 
  4. ^ а б Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; Hoffman, R. S. (1988). Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola. [Mammals of the Soviet Union]. I. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. стр. 19—82. 
  5. ^ а б Oliver, W. L. R.; et al. (1993). „The Common Wild Pig (Sus scrofa)”. Ур.: Oliver, W. L. R. Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos – 1993 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN / SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. стр. 112—121. ISBN 2-8317-0141-4. 
  6. ^ „Explore the Database”. mammaldiversity.org. Приступљено 2021-08-21. 
  7. ^ „Boar – mammal”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Приступљено 29. 8. 2021. 
  8. ^ а б Enciklopedija „Britanika“
  9. ^ а б Chen, K.; et al. (2007). „Genetic Resources, Genome Mapping and Evolutionary Genomics of the Pig (Sus scrofa)”. Int J Biol Sci. 3 (3): 153—165. PMC 1802013 Слободан приступ. PMID 17384734. doi:10.7150/ijbs.3.153. 
  10. ^ а б Kurtén, Björn (1968). Pleistocene mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 153–155
  11. ^ Marsan & Mattioli 2013, стр. 75–76
  12. ^ Baskin, L.; Danell, K. (2003). Ecology of Ungulates: A Handbook of Species in North, Central, and South America, Eastern Europe and Northern and Central Asia. Springer Science & Business Media. стр. 15—38. ISBN 3-540-43804-1. 
  13. ^ Affenberg, W. (1981). The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor. University Press of Florida. стр. 248. ISBN 0-8130-0621-X. 
  14. ^ „Online Etymological Dictionary”. Приступљено 2014-10-08. 
  15. ^ Magnier, Eileen (2020-05-07). „Wild boarlets born in Donegal believed to be first in 800 years”. RTE. Приступљено 2021-05-13. 
  16. ^ „Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources”. Приступљено 2014-10-08. 
  17. ^ Cabanau 2001, стр. 24
  18. ^ Ruvinsky, A. et al. (2011). "Systematics and evolution of the pig". In: Ruvinsky A, Rothschild MF (eds), The Genetics of the Pig. 2nd ed. CAB International, Oxon. pp. 1–13. ISBN 978-1-84593-756-0
  19. ^ feral.org.au: divlje svinje Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (4. јул 2008) (језик: енглески)
  20. ^ AnimalControl.com.au: divlje svinje

Literatura

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