Неправедни споразуми

Француска карикатура из 1898. године. Кина је фигуратино представљена као пита коју редом деле краљица Викторија (УК), Вилхелм II (Немачка), Николај II (Русија) и Муцухито (Јапан). С десне стране налази се и Маријана која представља Француску која само посматра и не учествује у сечи пите. У позадини је кинески цар Ли Хунчжан који беспомоћно покушава да заустави цепкање пите.

Неправедни споразуми, назив у кинеској историографији за низ договора склопљених између владара династије Ћинг и Западних сила, Русије и Јапана током средине 19. и почетком 20. века. Споразуми су садржавали једностране услове који су од Кине тражили уступање територија, плаћање одштете, давање повластица страним држављанима и др. Кинески историчари сматрају да су уговори били неповољни за кинеску државу као и да су јој наметани због економске и војне супериорности страних сила.

Израз се први пут спомиње током порасти кинеског национализма и антиимперијализма током 1920-их, а редовно су га користиле и присталице Куоминтанга и Комунистичке партије.

Овај термин се такође користи у Јапану и Кореји како би се описали споразуми сличне природе између њих и других Западних земаља и САД.

Кина

In China, the term "unequal treaty" first came into use in the early 1920s. Dong Wang, a professor of contemporary and modern Chinese history at the Gordon College in Massachusetts, United States, noted that "while the phrase has long been widely used, it nevertheless lacks a clear and unambiguous meaning" and that there is "no agreement about the actual number of treaties signed between China and foreign countries that should be counted as 'unequal'."

Historian Immanuel Hsu states that the Chinese viewed the treaties they signed with Western powers and Russia as unequal "because they were not negotiated by nations treating each other as equals but were imposed on China after a war, and because they encroached upon China's sovereign rights ... which reduced her to semicolonial status".

In response, historian Elizabeth Cobbs writes in American Umpire, her argument that "democratic capitalism" has never engaged in imperialism: "Ironically, however, the treaties also resulted partly from China's initial reluctance to consider any treaties whatsoever, since it viewed all other nations as inferior. It did not wish to be equal."

In many cases, China was effectively forced to pay large amounts of financial reparations, open up ports for trade, cede or lease territories (such as Outer Manchuria and Outer Northwest China (including Zhetysu) to the Russian Empire, Hong Kong and Weihaiwei to the United Kingdom, Guangzhouwan to France, Kwantung Leased Territory and Taiwan to the Empire of Japan, the Jiaozhou Bay concession to the German Empire and concession territory in Tientsin, Shamian, Hankou, Shanghai etc.), and make various other concessions of sovereignty to foreign spheres of influence, following military threats.

The earliest treaty later referred to as "unequal" was the 1841 Convention of Chuenpi negotiations during the First Opium War. The first treaty between China and the United Kingdom termed "unequal" was the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842.

Following Qing China's defeat, treaties with Britain opened up five ports to foreign trade, while also allowing foreign missionaries, at least in theory, to reside within China. Foreign residents in the port cities were afforded trials by their own consular authorities rather than the Chinese legal system, a concept termed extraterritoriality. Under the treaties, the UK and the US established the British Supreme Court for China and Japan and United States Court for China in Shanghai.

Chinese resentment

After World War I, patriotic consciousness in China focused on the treaties, which now became widely known as "unequal treaties". The Nationalist Party and the Communist Party competed to convince the public that their approach would be more effective. Germany was forced to terminate its rights, the Soviet Union surrendered them, and the United States organized the Washington Conference to negotiate them.

After Chiang Kai-shek declared a new national government in 1927, the Western powers quickly offered diplomatic recognition, arousing anxiety in Japan. The new government declared to the Great Powers that China had been exploited for decades under unequal treaties, and that the time for such treaties was over, demanding they renegotiate all of them on equal terms.

Towards the end of the unequal treaties

After the Boxer Rebellion and the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902, Germany started to reassess the policy approach towards China. In 1907 Germany suggested a German-Chinese-American agreement that never materialised. Thus China entered the new era of ending unequal treaties on March 14, 1917 when it broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. China declared war on Germany on August 17 1917.

These acts voided the unequal treaty of 1861, resulting in the reinstatement of Chinese control on the concessions of Tianjin and Hankou to China. In 1919, China refused to sign the Peace Treaty of Versailles. On May 20, 1921, China secured with the German-Chinese peace treaty (Deutsch-chinesischer Vertrag zur Wiederherstellung des Friedenszustandes), considered the first equal treaty between China and a European nation.

Јапан и Кореја

When the American Commodore Matthew C. Perry reached Japan in 1854, the country signed the Convention of Kanagawa. Its importance was limited. Much more important was the Harris Treaty of 1858 negotiated by U.S. envoy Townsend Harris.

Korea's first unequal treaty was not with the West but instead with Japan. The Ganghwa Island incident, 1875, saw Japan send Captain Inoue Yoshika and the warship Un'yō with the implied threat of military action to coerce the Korean Kingdom of Joseon. This forced Korea to open its doors to Japan by signing the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876.

The unequal treaties ended at various times for the countries involved. Japan's victories in the 1894–95 First Sino-Japanese War convinced many in the West that unequal treaties could no longer be enforced on Japan. Korea's unequal treaties with European states became largely null and void in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan.

Види још

• Историја Кине
• Марионетска држава

Литература

• Auslin, Michael R. (2004). Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01521-0; OCLC 56493769
• Hsü, Immanuel Chung-yueh (1970). The Rise of Modern China. New York: Oxford University Press.  OCLC 300287988
• Nish, I. H (1975). "Japan Reverses the Unequal Treaties: The Anglo-Japanese Commercial Treaty of 1894". Journal of Oriental Studies. 13 (2): 137–146.
• Perez, Louis G (1999). Japan Comes of Age: Mutsu Munemitsu & the Revision of the Unequal Treaties. p. 244.
• Ringmar, Erik (2013). Liberal Barbarism: The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Wang, Dong (2003). "The Discourse of Unequal Treaties in Modern China". Pacific Affairs. 76 (3): 399–425.
• Wang, Dong. (2005). China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739112083.
• Fravel, M. Taylor (2008). Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2887-6
• Chang, Maria Hsia (2001). Return of the dragon: China'z wounded nationalism. Westview Press. стр. 69—70. ISBN 978-0-8133-3856-9. 
• Gries, Peter Hays (2004). China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy. University of California Press. стр. 43–49. ISBN 978-0-520-93194-7. 
• Shambaugh, David (2020-01-30). China and the World (на језику: енглески). Oxford University Press. стр. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-006231-6. 
• Shapiro, Judith (2013-04-17). China's Environmental Challenges (на језику: енглески). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7456-6309-8. 
• Cullinane, Michael Patrick (2017-01-17). Open Door Era: United States Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century (на језику: енглески). Edinburgh University Press. стр. 25—26, 178. ISBN 978-1-4744-0132-6. 
• Moore, Gregory (2015-05-27). Defining and Defending the Open Door Policy: Theodore Roosevelt and China, 1901–1909 (на језику: енглески). Lexington Books. стр. xiii, xiv, xv. ISBN 978-0-7391-9996-1. 
• Unoki, Ko (2016-04-08). International Relations and the Origins of the Pacific War (на језику: енглески). Springer. стр. 108. ISBN 978-1-137-57202-8. 
• Jianlang, Wang (2015-11-27). Unequal Treaties and China (2-Volume Set) (на језику: енглески). Enrich Professional Publishing Limited. стр. 139. ISBN 978-1-62320-119-7. 
• Cohen, Paul A. (2002). „Remembering and Forgetting National Humiliation in Twentieth-Century China”. Twentieth-Century China. 27 (2): 1—39. doi:10.1179/tcc.2002.27.2.1. 
• Hevia, James L. (2007), „Remembering the Century of Humiliation: The Yuanming Gardens and Dagu Forts Museums”, Ур.: Jager, Sheila, Ruptured histories, Cambridge, MA: Harvard, стр. 192—208 
• Huang, Grace C. (2021). Chiang Kai-Shek's Politics of Shame: Leadership, Legacy, and National Identity in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 9780674260139. 
• Lovell, Julia (2013), „The Opium War and China's 'Century of Humiliation'”, Ур.: Standen, Naomi, Demystifying China: New understandings of Chinese history, 16, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, стр. 153—160, ISBN 9781442208957 
• Wang, Zheng (2012). Never Forget National Humiliation: Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231148900. 

Спољашње везе

• Nike, Lan (2003-11-20). „Poisoned path to openness”. Shanghai Star. Архивирано из оригинала 2010-03-23. г. Приступљено 2010-08-14.