Уралске планине — разлика између измена

Уралске планине
Уралске планине
рус. Уральские горы
Географске карактеристике
Ндм. висина	1.895 m
Координате	60° С; 60° И / 60° С; 60° И 60° С; 60° И / 60° С; 60° И
Географија
	Уралске планине
Државе	Русија

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Верзија на датум 10. фебруар 2023. у 13:16

Урал (рус. Урал), планински је масив висине 1.895 метара и дужине 2.100 километара, који се простире у правцу север-југ у средишту западне Русије.^[1] Заједно са реком Урал, планина Урал дели евроазијску континенталну масу на два неједнака дела (континента): Азију (43,8 мил. km²) и Европу (10,4 мил. km²).^[2]

The mountains lie within the Ural geographical region and significantly overlap with the Ural Federal District and the Ural economic region. Their resources include metal ores, coal, and precious and semi-precious stones. Since the 18th century the mountains have contributed significantly to the mineral sector of the Russian economy. The region is one of the largest centres of metallurgy and heavy industry production in Russia.^[3]

Географија

Урал се налази између Источноевропске равнице на западу и Западносибирске равнице на истоку. На северу почиње од обале Карског мора, које је део Арктичког океана, код Јекатеринбурга достиже своју навећу ширину, а завршава се на реци Урал између Оренбурга и Орска, близу северне границе Казахстана.

Арктичка острва Вајгач и Нова Земља се сматрају продужетком планине Урал. Северна трећина Урала је паралелна реци Об.

Урал пролази кроз пределе три климатске зоне, а на њему извиру многе реке. Најважније од њих су:

у Европи: Белаја, Печора и Кама
у Азији: притоке Тобола, Иртиша и Оба
на граници: Урал

Планина Урал се по својој дужини од 2100 километара дели на 5 секција од севера ка југу:

Поларни Урал: сгш = 69-66°, игд = 67-62°; северно од врха Народнаја (1895 m), највишег врха Урала
Субполарни Урал: сгш = 66-64°, игд = 62-59°; у близини врха Народнаја
Северни Урал: сгш = 64-59°, игд = око 59°; јужно од врха Народнаја до Серова
Средњи Урал: сгш = 59-56°, игд = 58-61°; између Серова и Чељабинска
Јужни Урал: сгш = 56-52°, игд = 60-57°; између Чељабинска и Орска

Геологија

The Urals are among the world's oldest extant mountain ranges. For its age of 250 to 300 million years, the elevation of the mountains is unusually high. They formed during the Uralian orogeny due to the collision of the eastern edge of the supercontinent Laurasia with the young and rheologically weak continent of Kazakhstania, which now underlies much of Kazakhstan and West Siberia west of the Irtysh, and intervening island arcs. The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the late Carboniferous – early Triassic.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Unlike the other major orogens of the Paleozoic (Appalachians, Caledonides, Variscides), the Urals have not undergone post-orogenic extensional collapse and are unusually well preserved for their age, being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root.^[8]^[9] East and south of the Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments.^[4] The adjacent Pay-Khoy Ridge to the north and Novaya Zemlya are not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later.

Many deformed and metamorphosed rocks, mostly of Paleozoic age, surface within the Urals. The sedimentary and volcanic layers are folded and faulted. The sediments to the west of the Ural Mountains are formed of limestone, dolomite and sandstone left from ancient shallow seas. The eastern side is dominated by basalts.^[10]

Екологија

The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the fauna, and wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers. During World War II, hundreds of factories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation, flooding the Urals with industry. The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks.^[1] There are nine strict nature reserves in the Urals: the Ilmen, the oldest one, mineralogical reserve founded in 1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Pechora-Ilych in the Komi Republic, Bashkir and its former branch Shulgan-Tash in Bashkortostan, Visim in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Southern Ural in Bashkortostan, Basegi in Perm Krai, Vishera in Perm Krai and Denezhkin Kamen in Sverdlovsk Oblast.

The area has also been severely damaged by the plutonium-producing facility Mayak, opened in Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65, Ozyorsk), in the Southern Ural, after World War II.^[1] Its plants went into operation in 1948 and, for the first ten years, dumped unfiltered radioactive waste into the river Techa and Lake Karachay.^[1]^[11]^[12] In 1990, efforts were underway to contain the radiation in one of the lakes, which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 millirem per day.^[12] As of 2006, 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposure considered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposure over a year could exceed that by a factor of 10).^[13] Over 23.000 km² (8.900 sq mi) of land were contaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion, only one of several serious accidents that further polluted the region.^[1] The 1957 accident expelled 20 million curies of radioactive material, 90% of which settled into the land immediately around the facility.^[14] Although some reactors of Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990,^[12] the facility keeps producing plutonium.^[15]

Културни значај

The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a "treasure box" of mineral resources, which were the basis for its extensive industrial development. In addition to iron and copper, the Urals were a source of gold, malachite, alexandrite, and other gems such as those used by the court jeweller Fabergé. As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries, Uralians gather mineral specimens and gems. Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852–1912) Pavel Bazhov (1879–1950), as well as Aleksey Ivanov and Olga Slavnikova, post-Soviet writers, have written of the region.^[16]

The region served as a military stronghold during Peter the Great's Great Northern War with Sweden, during Stalin's rule when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex was built and Russian industry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II, and as the center of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War. Extreme levels of air, water, and radiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted. Population exodus followed, and economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, but in post-Soviet times additional mineral exploration, particularly in the northern Urals, has been productive and the region has attracted industrial investment.^[16]

Градови

Најважнији градови у области планине Урал су:

На европској, западној, страни:

Север и центар: Воркута, Инта, Печора
Југозапад: Соликамск, Березњики, Перм, Уфа, Салават

На азијској, источној, страни (Сибир):

Центар: Серов, Јекатеринбург, Каменск-Уралски
Југоисток: Чељабинск, Магнитогорск
Југ: Оренбург, Орск

Јекатеринбург, главни град Уралског федералног округа, сматра се незваничном престоницом области планине Урал.

Рударство

На средњем и јужном Уралу постоји низ рудника: гвожђа (Магнитогорск), платине, соли, угља, нафте, гаса и драгоценог минерала малахита.

Рудно богатство је допринело развоју центара тешке индустрије у Перму, Јекатеринбургу и Магнитогорску.

Референце

^ ^а ^б ^в ^г ^д Ural Mountains Архивирано 29 април 2015 на сајту Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
^ Embleton, Clifford (2016). Geomorphology of Europe. стр. 404. ISBN 9781349173464.
^ Russian Regional Economic and Business Atlas. International Business Publications. август 2013. стр. 42. ISBN 9781577510291.
^ ^а ^б Brown, D. and Echtler, H. (2005). „The Urals”. Ур.: Selley, R. C.; Cocks, L. R. M. and Plimer, I. R. Encyclopedia of Geology. 2. Elsevier. стр. 86—95. ISBN 978-0126363807.
^ Cocks, L. R. M.; Torsvik, T. H. (2006). „European geography in a global context from the Vendian to the end of the Palaeozoic”. Ур.: Gee, D. G. and Stephenson, R. A. European Lithosphere Dynamics (PDF). 32. Geological Society of London. стр. 83—95. ISBN 978-1862392120. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2009-07-31. г.
^ Puchkov, V. N. (2009). „The evolution of the Uralian orogen”. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 327 (1): 161—195. Bibcode:2009GSLSP.327..161P. S2CID 129439058. doi:10.1144/SP327.9.
^ Brown, D.; Juhlin, C.; Ayala, C.; Tryggvason, A.; Bea, F.; Alvarez-Marron, J.; Carbonell, R.; Seward, D.; Glasmacher, U.; Puchkov, V.; Perez-Estaun, sexbombA. (2008). „Mountain building processes during continent–continent collision in the Uralides”. Earth-Science Reviews. 89 (3–4): 177. Bibcode:2008ESRv...89..177B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.05.001.
^ Leech, M. L. (2001). „Arrested orogenic development: Eclogitization, delamination, and tectonic collapse” (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 185 (1–2): 149—159. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.185..149L. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00374-5. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 23. 4. 2021. г. Приступљено 28. 8. 2015.
^ Scarrow, J. H.; Ayala, C.; Kimbell, G. S. (2002). „Insights into orogenesis: Getting to the root of a continent-ocean-continent collision, Southern Urals, Russia” (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 159 (6): 659. Bibcode:2002JGSoc.159..659S. S2CID 17694777. doi:10.1144/0016-764901-147. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 17. 6. 2012. г. Приступљено 28. 8. 2015.
^ „Урал (географич.) (Ural (geographical))”. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Архивирано из оригинала 9. 4. 2022. г. Приступљено 22. 6. 2020.
^ Podvig, Pavel; Bukharin, Oleg; von Hippel, Frank (2004). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. MIT Press. стр. 70. ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2.
^ ^а ^б ^в Paine, Christopher (22. 7. 1989). „Military reactors go on show to American visitors”. New Scientist. Приступљено 8. 7. 2010.
^ American Chemical Society (2006). Chemistry in the Community: ChemCom. Macmillan. стр. 499. ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2.
^ „Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists”. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Science and Public Affairs. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 25 мај 1991. ISSN 0096-3402.
^ Производство плутония с ПО "Маяк" на Сибирский химкомбинат перенесено не будет Архивирано 23 август 2011 на сајту Wayback Machine [Plutonium production will not be transferred from Mayak], obzor.westsib.ru, 25 March 2010 (in Russian)
^ ^а ^б Givental, E. (2013). „Three Hundred Years of Glory and Gloom: The Urals Region of Russia in Art and Reality”. SAGE Open. 3 (2): 215824401348665. doi:10.1177/2158244013486657 .

Референце

„Ural History - Humans in the Ural since the Paleolithic era (300-100 thousand years ago)Человек на Урале в эпоху палеолита (300–100 тыс. лет — 10 тыс. лет назад)”. history-ural. Приступљено 24. 12. 2016.
„Neanderthals Made a Last Stand at Subarctic Outpost?”. national geographic. 15. 5. 2011. Приступљено 24. 12. 2016.
„THE PRIMARY LARYNGEAL IN URALIC AND BEYOND” (PDF). JUHA JANHUNEN. Приступљено 24. 12. 2016.
„Andronovo Culture (c. 1800–1400 BCE)”. eupedia. Приступљено 24. 12. 2016.

Спољашње везе

Планина Урал
Peakbagger.com page on the Ural Mountains
Ural Expeditions & Tours page on the five parts of the Ural Mountains

[brit-1] а ^б ^в ^г ^д Ural Mountains Архивирано 29 април 2015 на сајту Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line

[height-2] Embleton, Clifford (2016). Geomorphology of Europe. стр. 404. ISBN 9781349173464.

[3] Russian Regional Economic and Business Atlas. International Business Publications. август 2013. стр. 42. ISBN 9781577510291.

[brown&echtler-4] а ^б Brown, D. and Echtler, H. (2005). „The Urals”. Ур.: Selley, R. C.; Cocks, L. R. M. and Plimer, I. R. Encyclopedia of Geology. 2. Elsevier. стр. 86—95. ISBN 978-0126363807.

[5] Cocks, L. R. M.; Torsvik, T. H. (2006). „European geography in a global context from the Vendian to the end of the Palaeozoic”. Ур.: Gee, D. G. and Stephenson, R. A. European Lithosphere Dynamics (PDF). 32. Geological Society of London. стр. 83—95. ISBN 978-1862392120. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2009-07-31. г.

[6] Puchkov, V. N. (2009). „The evolution of the Uralian orogen”. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 327 (1): 161—195. Bibcode:2009GSLSP.327..161P. S2CID 129439058. doi:10.1144/SP327.9.

[7] Brown, D.; Juhlin, C.; Ayala, C.; Tryggvason, A.; Bea, F.; Alvarez-Marron, J.; Carbonell, R.; Seward, D.; Glasmacher, U.; Puchkov, V.; Perez-Estaun, sexbombA. (2008). „Mountain building processes during continent–continent collision in the Uralides”. Earth-Science Reviews. 89 (3–4): 177. Bibcode:2008ESRv...89..177B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.05.001.

[8] Leech, M. L. (2001). „Arrested orogenic development: Eclogitization, delamination, and tectonic collapse” (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 185 (1–2): 149—159. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.185..149L. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00374-5. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 23. 4. 2021. г. Приступљено 28. 8. 2015.

[jgsl-9] Scarrow, J. H.; Ayala, C.; Kimbell, G. S. (2002). „Insights into orogenesis: Getting to the root of a continent-ocean-continent collision, Southern Urals, Russia” (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 159 (6): 659. Bibcode:2002JGSoc.159..659S. S2CID 17694777. doi:10.1144/0016-764901-147. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 17. 6. 2012. г. Приступљено 28. 8. 2015.

[bse-10] „Урал (географич.) (Ural (geographical))”. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Архивирано из оригинала 9. 4. 2022. г. Приступљено 22. 6. 2020.

[PodvigBukharin2004-11] Podvig, Pavel; Bukharin, Oleg; von Hippel, Frank (2004). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. MIT Press. стр. 70. ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2.

[military-12] а ^б ^в Paine, Christopher (22. 7. 1989). „Military reactors go on show to American visitors”. New Scientist. Приступљено 8. 7. 2010.

[Society2006-13] American Chemical Society (2006). Chemistry in the Community: ChemCom. Macmillan. стр. 499. ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2.

[Inc.1991-14] „Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists”. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Science and Public Affairs. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 25 мај 1991. ISSN 0096-3402.

[15] Производство плутония с ПО "Маяк" на Сибирский химкомбинат перенесено не будет Архивирано 23 август 2011 на сајту Wayback Machine [Plutonium production will not be transferred from Mayak], obzor.westsib.ru, 25 March 2010 (in Russian)

[SageUrals-16] а ^б Givental, E. (2013). „Three Hundred Years of Glory and Gloom: The Urals Region of Russia in Art and Reality”. SAGE Open. 3 (2): 215824401348665. doi:10.1177/2158244013486657 .

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@@ Ред 22: / Ред 22: @@
 | изговор =
 }}
-'''Урал''' ({{јез-рус|Урал}}), планински је масив висине 1.895 метара и дужине 2.100 километара, који се простире у правцу север-југ у средишту западне [[Русија|Русије]].
-Заједно са реком [[Урал (река)|Урал]], планина Урал дели [[Евроазија|евроазијску континенталну масу]] на два неједнака дела (континента): [[Азија|Азију]] (43,8&nbsp;мил.&nbsp;-{km²}-) и [[Европа|Европу]] (10,4&nbsp;мил.&nbsp;-{km²}-).
+'''Урал''' ({{јез-рус|Урал}}), планински је масив висине 1.895 метара и дужине 2.100 километара, који се простире у правцу север-југ у средишту западне [[Русија|Русије]].<ref name=brit>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619028/Ural-Mountains Ural Mountains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429214610/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619028/Ural-Mountains |date=29 April 2015 }}, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line</ref> Заједно са реком [[Урал (река)|Урал]], планина Урал дели [[Евроазија|евроазијску континенталну масу]] на два неједнака дела (континента): [[Азија|Азију]] (43,8&nbsp;мил.&nbsp;-{km²}-) и [[Европа|Европу]] (10,4&nbsp;мил.&nbsp;-{km²}-).<ref name=height>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Geomorphology_of_Europe/UEFdDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ural+mountains&pg=PA404&printsec=frontcover|title=Geomorphology of Europe|year=2016|isbn=9781349173464|pages=404|last1=Embleton|first1=Clifford}}</ref>
+{{rut}}
+The mountains lie within the [[Ural (region)|Ural]] geographical region and significantly overlap with the [[Ural Federal District]] and the [[Ural economic region]]. Their resources include metal ores, coal, and precious and semi-precious stones. Since the 18th century the mountains have contributed significantly to the mineral sector of the [[Economy of Russia|Russian economy]]. The region is one of the largest centres of metallurgy and heavy industry production in Russia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Russian_Regional_Economic_and_Business_A/P0e8BQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA42&printsec=frontcover|title=Russian Regional Economic and Business Atlas|date=August 2013|publisher=International Business Publications|isbn=9781577510291|pages=42}}</ref>
 == Географија ==
@@ Ред 44: / Ред 45: @@
 * ''Средњи Урал'': сгш = 59-56°, игд = 58-61°; између Серова и [[Чељабинск]]а
 * ''Јужни Урал'': сгш = 56-52°, игд = 60-57°; између Чељабинска и [[Орск]]а
+== Геологија ==
+[[File:Gorskii 04428u.jpg|thumb|A [[mining|mine]] in the Ural Mountains, early colour photograph by [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]], 1910]]
+{{rut}}
+The Urals are among the world's oldest extant [[mountain ranges]]. For its age of 250 to 300 million years, the elevation of the mountains is unusually high. They formed during the [[Uralian orogeny]] due to the [[continental collision|collision]] of the [[Main Uralian Fault|eastern edge]] of the supercontinent [[Laurasia]] with the young and [[Rheology|rheologically]] weak continent of [[Kazakhstania]], which now underlies much of Kazakhstan and West Siberia west of the [[Irtysh]], and intervening [[island arc]]s. The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the late [[Carboniferous]] – early [[Triassic]].<ref name="brown&echtler">{{cite book|author=Brown, D. and Echtler, H. |year=2005|chapter=The Urals|editor=Selley, R. C.; Cocks, L. R. M. and Plimer, I. R. |title=Encyclopedia of Geology|volume=2|publisher= Elsevier|pages= 86–95|isbn=978-0126363807}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Cocks, L. R. M. |author2= Torsvik, T. H. |year=2006|url=http://www.geodynamics.no/guest/GeolSoc06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731085326/http://www.geodynamics.no/guest/GeolSoc06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-07-31 |chapter=European geography in a global context from the Vendian to the end of the Palaeozoic|editor=Gee, D. G. and Stephenson, R. A. |title=European Lithosphere Dynamics|publisher= Geological Society of London|volume=32|pages= 83–95|isbn=978-1862392120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1144/SP327.9|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249552596| title = The evolution of the Uralian orogen| journal = Geological Society, London, Special Publications| volume = 327| pages = 161–195| year = 2009| last1 = Puchkov | first1 = V. N.|issue=1|bibcode=2009GSLSP.327..161P|s2cid=129439058}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.05.001| title = Mountain building processes during continent–continent collision in the Uralides| journal = Earth-Science Reviews| volume = 89| issue = 3–4| pages = 177| year = 2008| last1 = Brown | first1 = D.| last2 = Juhlin | first2 = C.| last3 = Ayala | first3 = C.| last4 = Tryggvason | first4 = A.| last5 = Bea | first5 = F.| last6 = Alvarez-Marron | first6 = J.| last7 = Carbonell | first7 = R.| last8 = Seward | first8 = D.| last9 = Glasmacher | first9 = U.| last10 = Puchkov | first10 = V.| last11 = Perez-Estaun | first11 = sexbombA.| bibcode = 2008ESRv...89..177B|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236880030}}</ref> Unlike the other major orogens of the [[Paleozoic]] ([[Appalachians]], [[Caledonides]], [[Variscides]]), the Urals have not undergone [[post-orogenic collapse|post-orogenic extensional collapse]] and are unusually well preserved for their age, being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00374-5| url = http://online.sfsu.edu/leech/papers/Leech2001.pdf| title = Arrested orogenic development: Eclogitization, delamination, and tectonic collapse| journal = Earth and Planetary Science Letters| volume = 185| pages = 149–159| year = 2001| last1 = Leech| first1 = M. L.| issue = 1–2| bibcode = 2001E&PSL.185..149L| access-date = 28 August 2015| archive-date = 23 April 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423101950/http://online.sfsu.edu/leech/papers/Leech2001.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="jgsl">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1144/0016-764901-147| url = http://hera.ugr.es/doi/15084310.pdf| title = Insights into orogenesis: Getting to the root of a continent-ocean-continent collision, Southern Urals, Russia| journal = Journal of the Geological Society| volume = 159| issue = 6| pages = 659| year = 2002| last1 = Scarrow| first1 = J. H.| last2 = Ayala| first2 = C.| last3 = Kimbell| first3 = G. S.| bibcode = 2002JGSoc.159..659S| s2cid = 17694777| access-date = 28 August 2015| archive-date = 17 June 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120617054227/http://hera.ugr.es/doi/15084310.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> East and south of the Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later [[Mesozoic]] and [[Cenozoic]] [[sediment]]s.<ref name="brown&echtler"/> The adjacent [[Pay-Khoy Ridge]] to the north and [[Novaya Zemlya]] are not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later.
+Many deformed and [[Metamorphism|metamorphosed]] rocks, mostly of [[Paleozoic]] age, surface within the Urals. The [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] and [[volcanic]] layers are [[Fold (geology)|folded]] and [[Fault (geology)|faulted]]. The sediments to the west of the Ural Mountains are formed of [[limestone]], [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] and [[sandstone]] left from ancient shallow seas. The eastern side is dominated by [[basalt]]s.<ref name=bse>{{cite web|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article114360.html|title=Урал (географич.) (Ural (geographical))|publisher=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409032152/http://bse.sci-lib.com/article114360.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+== Екологија ==
+The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the fauna, and wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers. During World War II, hundreds of factories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation, flooding the Urals with industry. The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks.<ref name=brit/> There are nine [[zapovednik|strict nature reserves]] in the Urals: the [[Ilmen Nature Reserve|Ilmen]], the oldest one, mineralogical reserve founded in 1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast, [[Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve|Pechora-Ilych]] in the Komi Republic, [[Bashkir Nature Reserve|Bashkir]] and its former branch [[Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserve|Shulgan-Tash]] in Bashkortostan, [[Visim Nature Reserve|Visim]] in Sverdlovsk Oblast, [[Southern Ural]] in Bashkortostan, [[Basegi Nature Reserve|Basegi]] in Perm Krai, [[Vishera Nature Reserve|Vishera]] in Perm Krai and [[Denezhkin Kamen Nature Reserve|Denezhkin Kamen]] in Sverdlovsk Oblast.
+The area has also been severely damaged by the [[plutonium]]-producing facility [[Mayak]], opened in Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65, [[Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast|Ozyorsk]]), in the Southern Ural, after World War II.<ref name=brit/> Its plants went into operation in 1948 and, for the first ten years, dumped unfiltered radioactive waste into the river [[Techa]] and [[Lake Karachay]].<ref name=brit/><ref name="PodvigBukharin2004">{{cite book|last1=Podvig|first1=Pavel|author2=Bukharin, Oleg |author3=von Hippel, Frank |title=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPRVbYDc-7kC&pg=PA70|year=2004|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-66181-2|page=70}}</ref><ref name=military/> In 1990, efforts were underway to contain the radiation in one of the lakes, which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 [[Röntgen equivalent man|millirem]] per day.<ref name=military/> As of 2006, 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposure considered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposure over a year could exceed that by a factor of 10).<ref name="Society2006">{{cite book|author=American Chemical Society|author-link=American Chemical Society|title=Chemistry in the Community: ChemCom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYtpGEbAB1cC&pg=PA499|year=2006|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-7167-8919-2|page=499}}</ref> Over {{convert|23000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of land were contaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion, only one of several serious accidents that further polluted the region.<ref name=brit/> The [[Kyshtym disaster|1957 accident]] expelled 20 million [[Curie (unit)|curies]] of radioactive material, 90% of which settled into the land immediately around the facility.<ref name="Inc.1991">{{cite journal|title=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|journal = Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Science and Public Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25|date=May 1991|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.|page=25|issn=0096-3402 }}</ref> Although some reactors of Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990,<ref name=military>{{cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TYqTls5lnGYC&q=Chelyabinsk-40+plutonium&pg=PA22|journal = [[New Scientist]] | title = Military reactors go on show to American visitors | last = Paine | first = Christopher | date= 22 July 1989 | access-date = 8 July 2010}}</ref> the facility keeps producing plutonium.<ref>[http://obzor.westsib.ru/news/320002 Производство плутония с ПО "Маяк" на Сибирский химкомбинат перенесено не будет] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823134025/http://obzor.westsib.ru/news/320002 |date=23 August 2011 }} [Plutonium production will not be transferred from Mayak], obzor.westsib.ru, 25 March 2010 (in Russian)</ref>
+== Културни значај ==
+The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a "treasure box" of mineral resources, which were the basis for its extensive industrial development. In addition to iron and copper, the Urals were a source of gold, [[malachite]], [[alexandrite]], and other gems such as those used by the court jeweller [[Peter Carl Fabergé|Fabergé]]. As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries, Uralians gather mineral specimens and gems. [[Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak]] (1852–1912) [[Pavel Bazhov]] (1879–1950), as well as [[Alexei Viktorovich Ivanov|Aleksey Ivanov]] and Olga Slavnikova, post-Soviet writers, have written of the region.<ref name=SageUrals>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1177/2158244013486657| title = Three Hundred Years of Glory and Gloom: The Urals Region of Russia in Art and Reality| journal = SAGE Open| volume = 3| issue = 2| pages = 215824401348665| year = 2013| last1 = Givental | first1 = E.| doi-access = free}}</ref>
+The region served as a military stronghold during [[Peter the Great]]'s [[Great Northern War]] with Sweden, during Stalin's rule when the [[Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works|Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex]] was built and Russian industry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II, and as the center of the Soviet nuclear industry during the [[Cold War]]. Extreme levels of air, water, and radiological contamination and [[pollution]] by industrial wastes resulted. Population exodus followed, and economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, but in post-Soviet times additional mineral exploration, particularly in the northern Urals, has been productive and the region has attracted industrial investment.<ref name=SageUrals />
 == Градови ==
@@ Ред 62: / Ред 80: @@
 Рудно богатство је допринело развоју центара [[тешка индустрија|тешке индустрије]] у Перму, Јекатеринбургу и Магнитогорску.
+== Референце ==
+{{Reflist}}
+== Референце ==
+{{Refbegin|}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://history-ural.ru/kamenniy-vek/4-chelovek-na-urale-v-epohu-paleolita.html |title=Ural History - Humans in the Ural since the Paleolithic era (300-100 thousand years ago)Человек на Урале в эпоху палеолита (300–100 тыс. лет — 10 тыс. лет назад) | publisher=history-ural | access-date=December 24, 2016  }}
+* {{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/05/110513-neanderthals-last-stand-science-tool-kit-russia-slimak-tools/ |title=Neanderthals Made a Last Stand at Subarctic Outpost? | publisher= national geographic | date=May 15, 2011 | access-date=December 24, 2016  }}
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust253/sust253_janhunen.pdf |title=THE PRIMARY LARYNGEAL IN URALIC AND BEYOND | publisher= JUHA JANHUNEN | access-date=December 24, 2016  }}
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/andronovo_culture.shtml |title=Andronovo Culture (c. 1800–1400 BCE) | publisher=eupedia | access-date=December 24, 2016  }}
+{{refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
+{{Commons category|Ural Mountains}}
-{{портал|Планине}}
-{{Commonscat|Ural Mountains}}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726205753/http://welcome-ural.ru/urals/77/ Планина Урал]
+* [http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=37 Peakbagger.com] page on the Ural Mountains
+* [http://welcome-ural.ru/urals/77/ Ural Expeditions & Tours] page on the five parts of the Ural Mountains
 {{нормативна контрола}}
+{{портал бар|Планине}}
 [[Категорија:Планине у Русији]]

Нормативна контрола
Међународне	VIAF
Државне	Француска BnF подаци Немачка Израел Сједињене Државе Летонија Чешка
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика 2 3