Северозападни национални споменик на Хавајима — разлика између измена

Координате: 25° 42′ 00″ N 171° 44′ 00″ W / 25.70000° С; 171.73333° З / 25.70000; -171.73333
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[[Датотека:NHINM.png|мини|десно|350п|Локација острва]]
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
| iucn_category = Ia
| photo = [[File:Map PMNM 2016.jpg|300px|upright=1.75]]
| photo_caption = August 2016 boundary and location
| location = [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]], [[Hawaii]] / [[Midway Atoll]], [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]]
| nearest_city = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| embedded1 = {{designation list | embed=yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = Papahānaumokuākea
| designation1_date = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2010 (34th session)|2010]] <small>(34th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_type = Mixed
| designation1_criteria = iii, vi, viii, ix, x
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1326 1326]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas|Europe and North America]]
}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|42|00|N|171|44|00|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|583000|sqmi|km2|-4}}<ref name="Expansion 2016">{{cite magazine|last1=Barnett|first1=Cynthia|title=Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/obama-creates-world-s-largest-park-off-hawaii/?sf34386404=1|access-date=August 26, 2016|magazine=National Geographic|date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>
| established = June 15, 2006
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]], [[Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources]]
| website = [http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/ Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]
}}


'''Северозападни национални споменик на Хавајима''' ({{Јез-енг|Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument}}) је највеће заштићено подручје на свету. Налази се на територији [[Сједињене Америчке Државе|Америчке савезне државе]] [[Хаваји]] на [[Тихи океан|Тихом океану]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/about/pronounce.mp3|title=Learn to pronounce Papahānaumokuākea|date=2007-02-27|website=papahanaumokuakea.gov|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref>
'''Северозападни национални споменик на Хавајима''' ({{Јез-енг|Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/about/pronounce.mp3|title=Learn to pronounce Papahānaumokuākea|date=February 27, 2007|website=papahanaumokuakea.gov|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref> је највеће заштићено подручје на свету, са {{convert|583000|sqmi|km2}} океанских вода. Налази се на територији [[Сједињене Америчке Државе|Америчке савезне државе]] [[Хаваји]] на [[Тихи океан|Тихом океану]].


Под актом председника [[Сједињене Америчке Државе|Сједињених Америчких Држава]], [[Џорџ В. Буш|Џорџа Буша]] од [[5. јун]]а [[2006]]. године, подручје је проглашено 75их националним спомеником у САД-у
Под актом председника [[Сједињене Америчке Државе|Сједињених Америчких Држава]], [[Џорџ В. Буш|Џорџа Буша]] од [[5. јун]]а [[2006]]. године, подручје је проглашено 75их националним спомеником у САД-у.<ref name="Expansion 2016"/>


На заштићеном подручју се налази око 7.000 врста, ¼ чине ендемичне врсте. Једна од врста је и зелена морска [[корњача]] и угрожена врста хавајских [[фока]] ({{Јез-енг|Hawaiian Monk Seal}}). Према истраживањима број јастога се није опоравио од прекомерног излова 80их и 90их година, иако се тренутно забрањено. Од [[2011]]. године сав излов ће бити контролисан и свим посетиоцима биће потребна дозвола за роњење.
На заштићеном подручју се налази око 7.000 врста, ¼ чине ендемичне врсте. Једна од врста је и зелена морска [[корњача]] и угрожена врста хавајских [[фока]] ({{Јез-енг|Hawaiian Monk Seal}}). Према истраживањима број јастога се није опоравио од прекомерног излова 80их и 90их година, иако се тренутно забрањено. Од [[2011]]. године сав излов ће бити контролисан и свим посетиоцима биће потребна дозвола за роњење.


== Површина ==
== Површина ==
[[Датотека:NHINM.png|мини|лево|350п|Локација острва]]


Заштићено подручје заузима површину око 360.000 м² [[Атол|атола]], [[Спруд|спрудова]] и плитког мора у [[Тихи океан|Тихом океану]]. Нешто је веће од [[Аустралија|Аустралијског]] великог гребена, веће од територије [[Грчка|Грчке]].
Заштићено подручје заузима површину око 360.000 м² [[Атол|атола]], [[Спруд|спрудова]] и плитког мора у [[Тихи океан|Тихом океану]]. Нешто је веће од [[Аустралија|Аустралијског]] великог гребена, веће од територије [[Грчка|Грчке]].

== Опис ==

The monument supports 7,000 species, one quarter of which are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]]. Prominent species include the endangered [[hawksbill sea turtle]], the threatened [[green sea turtle]] and the endangered [[Hawaiian monk seal]], the [[Laysan finch|Laysan]] and [[Nihoa finch]]es, the [[Nihoa millerbird]], [[Laysan duck]], seabirds such as the [[Laysan albatross]], numerous species of plants including [[Pritchardia remota|''Pritchardia'' palms]], and many species of [[arthropod]]s. According to [[the Pew Charitable Trusts]], populations of [[lobster]] have not recovered from extensive harvesting in the 1980s and 1990s, which is now banned;<ref name="BBC_5083974" /> the remaining fisheries are overfished, although commercial fishing is banned.<ref name="TenBruggencate-2006">{{cite news
| title = Lobster fishery remains battered
| newspaper = [[Honolulu Advertiser]]
| date = June 19, 2006
| url = http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Jun/19/ln/FP606190320.html
| access-date = August 30, 2009
}}</ref>

The [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] (NMFS) reported in 2008 that many species populations have not fully recovered from a large-scale shift in the oceanic ecosystem that affected the North Pacific during the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="Polovina-2005">{{Cite journal
|last=Polovina
|first=Jeffrey J.
|title=Climate variation, regime shifts, and implications for sustainable fisheries
|journal=Bulletin of Marine Science
|volume=76
|issue=2
|pages=233–244
|publisher=[[Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science]], [[University of Miami]]
|location=Miami, Florida
|year=2005
|url=http://www.wpcouncil.org/NWHI/Documents/Polovina+Regime%20shifts.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624183252/http://www.wpcouncil.org/NWHI/Documents/Polovina+Regime%20shifts.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=June 24, 2006
|issn=0007-4977
|access-date=August 25, 2008
}}</ref> This shift reduced populations of important species such as [[spiny lobster]], seabirds and Hawaiian monk seals. The monument receives strict conservation protection, with exceptions for traditional [[Native Hawaiian]] uses and limited [[tourism]].<ref name="BBC_5083974">{{Cite news
| title = Bush creates new marine sanctuary
| work = Americas
| publisher = [[BBC News]]
| date = June 15, 2006
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5083974.stm
| access-date = August 25, 2008
}}</ref>

The monument covers roughly {{convert|583000|sqmi|km2|-3}} of reefs, atolls and shallow and deep sea (out to {{convert|200|mi|km}} offshore) in the Pacific Ocean{{spaced ndash}}larger than all of [[list of national parks of the United States|America's national parks]] combined.<ref name="Reichert-2006">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/opinion/15roosevelt.html|title=Treasure Islands|last=Reichert|first=Joshua|date=June 15, 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|author2=Theodore Roosevelt IV|author2-link=Theodore Roosevelt IV|access-date=August 25, 2008}}</ref> It contains approximately 10 percent<!--- still 10% after 2016 expansion? Probably, as expansion goes to deeper water --> of the tropical shallow water [[coral reef]] habitat (i.e., down to {{convert|100|fathom|m|-1}}) in U.S. territory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rohmann|first=S. O.|date=November 2005|title=The area of potential shallow-water tropical and subtropical coral ecosystems in the United States.|journal=Coral Reefs|location=Berlin|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|volume=24|issue=3|pages=370–383|doi=10.1007/s00338-005-0014-4|author2=J. J. Hayes|author3=R. C. Newhall|author4=M. E. Monaco|author5=R. W. Grigg|bibcode=2005CorRe..24..370R|s2cid=31572150}}</ref> It is slightly larger than Australia's [[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park]], approximately the size of the country of Germany, and just slightly smaller than [[Alaska]].

The islands included in the monument are all part of the [[Hawaii|State of Hawaii]], except Midway Atoll, which is part of the [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]] insular area. [[Henderson Field (Midway Atoll)|Henderson Field]], on Midway Atoll, provides aerial access to the monument.

About {{convert|132000|sqmi|km2}} of the monument are part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve, designated in 2000. The monument also includes the [[Midway Atoll#National Wildlife Refuge|Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge]] ({{convert|590991.50|acre|km2|1}})<ref name="fws.gov" /> and [[Battle of Midway]] National Memorial, the Hawaii State Seabird Sanctuary at [[Kure Atoll]], and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands State Marine Refuge.

As a mixed site with natural and cultural resources, the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) commented on the natural features of the monument, and the [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] (ICOMOS) assessed its cultural aspects.

== Администрација ==
[[File:US National Marine Sanctuary global system map.gif|right|thumb|290px|Global locator map of all sites in the United States National Marine Sanctuary system]]

The monument's ocean area is administered by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA). It contains U.S. and Hawaiian designated [[National Wildlife Refuge|refuges]], sanctuaries, [[National preserve|reserves]] and memorials with separate administration.

The Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, with an area of {{convert|254418.1|acre|sqmi km2|sigfig=5}}<ref name="fws.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/refuges/land/LandReport.html|title=Lands Report - National Wildlife Refuge System|first=National Wildlife Refuge|last=System|work=fws.gov|access-date=September 3, 2016|date=September 30, 2007}}</ref> is administered by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] (FWS).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bush creates world's biggest ocean preserve |work=U.S. news / Environment |publisher=MSNBC |date=June 15, 2006 |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13300363/ |access-date=August 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108120830/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13300363/ |archive-date=November 8, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2006/2006-06-15-03.asp|title=Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Proclaimed a National Monument|date=June 15, 2006|access-date=August 25, 2008|publisher=[[Environment News Service]]}}</ref>

== Историја ==

The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) were first protected on February 3, 1909, when U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] created the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation through {{Executive Order|1019}}, as a response to the over-harvesting of seabirds, and in recognition of the importance of the NWHI as seabird nesting sites.<ref>{{Cite journal
|title = Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument: A Citizen's Guide
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]], [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|USFWS]], [[Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources|DLNR]]
|year = 2005
|url = http://hawaiireef.noaa.gov/PDFs/Citizens_Guide_Web.pdf
|access-date = August 26, 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080910013439/http://hawaiireef.noaa.gov/PDFs/Citizens_Guide_Web.pdf
|archive-date = September 10, 2008
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref> President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] converted it into the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge in 1940. A series of incremental protection expansions followed, leading to the establishment of Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in 1988, Kure Atoll State Wildlife Sanctuary in 1993, and the NWHI Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve in 2000.<ref>[http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/16C32.txt National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614023510/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/16C32.txt |date=June 14, 2006 }}, which became Public Law 106-513 on November 13, 2000.</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = Designation
| work = Management
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
| date = June 17, 2006
| url = http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/designation/welcome.html
| access-date = August 26, 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080706084330/http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/management/designation/welcome.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->
| archive-date = July 6, 2008
}}</ref>

President [[Bill Clinton]] established the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve on December 4, 2000, with [[wikisource:Executive Order 13178|Executive Order 13178]]. Clinton's executive order initiated a process to designate the waters of the NWHI as a [[Marine Protected Area|National Marine Sanctuary]]. A public comment period began in 2002. In 2005, [[Governor of Hawaii]] [[Linda Lingle]] declared parts of the monument a state marine refuge.<ref>{{cite press release
| title = President Sets Aside Largest Marine Conservation Area on Earth (Story 2644)
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA Magazine]]
| date = June 15, 2006
| url = http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2644.htm
| access-date = August 25, 2008
}}</ref>

In April 2006, President [[George W. Bush]] and his wife viewed a screening of the documentary film ''Voyage to Kure'' at the [[White House]] along with its director, [[Jean-Michel Cousteau]]. Compelled by the film's portrayal of the flora and fauna, Bush moved quickly to expand protections.<ref>{{cite press release
| title = President Bush Establishes Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument
| publisher = [[White House Press Secretary|Office of the Press Secretary]]
| date = June 15, 2006
| url = https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/06/20060615-6.html
| access-date = August 26, 2008
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/turnaround-as-bush-creates-huge-aquatic-eden/2006/06/15/1149964675837.html|title=Turnaround as Bush creates huge aquatic Eden|last=Weiss|first=Kenneth|date=June 15, 2006|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=August 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = Jean-Michel Cousteau: Ocean Adventures
| work = Voyage to Kure
| publisher = [[KQED-TV]]
| year = 2006
| url = https://www.pbs.org/kqed/oceanadventures/episodes/kure/
| access-date = August 26, 2008
}}</ref>


== Галерија ==
== Галерија ==

{{Commonscat|Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument}}
<gallery>
<gallery widths="250px" heights="180px">
Слика:Hawaiian Green Sea Turtle.JPG|Хавајска зелена корњача
Датотека:Hawaiian Green Sea Turtle.JPG|Хавајска зелена корњача
Датотека:Sanc1310 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Датотека:Maskedboobys.jpg
Датотека:Papahanaumokuakea marine National Monument, Gallinule, Hawaii.jpg
Датотека:Sanc1297 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Датотека:Spinner dolphins video.wmv.OGG
Датотека:Anim2619 (34590655782).jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>


== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|}}
* {{Cite web
| title = Library
| work = Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
| publisher = [[National Marine Sanctuaries Program]]
| year = 2008
| url = http://hawaiireef.noaa.gov/documents/welcome.html
| access-date = September 3, 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080310182053/http://hawaiireef.noaa.gov/documents/welcome.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = March 10, 2008}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/about/welcome.html |title=Aloha! Welcome to Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument – where nature and culture are one |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=papahanaumokuakea.gov |publisher=Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument |access-date=August 27, 2016 }}

{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commons category|Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument}}
{{Wikisource|Proclamation 8031}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615001644/http://www.oceanconservancy.org/site/PageServer?pagename=press_nwhi званична презентација острва] {{en}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615001644/http://www.oceanconservancy.org/site/PageServer?pagename=press_nwhi званична презентација острва] {{en}}
* [http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/education/center.html Papahanaumokuakea.gov: Official '''Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Discovery Center''' website] – ''homepage + links''.
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/1wVREBNllE1hgg Papahānaumokuākea] UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
* [https://www.facebook.com/Papahanaumokuakea/ Facebook.com: Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument ]
* USFWS: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwspacific/sets/72157624901836106/ Flickr: FWS photo gallery] – ''Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument images.''
** USFWS: [http://www.fws.gov/refuge/hawaiian_islands/ Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge]
** USFWS: [https://www.fws.gov/refuge/midway_atoll/ Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge]
* NOAA/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: [http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/ Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]
** NOAA: [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo27231 Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Condition Report]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903082931/http://pmnmims.org/ PMNMIMS.org: Papahānaumokuākea Information Management System homepage] – (''PMNMIMS = Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Information Management System''.)
* [https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/world-heritage-goes-marine Smithsonian Ocean Portal: Papahānaumokuākea MNM]
* UNESCO: [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1326 World Heritage Site profile for Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]


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Верзија на датум 12. фебруар 2023. у 16:49

Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
August 2016 boundary and location
ЛокацијаNorthwestern Hawaiian Islands, Hawaii / Midway Atoll, United States Minor Outlying Islands
Најближи градHonolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Координате25° 42′ 00″ N 171° 44′ 00″ W / 25.70000° С; 171.73333° З / 25.70000; -171.73333
Површина583.000 sq mi (1.510.000 km2)[1]
УспостављенJune 15, 2006
Управно телоNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources
WebsitePapahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
Званично имеPapahānaumokuākea
ТипMixed
Критеријумиiii, vi, viii, ix, x
Означен2010 (34th session)
Референца бр.1326
RegionEurope and North America

Северозападни национални споменик на Хавајима (енгл. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument)[2] је највеће заштићено подручје на свету, са 583.000 sq mi (1.510.000 km2) океанских вода. Налази се на територији Америчке савезне државе Хаваји на Тихом океану.

Под актом председника Сједињених Америчких Држава, Џорџа Буша од 5. јуна 2006. године, подручје је проглашено 75их националним спомеником у САД-у.[1]

На заштићеном подручју се налази око 7.000 врста, ¼ чине ендемичне врсте. Једна од врста је и зелена морска корњача и угрожена врста хавајских фока (енгл. Hawaiian Monk Seal). Према истраживањима број јастога се није опоравио од прекомерног излова 80их и 90их година, иако се тренутно забрањено. Од 2011. године сав излов ће бити контролисан и свим посетиоцима биће потребна дозвола за роњење.

Површина

Локација острва

Заштићено подручје заузима површину око 360.000 м² атола, спрудова и плитког мора у Тихом океану. Нешто је веће од Аустралијског великог гребена, веће од територије Грчке.

Опис

The monument supports 7,000 species, one quarter of which are endemic. Prominent species include the endangered hawksbill sea turtle, the threatened green sea turtle and the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, the Laysan and Nihoa finches, the Nihoa millerbird, Laysan duck, seabirds such as the Laysan albatross, numerous species of plants including Pritchardia palms, and many species of arthropods. According to the Pew Charitable Trusts, populations of lobster have not recovered from extensive harvesting in the 1980s and 1990s, which is now banned;[3] the remaining fisheries are overfished, although commercial fishing is banned.[4]

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) reported in 2008 that many species populations have not fully recovered from a large-scale shift in the oceanic ecosystem that affected the North Pacific during the late 1980s and early 1990s.[5] This shift reduced populations of important species such as spiny lobster, seabirds and Hawaiian monk seals. The monument receives strict conservation protection, with exceptions for traditional Native Hawaiian uses and limited tourism.[3]

The monument covers roughly 583.000 sq mi (1.510.000 km2) of reefs, atolls and shallow and deep sea (out to 200 mi (320 km) offshore) in the Pacific Ocean – larger than all of America's national parks combined.[6] It contains approximately 10 percent of the tropical shallow water coral reef habitat (i.e., down to 100 fathoms (180 m)) in U.S. territory.[7] It is slightly larger than Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, approximately the size of the country of Germany, and just slightly smaller than Alaska.

The islands included in the monument are all part of the State of Hawaii, except Midway Atoll, which is part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands insular area. Henderson Field, on Midway Atoll, provides aerial access to the monument.

About 132.000 sq mi (340.000 km2) of the monument are part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve, designated in 2000. The monument also includes the Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (59.099.150 acres (239.165,8 km2))[8] and Battle of Midway National Memorial, the Hawaii State Seabird Sanctuary at Kure Atoll, and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands State Marine Refuge.

As a mixed site with natural and cultural resources, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) commented on the natural features of the monument, and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) assessed its cultural aspects.

Администрација

Global locator map of all sites in the United States National Marine Sanctuary system

The monument's ocean area is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It contains U.S. and Hawaiian designated refuges, sanctuaries, reserves and memorials with separate administration.

The Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, with an area of 2.544.181 acres (3.975,3 sq mi; 10.296 km2)[8] is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS).[9][10]

Историја

The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) were first protected on February 3, 1909, when U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt created the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation through Шаблон:Executive Order, as a response to the over-harvesting of seabirds, and in recognition of the importance of the NWHI as seabird nesting sites.[11] President Franklin D. Roosevelt converted it into the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge in 1940. A series of incremental protection expansions followed, leading to the establishment of Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in 1988, Kure Atoll State Wildlife Sanctuary in 1993, and the NWHI Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve in 2000.[12][13]

President Bill Clinton established the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve on December 4, 2000, with Executive Order 13178. Clinton's executive order initiated a process to designate the waters of the NWHI as a National Marine Sanctuary. A public comment period began in 2002. In 2005, Governor of Hawaii Linda Lingle declared parts of the monument a state marine refuge.[14]

In April 2006, President George W. Bush and his wife viewed a screening of the documentary film Voyage to Kure at the White House along with its director, Jean-Michel Cousteau. Compelled by the film's portrayal of the flora and fauna, Bush moved quickly to expand protections.[15][16][17]

Галерија

  • Хавајска зелена корњача
    Хавајска зелена корњача

Референце

  1. ^ а б Barnett, Cynthia (26. 8. 2016). „Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas”. National Geographic. Приступљено 26. 8. 2016. 
  2. ^ „Learn to pronounce Papahānaumokuākea”. papahanaumokuakea.gov. 27. 2. 2007. Приступљено 2017-05-17. 
  3. ^ а б „Bush creates new marine sanctuary”. Americas. BBC News. 15. 6. 2006. Приступљено 25. 8. 2008. 
  4. ^ „Lobster fishery remains battered”. Honolulu Advertiser. 19. 6. 2006. Приступљено 30. 8. 2009. 
  5. ^ Polovina, Jeffrey J. (2005). „Climate variation, regime shifts, and implications for sustainable fisheries” (PDF). Bulletin of Marine Science. Miami, Florida: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami. 76 (2): 233—244. ISSN 0007-4977. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 24. 6. 2006. г. Приступљено 25. 8. 2008. 
  6. ^ Reichert, Joshua; Theodore Roosevelt IV (15. 6. 2006). „Treasure Islands”. The New York Times. Приступљено 25. 8. 2008. 
  7. ^ Rohmann, S. O.; J. J. Hayes; R. C. Newhall; M. E. Monaco; R. W. Grigg (новембар 2005). „The area of potential shallow-water tropical and subtropical coral ecosystems in the United States.”. Coral Reefs. Berlin: Springer. 24 (3): 370—383. Bibcode:2005CorRe..24..370R. S2CID 31572150. doi:10.1007/s00338-005-0014-4. 
  8. ^ а б System, National Wildlife Refuge (30. 9. 2007). „Lands Report - National Wildlife Refuge System”. fws.gov. Приступљено 3. 9. 2016. 
  9. ^ „Bush creates world's biggest ocean preserve”. U.S. news / Environment. MSNBC. 15. 6. 2006. Архивирано из оригинала 8. 11. 2012. г. Приступљено 25. 8. 2008. 
  10. ^ „Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Proclaimed a National Monument”. Environment News Service. 15. 6. 2006. Приступљено 25. 8. 2008. 
  11. ^ „Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument: A Citizen's Guide” (PDF). NOAA, USFWS, DLNR. 2005. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 10. 9. 2008. г. Приступљено 26. 8. 2008. 
  12. ^ National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 2000 Архивирано јун 14, 2006 на сајту Wayback Machine, which became Public Law 106-513 on November 13, 2000.
  13. ^ „Designation”. Management. NOAA. 17. 6. 2006. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 7. 2008. г. Приступљено 26. 8. 2008. 
  14. ^ „President Sets Aside Largest Marine Conservation Area on Earth (Story 2644)” (Саопштење). NOAA Magazine. 15. 6. 2006. Приступљено 25. 8. 2008. 
  15. ^ „President Bush Establishes Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument” (Саопштење). Office of the Press Secretary. 15. 6. 2006. Приступљено 26. 8. 2008. 
  16. ^ Weiss, Kenneth (15. 6. 2006). „Turnaround as Bush creates huge aquatic Eden”. Los Angeles Times. Приступљено 26. 8. 2008. 
  17. ^ „Jean-Michel Cousteau: Ocean Adventures”. Voyage to Kure. KQED-TV. 2006. Приступљено 26. 8. 2008. 

Литература

Спољашње везе

Северозападни национални споменик на Хавајима на Викимедијиној остави.
Викизворник има изворни текст повезан са чланком Proclamation 8031.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Северозападни_национални_споменик_на_Хавајима&oldid=25580519”