Кола (пиће) — разлика између измена

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{{Short description|Газирано безалкохолно пиће}}{{рут}}
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[[Датотека:Tumbler of cola with ice.jpg|мини|десно|Чаша коле са [[коцка леда|коцкама леда]]]]
{{Infobox drink
| name = Кола
| image = Glass of Cola.jpg
⚫
| caption = Чаша коле са [[коцка леда|коцкама леда]]
| type = [[Soft drink]]
| abv =
| proof =
| manufacturer = Various
| distributor =
| origin = {{flag|United States}}
| introduced = {{Start date and age|1886|5|8}},<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=http://happydazeblog.com/2017/05/01/may-8-1886-soda-pop-invented/ |title=The 132nd Anniversary of the Day Soda Pop Was Invented - the Happy Daze Blog takes an amusing look at wacky holidays, weird holidays, and happy holidays found in every month, and tells how to celebrate them |access-date=December 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172406/http://happydazeblog.com/2017/05/01/may-8-1886-soda-pop-invented/ |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.interexchange.org/articles/career-training-usa/2016/03/08/history-coca-cola/ |title=History of Coca-Cola · InterExchange |access-date=March 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102537/https://www.interexchange.org/articles/career-training-usa/2016/03/08/history-coca-cola/ |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as [[Coca-Cola]]
| discontinued =
| color = [[Caramel]] (with certain exceptions such as [[Zevia]] Cola and [[Kola Román]])
| flavor = Cola ([[Kola nut]], citrus, cinnamon and vanilla)
| variants =
| related =
| website =
}}


'''Кола''' ({{јез-енгл|Cola}}) јесте заслађено, [[газирано пиће|газирано]] [[безалкохолно пиће|безалкохолно]] [[пиће]] са укусом [[ванила|ванилиним]], [[цимет]]ним, [[цитруси|цитрусним]] и другим аромама. Већина садржи кофеин, који је првобитно потицао из [[кола орах]]а, по коме је пиће и добило име, иако се сада користе и други извори. Кола је постала популарна широм свијета након што је фармацеут [[Џон Пембертон]] изумио [[Кока-кола|Кока-колу]] 1886. године.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 133rd Anniversary of the Day Soda Pop Was Invented - The Happy Daze Blog takes an amusing look at wacky holidays, weird holidays, and happy holidays found in every month, and tells how to celebrate them. |url=http://happydazeblog.com/2017/05/01/may-8-1886-soda-pop-invented/ |website=Happy Daze Blog |accessdate=14. 6. 2019 |language=en |date=1. 5. 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172406/http://happydazeblog.com/2017/05/01/may-8-1886-soda-pop-invented/ |archive-date=27. 03. 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="cocaine">{{cite web|title=Coca Wine |url=http://www.cocaine.org/cocawine.htm |website=www.cocaine.org |accessdate=14. 6. 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Његов неалкохолни рецепт инспирисан је [[кока вино]]м фармацеута [[Анђело Маријани (хемичар)|Анђела Маријанија]], које је изумио 1863. године.<ref name="cocaine" />
'''Кола''' ({{јез-енгл|Cola}}) јесте заслађено, [[газирано пиће|газирано]] [[безалкохолно пиће|безалкохолно]] [[пиће]] са укусом [[ванила|ванилиним]], [[цимет]]ним, [[цитруси|цитрусним]] и другим аромама. Већина садржи кофеин, који је првобитно потицао из [[кола орах]]а, по коме је пиће и добило име, иако се сада користе и други извори. Кола је постала популарна широм свијета након што је фармацеут [[Џон Пембертон]] изумио [[Кока-кола|Кока-колу]] 1886. године.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 133rd Anniversary of the Day Soda Pop Was Invented - The Happy Daze Blog takes an amusing look at wacky holidays, weird holidays, and happy holidays found in every month, and tells how to celebrate them. |url=http://happydazeblog.com/2017/05/01/may-8-1886-soda-pop-invented/ |website=Happy Daze Blog |accessdate=14. 6. 2019 |language=en |date=1. 5. 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172406/http://happydazeblog.com/2017/05/01/may-8-1886-soda-pop-invented/ |archive-date=27. 03. 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="cocaine">{{cite web|title=Coca Wine |url=http://www.cocaine.org/cocawine.htm |website=www.cocaine.org |accessdate=14. 6. 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Његов неалкохолни рецепт инспирисан је [[кока вино]]м фармацеута [[Анђело Маријани (хемичар)|Анђела Маријанија]], које је изумио 1863. године.<ref name="cocaine" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=최재원|date=April 2015|title=코카콜라의 스토리텔링을 통한 감성마케팅 응용|url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE06283611|access-date=2021-04-04|journal=마케팅|volume=49|issue=4|pages=19–28|language=ko|archive-date=2019-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106133402/http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE06283611|url-status=live}}</ref>


Већина данашњих кола садржи [[карамел боја|карамел боју]], заслађене су [[шећер]]ом и/или [[Високофруктозни кукурузни сируп|високофруктозним кукурузним сирупом]]. Сада се налази у више различитих [[бренд]]ова. Међу њима, најпопуларнији су Кока-кола и [[Пепси]]. Ове двије компаније се такмиче од деведесетих година 19. вијека, али је њихово [[Кола ратови|супарништво појачано од осамдесетих година 20. вијека]].
Већина данашњих кола садржи [[карамел боја|карамел боју]], заслађене су [[шећер]]ом и/или [[Високофруктозни кукурузни сируп|високофруктозним кукурузним сирупом]]. Сада се налази у више различитих [[бренд]]ова. Међу њима, најпопуларнији су Кока-кола и [[Пепси]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=김덕호|date=November 2002|title=2차 세계대전과 코카콜라의 전지구화(Globalization)|url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01080138|access-date=2021-04-04|journal=미국사연구|volume=16|pages=219–249|language=ko|archive-date=2020-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827151510/https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01080138|url-status=live}}</ref> Ове двије компаније се такмиче од деведесетих година 19. вијека, али је њихово [[Кола ратови|супарништво појачано од осамдесетих година 20. вијека]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-timeline-2013-1|title=COKE VS. PEPSI: The Story Behind The Neverending 'Cola Wars'|author=Kim Bhasin|magazine=Business Insider|date=January 1, 2013|access-date=November 11, 2015|archive-date=October 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026071546/http://www.businessinsider.com/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-timeline-2013-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Challenge>{{Cite web|title=1975: Cola wars heat up with launch of Pepsi Challenge|url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2016/06/14/marketing-moment-75-cola-wars-heat-1975-launch-pepsi-challenge|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Drum|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127141614/https://www.thedrum.com/news/2016/06/14/marketing-moment-75-cola-wars-heat-1975-launch-pepsi-challenge|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Ароме ==
The primary modern flavorings in a cola drink are [[citrus]] [[essential oil|oils]] (from [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], and [[lemon]] [[Peel (fruit)|peels]]), [[cinnamon]], [[vanilla]], and an [[acid]]ic flavorant.<ref>{{cite web |author=DeNeefe, Janet |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/03/13/the-exotic-romance-tamarind.html |title=The Exotic Romance of Tamarind |work=The Jakarta Post |date=March 13, 2008 |access-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-date=July 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711063547/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/03/13/the-exotic-romance-tamarind.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sparror.cubecinema.com/cube/cola/chemistry/cola2.htm |title=Cola 2 |publisher=Sparror.cubecinema.com |access-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213220807/https://sparror.cubecinema.com/cube/cola/chemistry/cola2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Manufacturers of cola drinks add trace flavorings to create distinctive tastes for each brand. Trace flavorings may include a wide variety of ingredients, such as spices like [[nutmeg]] or [[coriander]]. Acidity is often provided by [[phosphoric acid]], sometimes accompanied by [[citric acid|citric]] or other isolated acids. [[Coca-Cola formula|Coca-Cola's recipe]] is maintained as a corporate [[trade secret]].

A variety of different sweeteners may be used in cola, often influenced by local agricultural policy. [[High-fructose corn syrup]] (HFCS) is predominantly used in the United States and Canada due to the lower cost of government-subsidized [[Maize|corn]]. In Europe, however, HFCS is subject to production quotas designed to encourage the production of sugar; sugar is thus preferentially used to sweeten sodas.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=M. Ataman Aksoy |editor2=John C. Beghin |title=Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries |year=2005 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=0-8213-5863-4 |page=329 |chapter=Sugar Policies: An Opportunity for Change}}</ref> In addition, [[stevia]] or an [[artificial sweetener]] may be used; "sugar-free" or "diet" colas typically contain artificial sweeteners only.

In Japan, there is a burgeoning craft cola industry, with small-scale local production methods and highly unique cola recipes using locally-sourced fruits, herbs and spices.<ref>Wallin, Lisa "[https://www.japanesefoodguide.com/craft-cola/ Japanese Craft Cola is the Beverage You Didn’t Know You Needed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126005508/https://www.japanesefoodguide.com/craft-cola/ |date=2021-11-26 }}", ''Japanese Food Guide''</ref>

== Чиста кола ==

In the 1940s, [[the Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]] produced [[White Coke]] at the request of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] [[Georgy Zhukov]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=김덕호|date=May 2005|title=냉전 초기 코카콜라와 미국 문화산업의 세계화|url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01080196|access-date=2021-04-04|journal=미국사연구|volume=21|pages=105–140|language=ko|archive-date=2020-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827151447/https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01080196|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ozy.com/flashback/coke-made-especially-for-a-communist/41336|title=Coke made especially for a communist|last=Braswell|first=Sean|website=Ozy|date=April 23, 2015|access-date=May 25, 2018|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005124459/https://www.ozy.com/flashback/coke-made-especially-for-a-communist/41336/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Clear colas were again produced during the [[clear craze]] of the early 1990s. Brands included [[Crystal Pepsi]], [[Tab Clear]], and [[7 Up#Discontinued|7 Up Ice Cola]]. Crystal Pepsi has been repeatedly reintroduced in the 2010s.

In [[Denmark]], a popular clear cola was made by the [[Cooperative]] [[Coop amba|FDB]] in 1976. It was especially known for being the "Hippie Cola" because of the focus of the harmful effects the [[color additive]] could have on children and the boycott of multinational brands. It was inspired by a campaign on harmful additives in Denmark by the Environmental-Organisation NOAH, an independent Danish division of [[Friends of the Earth]]. This was followed up with a variety of sodas without artificial coloring.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classic.samvirke.dk/node/287945|title=Samvirke - Rød sodavand - uden farve!|last=Samvirke|website=classic.samvirke.dk|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165111/https://classic.samvirke.dk/node/287945|url-status=live}}</ref> Today many organic colas are available in Denmark, but, for nostalgic reasons, clear cola has still maintained its popularity to a certain degree.<ref>{{cite web|title=Husker du? Kult-colaen vender endelig tilbage|url=https://www.bt.dk/danmark/husker-du-kult-colaen-vender-endelig-tilbage|url-status=live|access-date=September 14, 2018|website=BT|date=8 November 2016|language=Danish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109154609/http://www.bt.dk/danmark/husker-du-kult-colaen-vender-endelig-tilbage |archive-date=2016-11-09 }}</ref>

In June 2018, Coca-Cola introduced [[Coca-Cola Clear]] in [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=김덕호|date=November 2006|title=미국화인가 세계화인가 :코카콜라를 통해서 본 글로벌리즘|url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01081055|access-date=2021-04-04|journal=미국사연구|volume=24|pages=171–206|language=ko|archive-date=2021-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126032137/https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01081055|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Coca-Cola Clear launches in Japan|url=https://www.beveragedaily.com/Article/2018/06/12/Coca-Cola-Clear-launches-in-Japan|url-status=live|access-date=September 14, 2018|website=beveragedaily.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814234151/https://www.beveragedaily.com/Article/2018/06/12/Coca-Cola-Clear-launches-in-Japan |archive-date=2020-08-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 6, 2018|title=Coca-Cola Pulls a Pepsi and Launches Clear Coke|url=https://www.esquire.com/food-drink/a21094272/clear-coke/|url-status=live|access-date=September 14, 2018|website=esquire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608000004/https://www.esquire.com/food-drink/a21094272/clear-coke/ |archive-date=2018-06-08 }}</ref>

==Health effects==

A 2007 study found that consumption of colas, both those with natural sweetening and those with artificial sweetening, was associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease. The [[phosphoric acid]] used in colas was thought to be a possible cause.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tina M. Saldana |author2=Olga Basso |author3=Rebecca Darden |author4=Dale P. Sandler |title=Carbonated beverages and chronic kidney disease |year=2007 |journal=[[Epidemiology (journal)|Epidemiology]] |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=501–6 |doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e3180646338 |pmid=17525693 |pmc=3433753}}</ref>

One 2005 study indicated soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in the American diet and that of those who drink more sweetened drinks, obesity rates were higher.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/05/050527111920.htm |title=Preliminary Data Suggest That Soda And Sweet Drinks Are The Main Source Of Calories In American Diet |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=May 27, 2005 |access-date=July 2, 2011 |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309054959/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/05/050527111920.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Most nutritionists advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]], [[vitamin C]], [[riboflavin]], and [[vitamin A]].<ref>Jacobson, Michael F. (2005). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20050718093423/http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/liquid_candy_final_w_new_supplement.pdf Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health]", pp. 5–6. [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]]. Retrieved October 13, 2010.</ref>

The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of [[caffeine]], which can cause [[physical dependence]] ([[caffeine dependence]]),<ref>Center for Science in the Public Interest (1997). "[http://www.cspinet.org/new/caffeine.htm Label Caffeine Content of Foods, Scientists Tell FDA]." Retrieved June 10, 2005. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724114650/http://www.cspinet.org/new/caffeine.htm |date=July 24, 2014 }}</ref> and can reduce sleep quality.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=O’Callaghan|first1=Frances|last2=Muurlink|first2=Olav|last3=Reid|first3=Natasha|date=2018-12-07|title=Effects of caffeine on sleep quality and daytime functioning|journal=Risk Management and Healthcare Policy|volume=11|pages=263–271|doi=10.2147/RMHP.S156404|issn=1179-1594|pmc=6292246|pmid=30573997}}</ref> A link has been shown between long-term regular cola intake and [[osteoporosis]] in older women (but not men).<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP | title=Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study| journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition| volume=84| pages=936–942| issue = 4| date = October 1, 2006| pmid = 17023723 | doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.4.936| doi-access=free}}</ref> This was thought to be due to the presence of phosphoric acid, and the risk for women was found to be greater for sugared and caffeinated colas than diet and decaffeinated variants, with a higher intake of cola correlating with lower bone density.

Many soft drinks in North America are sweetened mostly or entirely with [[high-fructose corn syrup]], rather than [[sugar]]. Some nutritionists caution against consumption of [[corn syrup]] because it may aggravate [[obesity]] and [[type-2 diabetes]] more than cane sugar.<ref>[http://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/news/ng.asp?id=51623-single-food-ingredient "Single food ingredient the cause of obesity ? New study has industry up in arms"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508014443/http://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/news/ng.asp?id=51623-single-food-ingredient |date=2008-05-08 }}. (April 26, 2004). ''FoodNavigator.com''. Retrieved February 27, 2007.</ref>


== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Cite web |last1=Pulley |first1=Brett |title=Coca-Cola Severs Longtime Ties With Pro-Sugar Group |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-13/coca-cola-severs-longtime-ties-with-pro-sugar-industry-group |access-date=23 June 2021 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=13 January 2021}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Jacobs |first1=Andrew |title=A Shadowy Industry Group Shapes Food Policy Around the World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/health/ilsi-food-policy-india-brazil-china.html |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=New York Times |date=16 September 2019}}
* {{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=Anahad |title=Coca-Cola Funds Scientists Who Shift Blame for Obesity Away From Bad Diets |url=https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/coca-cola-funds-scientists-who-shift-blame-for-obesity-away-from-bad-diets/ |access-date=23 June 2021 |work=New York Times |date=9 August 2015}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.cspinet.org/new/200901151.html|title=Coke Sued for Fraudulent Claims on Obesity-Promoting "VitaminWater"|publisher=Center for Science in the Public Interest|date=January 15, 2009|access-date=July 29, 2012|archive-date=July 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728104633/http://www.cspinet.org/new/200901151.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.coca-colacompany.com/media-center/company-statements/glaceau-vitaminwater-lawsuit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234344/http://www.coca-colacompany.com/media-center/company-statements/glaceau-vitaminwater-lawsuit |archive-date=2013-01-16 |title=Statement on The glacéau vitaminwater Lawsuit}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/28675966|title=Coca-Cola sued over VitaminWater claims|work=NBC News}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www10.gencat.net/pres_casa_llengues/AppJava/frontend/llengues_bp.jsp?id=88&idioma=5|publisher=Linguamon|title=Raising awareness of labelling in one's own language. Coca-Cola in Catalan|access-date=4 Dec 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213124905/http://www10.gencat.net/pres_casa_llengues/AppJava/frontend/llengues_bp.jsp?id=88&idioma=5|archive-date=13 December 2013|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.indiaresource.org/news/2005/1062.html|title=India Resource Center - How a Global Web of Activists Gives Coke Problems in India|website=www.indiaresource.org|access-date=30 August 2017}}
* {{Cite web |title=Water wars: Plachimada vs Coca-Cola |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/water-wars-plachimada-vs-coca-cola/article19284658.ece |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=15 July 2017}}
* {{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=Coca Cola's contentious bottling plant in Kerala becomes 600-bed Covid hospital|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coca-colas-contentious-bottling-plant-in-kerala-becomes-600-bed-covid-hospital/2277626/|access-date=2021-11-12|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh govt cancels land allocation for Coca Cola plant |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/madhya-pradesh-govt-cancels-land-allocation-for-coca-cola-plant-101648179023419.html |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 March 2022}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/tamil-nadu-traders-to-boycott-coca-cola-pepsico-products-from-march-1/articleshow/56799928.cms|title=Rs 1,400 crore may fizz out of Coca-Cola, PepsiCo coffers as Tamil Nadu traders mulling to ban products|first=Ratna|last=Bhushan|date=30 August 2017|access-date=30 August 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/no-coke-pepsi-in-tamil-nadu-from-march/54780|title=No Coke, Pepsi In Tamil Nadu From March 1?|website=www.timesnownews.com}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51197463|title=People still want plastic bottles, says Coca-Cola|last=Thomas|first=Daniel|date=2020-01-21|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-01-22|language=en-GB}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2019/nov/09/coca-cola-world-biggest-plastics-polluter-again-datablog|title=Coca-Cola is world's biggest plastics polluter – again {{!}} Mona Chalabi|last=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=2019-11-09|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-22|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/14/coca-cola-admits-it-produces-3m-tonnes-of-plastic-packaging-a-year|title=Coca-Cola admits it produces 3m tonnes of plastic packaging a year|last=Laville|first=Sandra|date=2019-03-14|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-22|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/10/23/coca-cola-plastic-waste-pollution/|title=Coca-Cola Named Most Polluting Brand in Global Audit of Plastic Waste|last=Lerner|first=Sharon|date=2019-10-23|website=The Intercept|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-22}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/14/coca-cola-admits-it-produces-3m-tonnes-of-plastic-packaging-a-year|title=Coca-Cola admits it produces 3m tonnes of plastic packaging a year|last=Laville|first=Sandra|date=2019-03-14|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-03-14|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.proxyinformation.com/cocacola/cokeres.html |title=Shareholder Resolution |publisher=proxyinformation.com |access-date=2008-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220025954/http://www.proxyinformation.com/cocacola/cokeres.html |archive-date=December 20, 2008 }}
{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==

Верзија на датум 1. мај 2023. у 03:09

Кола
Чаша коле са коцкама леда
ТипSoft drink
ПроизвођачVarious
Земља порекла United States
Уведен8. мај 1886.; пре 138 година (1886-05-08),[1][2] as Coca-Cola
БојаCaramel (with certain exceptions such as Zevia Cola and Kola Román)
УкусCola (Kola nut, citrus, cinnamon and vanilla)

Кола (енгл. Cola) јесте заслађено, газирано безалкохолно пиће са укусом ванилиним, циметним, цитрусним и другим аромама. Већина садржи кофеин, који је првобитно потицао из кола ораха, по коме је пиће и добило име, иако се сада користе и други извори. Кола је постала популарна широм свијета након што је фармацеут Џон Пембертон изумио Кока-колу 1886. године.[3][4] Његов неалкохолни рецепт инспирисан је кока вином фармацеута Анђела Маријанија, које је изумио 1863. године.[4][5]

Већина данашњих кола садржи карамел боју, заслађене су шећером и/или високофруктозним кукурузним сирупом. Сада се налази у више различитих брендова. Међу њима, најпопуларнији су Кока-кола и Пепси.[6] Ове двије компаније се такмиче од деведесетих година 19. вијека, али је њихово супарништво појачано од осамдесетих година 20. вијека.[7][8]

Ароме

The primary modern flavorings in a cola drink are citrus oils (from orange, lime, and lemon peels), cinnamon, vanilla, and an acidic flavorant.[9][10] Manufacturers of cola drinks add trace flavorings to create distinctive tastes for each brand. Trace flavorings may include a wide variety of ingredients, such as spices like nutmeg or coriander. Acidity is often provided by phosphoric acid, sometimes accompanied by citric or other isolated acids. Coca-Cola's recipe is maintained as a corporate trade secret.

A variety of different sweeteners may be used in cola, often influenced by local agricultural policy. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is predominantly used in the United States and Canada due to the lower cost of government-subsidized corn. In Europe, however, HFCS is subject to production quotas designed to encourage the production of sugar; sugar is thus preferentially used to sweeten sodas.[11] In addition, stevia or an artificial sweetener may be used; "sugar-free" or "diet" colas typically contain artificial sweeteners only.

In Japan, there is a burgeoning craft cola industry, with small-scale local production methods and highly unique cola recipes using locally-sourced fruits, herbs and spices.[12]

Чиста кола

In the 1940s, Coca-Cola produced White Coke at the request of Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov.[13][14]

Clear colas were again produced during the clear craze of the early 1990s. Brands included Crystal Pepsi, Tab Clear, and 7 Up Ice Cola. Crystal Pepsi has been repeatedly reintroduced in the 2010s.

In Denmark, a popular clear cola was made by the Cooperative FDB in 1976. It was especially known for being the "Hippie Cola" because of the focus of the harmful effects the color additive could have on children and the boycott of multinational brands. It was inspired by a campaign on harmful additives in Denmark by the Environmental-Organisation NOAH, an independent Danish division of Friends of the Earth. This was followed up with a variety of sodas without artificial coloring.[15] Today many organic colas are available in Denmark, but, for nostalgic reasons, clear cola has still maintained its popularity to a certain degree.[16]

In June 2018, Coca-Cola introduced Coca-Cola Clear in Japan.[17][18][19]

Health effects

A 2007 study found that consumption of colas, both those with natural sweetening and those with artificial sweetening, was associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease. The phosphoric acid used in colas was thought to be a possible cause.[20]

One 2005 study indicated soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in the American diet and that of those who drink more sweetened drinks, obesity rates were higher.[21] Most nutritionists advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of calcium, magnesium, vitamin C, riboflavin, and vitamin A.[22]

The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of caffeine, which can cause physical dependence (caffeine dependence),[23] and can reduce sleep quality.[24] A link has been shown between long-term regular cola intake and osteoporosis in older women (but not men).[25] This was thought to be due to the presence of phosphoric acid, and the risk for women was found to be greater for sugared and caffeinated colas than diet and decaffeinated variants, with a higher intake of cola correlating with lower bone density.

Many soft drinks in North America are sweetened mostly or entirely with high-fructose corn syrup, rather than sugar. Some nutritionists caution against consumption of corn syrup because it may aggravate obesity and type-2 diabetes more than cane sugar.[26]

Референце

  1. ^ „The 132nd Anniversary of the Day Soda Pop Was Invented - the Happy Daze Blog takes an amusing look at wacky holidays, weird holidays, and happy holidays found in every month, and tells how to celebrate them”. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 3. 2019. г. Приступљено 3. 12. 2018. 
  2. ^ „History of Coca-Cola · InterExchange”. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 3. 2019. г. Приступљено 16. 3. 2019. 
  3. ^ „The 133rd Anniversary of the Day Soda Pop Was Invented - The Happy Daze Blog takes an amusing look at wacky holidays, weird holidays, and happy holidays found in every month, and tells how to celebrate them.”. Happy Daze Blog (на језику: енглески). 1. 5. 2017. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 03. 2019. г. Приступљено 14. 6. 2019. 
  4. ^ а б „Coca Wine”. www.cocaine.org (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 14. 6. 2019. 
  5. ^ 최재원 (април 2015). „코카콜라의 스토리텔링을 통한 감성마케팅 응용”. 마케팅 (на језику: корејски). 49 (4): 19—28. Архивирано из оригинала 2019-11-06. г. Приступљено 2021-04-04. 
  6. ^ 김덕호 (новембар 2002). „2차 세계대전과 코카콜라의 전지구화(Globalization)”. 미국사연구 (на језику: корејски). 16: 219—249. Архивирано из оригинала 2020-08-27. г. Приступљено 2021-04-04. 
  7. ^ Kim Bhasin (1. 1. 2013). „COKE VS. PEPSI: The Story Behind The Neverending 'Cola Wars'”. Business Insider. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 10. 2015. г. Приступљено 11. 11. 2015. 
  8. ^ „1975: Cola wars heat up with launch of Pepsi Challenge”. The Drum (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 2020-11-27. г. Приступљено 2020-08-29. 
  9. ^ DeNeefe, Janet (13. 3. 2008). „The Exotic Romance of Tamarind”. The Jakarta Post. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 7. 2021. г. Приступљено 29. 9. 2013. 
  10. ^ „Cola 2”. Sparror.cubecinema.com. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 2. 2021. г. Приступљено 29. 9. 2013. 
  11. ^ M. Ataman Aksoy; John C. Beghin, ур. (2005). „Sugar Policies: An Opportunity for Change”. Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries. World Bank Publications. стр. 329. ISBN 0-8213-5863-4. 
  12. ^ Wallin, Lisa "Japanese Craft Cola is the Beverage You Didn’t Know You Needed Архивирано 2021-11-26 на сајту Wayback Machine", Japanese Food Guide
  13. ^ 김덕호 (мај 2005). „냉전 초기 코카콜라와 미국 문화산업의 세계화”. 미국사연구 (на језику: корејски). 21: 105—140. Архивирано из оригинала 2020-08-27. г. Приступљено 2021-04-04. 
  14. ^ Braswell, Sean (23. 4. 2015). „Coke made especially for a communist”. Ozy. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 10. 2021. г. Приступљено 25. 5. 2018. 
  15. ^ Samvirke. „Samvirke - Rød sodavand - uden farve!”. classic.samvirke.dk. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 2. 2021. г. Приступљено 14. 9. 2018. 
  16. ^ „Husker du? Kult-colaen vender endelig tilbage”. BT (на језику: Danish). 8. 11. 2016. Архивирано из оригинала 2016-11-09. г. Приступљено 14. 9. 2018. 
  17. ^ 김덕호 (новембар 2006). „미국화인가 세계화인가 :코카콜라를 통해서 본 글로벌리즘”. 미국사연구 (на језику: корејски). 24: 171—206. Архивирано из оригинала 2021-11-26. г. Приступљено 2021-04-04. 
  18. ^ „Coca-Cola Clear launches in Japan”. beveragedaily.com. Архивирано из оригинала 2020-08-14. г. Приступљено 14. 9. 2018. 
  19. ^ „Coca-Cola Pulls a Pepsi and Launches Clear Coke”. esquire. 6. 6. 2018. Архивирано из оригинала 2018-06-08. г. Приступљено 14. 9. 2018. 
  20. ^ Tina M. Saldana; Olga Basso; Rebecca Darden; Dale P. Sandler (2007). „Carbonated beverages and chronic kidney disease”. Epidemiology. 18 (4): 501—6. PMC 3433753 Слободан приступ. PMID 17525693. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3180646338. 
  21. ^ „Preliminary Data Suggest That Soda And Sweet Drinks Are The Main Source Of Calories In American Diet”. Sciencedaily.com. 27. 5. 2005. Архивирано из оригинала 9. 3. 2021. г. Приступљено 2. 7. 2011. 
  22. ^ Jacobson, Michael F. (2005). "Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health", pp. 5–6. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
  23. ^ Center for Science in the Public Interest (1997). "Label Caffeine Content of Foods, Scientists Tell FDA." Retrieved June 10, 2005. Архивирано јул 24, 2014 на сајту Wayback Machine
  24. ^ O’Callaghan, Frances; Muurlink, Olav; Reid, Natasha (2018-12-07). „Effects of caffeine on sleep quality and daytime functioning”. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 11: 263—271. ISSN 1179-1594. PMC 6292246 Слободан приступ. PMID 30573997. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S156404. 
  25. ^ Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP (1. 10. 2006). „Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84 (4): 936—942. PMID 17023723. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.4.936 Слободан приступ. 
  26. ^ "Single food ingredient the cause of obesity ? New study has industry up in arms" Архивирано 2008-05-08 на сајту Wayback Machine. (April 26, 2004). FoodNavigator.com. Retrieved February 27, 2007.

Литература

Спољашње везе

Кола на Викимедијиној остави.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Кола_(пиће)&oldid=25709617”