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Изговор — разлика између измена

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{{друга значења|Изговор (вишезначна одредница)}}
{{друга значења|Изговор (вишезначна одредница)}}


'''Изговор''' или '''изговарање''' је начин на који се реч чита или прича неки [[језик]]. То је начин на који неко користи [[глас]] да би произвео [[Артикулација (лингвистика)|артикулисан]] звук те изговорио неку реч. Ако се каже да неко има „правилан изговор”, мисли се и на начин читања речи и на начин говорења језика унутар одређеног [[дијалект]]а.
'''Изговор''' или '''изговарање''' је начин на који се реч чита или прича неки [[језик]]. То је начин на који неко користи [[глас]] да би произвео [[Артикулација (лингвистика)|артикулисан]] звук те изговорио неку реч.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = The physics of small-amplitude oscillation of the vocal folds|last = Titze|first = I.R.|date = 1988|journal = Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|doi = 10.1121/1.395910|pmid = 3372869|volume = 83|issue = 4|pages = 1536–1552|bibcode = 1988ASAJ...83.1536T}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3415a64a3b151286e22bf69e959722ff31f8c491|title = The minimum lung pressure to sustain vocal fold oscillation|last = Lucero|first = J. C.|date = 1995|journal = Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|doi = 10.1121/1.414354|pmid = 7642816|volume = 98|issue = 2|pages = 779–784|bibcode = 1995ASAJ...98..779L|s2cid = 24053484}}</ref><ref name="McKinney">{{cite book | title = The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults | last = McKinney | first = James | year = 1994 | publisher = Genovex Music Group | isbn = 978-1-56593-940-0}}</ref> Ако се каже да неко има „правилан изговор”, мисли се и на начин читања речи и на начин говорења језика унутар одређеног [[дијалект]]а.<ref name="auto2">{{citation|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_376_Dispossessed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612214606/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_376_Dispossessed.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-12 |url-status=live|page=8|author= Daniel. W. Bruhn |title=Walls of the Tongue: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5N9VUT5Tl4C|page=250|chapter =Varieties of the Greek language |title=The Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development |author = Christopher D. Land |date=21 February 2013|isbn=978-9004234772|editor=Stanley E. Porter, Andrew Pitts}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2010 |title =topolect |encyclopedia=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=Boston |edition=4th}}</ref><ref name="chao">{{cite book |last=Chao |first=Yuen Ren |title=Language and Symbolic Systems |date=1968 |publisher=CUP archive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Se87AAAAIAAJ&q=language+standard+dialect&pg=PA130 |page=130|isbn=9780521094573 }}</ref><ref name="johnson">{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=David|title=How Myths about Language Affect Education: What Every Teacher Should Know|date=27 May 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPsVxfVDXp0C&q=language+standard+dialect&pg=PA75 |page=75|isbn=978-0472032877}}</ref>


A word can be spoken in different ways by various individuals or groups, depending on many factors, such as: the duration of the cultural exposure of their childhood, the location of their current residence, [[speech disorder|speech]] or [[list of voice disorders|voice disorders]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beech |first1=John R. |last2=Harding |first2=Leonora |last3=Hilton-Jones |first3=Diana |title=Assessment in Speech and Language Therapy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55 |chapter=Assessment of Articulation and Phonology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55 |editor-last=Grunwell |editor-first=Pam |year=1993 |publisher=[[CUP Archive]] |isbn=0-415-07882-2 |page=55 }}</ref> their [[ethnic group]], their [[social class]], or their [[education]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings |last1=Paulston |first1=Christina Bratt |last2=Tucker |first2=G. Richard |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |date=February 14, 2003 |isbn=0-631-22717-2 |chapter=Some Sociolinguistic Principles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVG5XCa1DkkC |editor-last=Labov |editor-first=William |pages=234–250}}</ref>
A word can be spoken in different ways by various individuals or groups, depending on many factors, such as: the duration of the cultural exposure of their childhood, the location of their current residence, [[speech disorder|speech]] or [[list of voice disorders|voice disorders]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beech |first1=John R. |last2=Harding |first2=Leonora |last3=Hilton-Jones |first3=Diana |title=Assessment in Speech and Language Therapy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55 |chapter=Assessment of Articulation and Phonology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55 |editor-last=Grunwell |editor-first=Pam |year=1993 |publisher=[[CUP Archive]] |isbn=0-415-07882-2 |page=55 }}</ref> their [[ethnic group]], their [[social class]], or their [[education]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings |last1=Paulston |first1=Christina Bratt |last2=Tucker |first2=G. Richard |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |date=February 14, 2003 |isbn=0-631-22717-2 |chapter=Some Sociolinguistic Principles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVG5XCa1DkkC |editor-last=Labov |editor-first=William |pages=234–250}}</ref>
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* {{cite book |author=Saikia, Robin |author-link=Robin Saikia |title=The Saikia System: 23 Elocution Exercises for Teachers and Students of Standard British English |publisher=Independently published |isbn= 979-8656964647|date=25 June 2020}}
* {{cite book |author=Saikia, Robin |author-link=Robin Saikia |title=The Saikia System: 23 Elocution Exercises for Teachers and Students of Standard British English |publisher=Independently published |isbn= 979-8656964647|date=25 June 2020}}
* Spoel, Philippa M. (Winter 2001). ''"''Rereading the Elocutionists: The Rhetoric of Thomas Sheridan's ''A Course of Lectures on Elocution'' and John Walker's ''Elements of Elocution.'' Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric Vol. 19 No. 1. University of the California Press, 49-91.
* Spoel, Philippa M. (Winter 2001). ''"''Rereading the Elocutionists: The Rhetoric of Thomas Sheridan's ''A Course of Lectures on Elocution'' and John Walker's ''Elements of Elocution.'' Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric Vol. 19 No. 1. University of the California Press, 49-91.
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Ивић|first=Павле|autorlink=Павле Ивић|title=Дијалектологија српскохрватског језика: Увод и штокавско наречје|edition=1.|year=1956|location=Нови Сад|publisher=Матица српска|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROQbAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Okuka|first=Miloš|autorlink=Милош Окука|title=Srpski dijalekti|year=2008|location=Zagreb|publisher=Prosvjeta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVwqAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Ћорић|first=Божо|title=Из дијалектолошке терминологије (наречје, дијалекат, говор)|journal=Књижевност и језик|year=1991|volume=38|issue=1|pages=73-77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqNiAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|first = Sławomir |last=Gala |title= Teoretyczne, badawcze i dydaktyczne założenia dialektologii |date=1998|publisher=Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nWEZAQAAIAAJ | page=24 |isbn= 9788387749040 |language=pl}}
* {{cite book|first=Małgorzata |last=Dąbrowska-Kardas |title=Analiza dyrektywalna przepisów części ogólnej kodeksu karnego |date=2012 |isbn=9788326446177 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZVSAwAAQBAJ |page=32 |language=pl}}
* {{Cite book|author=Benedikt Perak |author2= Robert Trask |author3 = Milica Mihaljević |date=2005| title=Temeljni lingvistički pojmovi |url= https://www.academia.edu/819390 |language=sh|page=81}}
* {{cite book|author = Sławomir Gala |title= Teoretyczne, badawcze i dydaktyczne założenia dialektologii |date=1998|publisher=Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nWEZAQAAIAAJ | page=24 |isbn= 9788387749040 |language=pl}}
* {{cite book|author = Małgorzata Dąbrowska-Kardas |title= Analiza dyrektywalna przepisów części ogólnej kodeksu karnego |date= 2012 |isbn = 9788326446177 |publisher= Wolters Kluwer |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DZVSAwAAQBAJ | page=32 |language=pl}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kamusella |first=Tomasz |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/896495625 |title=Creating languages in Central Europe during the last millennium |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-137-50783-9 |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire [England] |page=10|oclc=896495625}}
* {{cite book |author = Peter G. Gowing |author2= William Henry Scott |title = Acculturation in the Philippines: Essays on Changing Societies. A Selection of Papers Presented at the Baguio Religious Acculturation Conferences from 1958 to 1968 |year = 1971 |publisher = New Day Publishers |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zfjZAAAAMAAJ | page=157 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Maiden |first1=Martin |last2=Parry |first2=Mair |title=The Dialects of Italy |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |page=2 |isbn=9781134834365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Dz_LyQF_eAC&q=dialects+of+italy}}
* {{cite book | title = The Voice and its Disorders | last = Greene | first = Margaret |author2=Lesley Mathieson | year = 2001 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons; 6th Edition | isbn = 978-1-86156-196-1}}
* {{cite book | title = Speech and hearing science : anatomy and physiology | last = Zemlin | first = Willard | year = 1998 | publisher = Allyn and Bacon; 4th edition | isbn = 0-13-827437-1}}
* {{Cite journal|title = Optimal glottal configuration for ease of phonation|last = Lucero|first = J. C.|date = 1998|journal = Journal of Voice|doi = 10.1016/S0892-1997(98)80034-9|pmid = 9649070|volume = 12|issue = 2|pages = 151–158}}
* {{cite journal | last = Edmondson | first = Jerold A. |author2=John H. Esling | title = The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register, and stress: laryngoscopic case studies | publisher = Cambridge University Press
| journal = Phonology | volume = 23 | pages = 157–191 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1017/S095267570600087X | issue = 2| s2cid = 62531440 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Large | first = John |date= 1972 | title = Towards an Integrated Physiologic-Acoustic Theory of Vocal Registers | journal = The NATS Bulletin | volume = 28 | pages = 30–35}}
* {{cite book |last=Crannell |first=Kenneth C. |year=1999 |orig-year=1997 |title=Voice and Articulation |edition=3rd |location=Belmont |publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Company |isbn=9780534508999 |oclc=34640688}} {{Google books|al4fAQAAIAAJ|Voice and Articulation}} (preview of 1997 edition)
* {{Cite web |title=diction |url=http://literary-devices.com/content/diction |publisher=Literary-Devices.com |access-date=24 March 2020}}


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{{refend}}
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* [https://archive.org/details/lessonsinelocut05scotgoog Digital Book ''Lessons in Elocution'' by William Scott, 1820]
* [https://archive.org/details/lessonsinelocut05scotgoog Digital Book ''Lessons in Elocution'' by William Scott, 1820]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081045/http://dwleutenegger.wix.com/portfolio Paintings 2015]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081045/http://dwleutenegger.wix.com/portfolio Paintings 2015]
* [http://web.uvic.ca/ling/research/phonetics/SOG/ States of the Glottis] (Esling & Harris, University of Victoria)
* [http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/page4.htm Universität Stuttgart Speech production]


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Верзија на датум 5. јул 2023. у 06:18

1. нос, 2. усне, 3. зуби, 4. непце, 5. тврдо непце, 6. меко непце, 7. језик, 8. ждрело, 9. гркљан, 11. епиглотис, 12. вокални набори, 13. једњак

Изговор или изговарање је начин на који се реч чита или прича неки језик. То је начин на који неко користи глас да би произвео артикулисан звук те изговорио неку реч.[1][2][3] Ако се каже да неко има „правилан изговор”, мисли се и на начин читања речи и на начин говорења језика унутар одређеног дијалекта.[4][5][6][7][8]

A word can be spoken in different ways by various individuals or groups, depending on many factors, such as: the duration of the cultural exposure of their childhood, the location of their current residence, speech or voice disorders,[9] their ethnic group, their social class, or their education.[10]

Од чега зависи изговор

Различити појединци или групе људи реч могу да изговоре на различите начине, што зависи од много фактора. Неки од тих фактора су:

Лингвистичка терминологија

Слогови се броје као јединице звука (фони) који они користе у свом језику. Грана лингвистике која проучава ове јединице звука се зове фонетика. Фони, који играју исту улогу, груписани су у класе од. јединице које се зову фонеме; проучавањем фонема баве се науке фонемика, фонематика и фонологија. Фони, као компоненте артикулације, углавном се описују користећи Међународни фонетски алфабет (енгл. International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA) који одређује Међународна фонетска асоцијација (енгл. International Phonetic Association, IPA).[а][14]

Види још

Напомене

  1. ^ „Акроним IPA се стриктно односи [...] на International Phonetic Association. Међутим, сада је тако честа пракса да се акроним такође корисити за означавање самог алфабета (од. фразе International Phonetic Alphabet) тако да се отпор чини ситничавим. Контекст обично служи да разјасни две употребе.”[13]

Референце

  1. ^ Titze, I.R. (1988). „The physics of small-amplitude oscillation of the vocal folds”. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 83 (4): 1536—1552. Bibcode:1988ASAJ...83.1536T. PMID 3372869. doi:10.1121/1.395910. 
  2. ^ Lucero, J. C. (1995). „The minimum lung pressure to sustain vocal fold oscillation”. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 98 (2): 779—784. Bibcode:1995ASAJ...98..779L. PMID 7642816. S2CID 24053484. doi:10.1121/1.414354. 
  3. ^ McKinney, James (1994). The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults. Genovex Music Group. ISBN 978-1-56593-940-0. 
  4. ^ Daniel. W. Bruhn, Walls of the Tongue: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed (PDF), стр. 8, Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 2010-06-12. г. 
  5. ^ Christopher D. Land (21. 2. 2013), „Varieties of the Greek language”, Ур.: Stanley E. Porter, Andrew Pitts, The Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development, стр. 250, ISBN 978-9004234772 
  6. ^ „topolect”. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th изд.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. 
  7. ^ Chao, Yuen Ren (1968). Language and Symbolic Systems. CUP archive. стр. 130. ISBN 9780521094573. 
  8. ^ Johnson, David (27. 5. 2008). How Myths about Language Affect Education: What Every Teacher Should Know. стр. 75. ISBN 978-0472032877. 
  9. ^ Beech, John R.; Harding, Leonora; Hilton-Jones, Diana (1993). „Assessment of Articulation and Phonology”. Ур.: Grunwell, Pam. Assessment in Speech and Language Therapy. CUP Archive. стр. 55. ISBN 0-415-07882-2. 
  10. ^ Paulston, Christina Bratt; Tucker, G. Richard (14. 2. 2003). „Some Sociolinguistic Principles”. Ур.: Labov, William. Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings. Wiley-Blackwell. стр. 234—250. ISBN 0-631-22717-2. 
  11. ^ Beech, John R.; Harding, Leonora; Hilton-Jones, Diana (1993). Assessment in speech and language therapy. Cambridge University Press Archive. стр. 55. ISBN 978-0-415-07882-5. 
  12. ^ Labov, William (2003). „Some Sociolinguistic Principles”. Ур.: Paulston, Christina Bratt; Tucker, G. Richard. Sociolinguistics: The essential readings. Wiley-Blackwell. стр. 234—250. ISBN 978-0-631-22717-5. 
  13. ^ Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics. New York: Cambridge University Press. стр. 561. ISBN 978-0-521-45031-7. 
  14. ^ Schultz, Tanja (12. 6. 2006). „Language Characteristics”. Ур.: Kirchhoff, Katrin. Multilingual Speech Processing. Elsevier. стр. 12. ISBN 0-12-088501-8. 

Литература

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