Jurišna puška

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StG 44 German assault rifle with curved magazine and wooden stock facing left
StG 44 je usvojio Vermaht 1944. Ispaljuje metak kalibra 7,92×33 mm.
AK-47 assault rifle with curved magazine and wooden stock facing left
Trenutno najčešće korišćena jurišna puška na svetu, zajedno sa svojom varijantom, AKM, AK-47 je prvi put usvojila Sovjetska armija 1949. godine. Ispaljuje metak 7,62×39 mm M43.
Jurišna puška Štajer AUG bulpap konfiguracije
Američki M4 karabin u verziji sa dužom i kraćom cevi

Jurišna puška ili automatska puška je automatsko oružje velike vatrene moći, velikog kapaciteta i male težine.[1][2][3][4][5] Dejstvuje jedinačno ili automatski. Kod nekih modela pored ova dva načina dejstva, razdvajač paljbe nudi i treće: kratkim rafalom.

Jurišna puška danas predstavlja uobičajeno pešadijsko oružje. Koristi takozvanu srednju puščanu municiju malog kalibra i velike početne brzine, koja ima veće barutno punjenje od pištoljske ali manje od puščane i mitraljeske. Funkcioniše na principu pozjamice barutnih gasova. Bitna odlika svih jurišnih pušaka je rukohvat u stilu pištolja integrisan sa obaračom, koji omogućava bolju kontrolu oružja i veću stabilnost pri rafalnoj paljbi. Karakteriše je brzo izmenjivi okvir, ređe doboš, velikog kapaciteta, obično oko 25 do 35 metaka.

Okvir je najčešće ispred rukohvata i mehanizma za okidanje, mada kod nekih pušaka može biti i iza. U tom slučaju se radi o bulpap konfiguraciji. Ova konfiguracija omogućava oružju da bude relativno kratko, a da pri tome zadrži dugu cev, što omogućava veću preciznost i početnu brzinu zrna. Okvir se kod ove vrste pušaka nalazi u kundaku oružja.

Jurišna puška je namenjena za dejstva na daljinama od oko 400 metara, a najbolji rezultati se postižu kratkim rafalima.

Poreklo termina[uredi | uredi izvor]

Termin jurišna puška se generalno pripisuje Adolfu Hitleru, koji je koristio nemačku reč Sturmgewehr (koja se prevodi kao „jurišna puška“) kao novi naziv za MP 43 (Maschinenpistole), kasnije poznat kao Šturmgever 44.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Saveznička propaganda je sugerisala da je ime izabrano u propagandne svrhe, ali je glavna svrha bila da se Šturmgever razlikuje od nemačkih mitraljeza kao što je MP 40.[17]

Međutim, sugerisano je da je Heereswaffenamt odgovoran za ime Sturmgevehr, i da Hitler nije imao nikakav doprinos osim što je potpisao proizvodni nalog.[18][17] Štaviše, Hitler se u početku protivio ideji o novoj pešadijskoj pušci, pošto Nemačka nije imala industrijski kapacitet da zameni 12.000.000 Karabiner 98k pušaka koje su već bile u upotrebi, samo se predomislio kada je to video iz prve ruke.[19]

StG 44 se generalno smatra prvom selektivnom vojnom puškom koja je popularizovala koncept jurišne puške.[6][7] Danas se termin jurišna puška koristi da definiše vatreno oružje koje deli iste osnovne karakteristike kao StG 44.[6][7]

Karakteristike[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vojska SAD definiše jurišne puške kao „kratko, kompaktno oružje selektivne paljbe koje ispaljuje katridž srednje snage između mitraljeza i pušaka“.[20]

AK-47[uredi | uredi izvor]

Glavni članak: AK-47

Poput Nemaca, na Sovjete je uticalo iskustvo koje pokazuje da se većina borbenih sukoba odvija u krugu od 400 m (1.300 ft) i da su njihovi vojnici bili stalno nadjačani od strane teško naoružanih nemačkih trupa, posebno onih naoružanih jurišnim puškama Sturmgever 44.[21][22][23][24][25][26] Dana 15. jula 1943. godine pred Narodnim komesarijatom oružja SSSR-a demonstriran je Šturmgever.[27] Sovjeti su bili toliko impresionirani Šturmgeverom, da su odmah počeli da razvijaju sopstvenu automatsku pušku srednjeg kalibra, koja će zameniti veoma zastarele puške Mosin-Nagan i puškomitraljeze Špagin PPš-41 koji su naoružavali većinu Crvene armije.[7][24][26][27][28][29]

Kalašnjikov puške: AK-47, OTs-14, AK-74, AN-94, AK-12 i AEK-971

Sovjeti su ubrzo razvili kartridž M43 kalibra 7,62×39 mm, koji je prvi put korišćen u poluautomatskom karabinu SKS i lakom mitraljezu RPD.[30] Hugo Šmajser, konstruktor Šturmgevera, zarobljen je posle Drugog svetskog rata i pomogao je u razvoju jurišne puške AK-47,[19] koja će brzo zameniti SKS i Mosina u sovjetskoj službi.[31][32] AK-47 je finalizovan, usvojen i ušao u široku upotrebu u sovjetskoj vojsci početkom 1950-ih.[21] Njegova vatrena moć, lakoća upotrebe, niski troškovi proizvodnje i pouzdanost bili su savršeno prikladni za nove doktrine mobilnog ratovanja Crvene armije.[21] Šezdesetih godina 20. veka, Sovjeti su predstavili laki mitraljez RPK, koji je i sam bio oružje tipa AK-47 sa dvonošcem, jačim prijemnikom i dužom, težom cevi, koji će na kraju zameniti laki mitraljez RPD.[30] Na AK-47 oružju se kontinuirano radilo i poboljšavalo. AKM, AK-74 i AK-12 je dizajnirao Mihail Kalašnjikov, i sve su bile službene puške u Sovjetskom Savezu i kasnijoj Ruskoj federaciji.

Kineska jurišna puška Tip 56

AK-47 se naširoko isporučivao ili prodavao državama saveznicima SSSR-a, a nacrti su deljeni sa nekoliko prijateljskih nacija (Narodna Republika Kina se među njima izdvaja sa Tipom 56).[21] Kao rezultat toga, proizvedeno je više oružja tipa AK od svih ostalih jurišnih pušaka zajedno.[33] Od 2004. godine, „od procenjenih 500 miliona komada vatrenog oružja širom sveta, oko 100 miliona pripada porodici Kalašnjikov, od kojih su tri četvrtine AK-47”.[33]

Primeri[uredi | uredi izvor]

AK-47 (Rusija) i M16 (SAD) su najpoznatiji primeri jurišnih pušaka. Od drugih, poznati su FN F2000, H&K G36, FAMAS, Steyr AUG, SIG SG 550, FN FNC, IMI Galil, AK-74...

U Srbiji Zastava oružje proizvodi više tipova jurišnih pušaka kalibra 7,62×39 mm, 5,56×45 mm i 7,62×51 mm NATO, zasnovanih na predlošku AK-47. Najrasprostranjeniji su modeli M70 i M21.

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ „Assault rifle”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3. 7. 2010. Arhivirano iz originala 24. 11. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 2012-08-26. 
  2. ^ C. Taylor The Fighting Rifle: A Complete Study of the Rifle in Combat, ISBN 0-87947-308-8
  3. ^ F.A. Moyer Special Forces Foreign Weapons Handbook, ISBN 0-87364-009-8
  4. ^ R.J. Scroggie, F.A. Moyer Special Forces Combat Firing Techniques, ISBN 0-87364-010-1
  5. ^ Musgave, Daniel D., and Thomas B. Nelson, The World's Assault Rifles, vol. II, The Goetz Company, Washington, D.C. (1967): 1
  6. ^ a b v Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology, by Roger Pauly. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2004. page 145 & 146
  7. ^ a b v g https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/06/a-brief-history-of-the-assault-rifle/489428/ Arhivirano 2017-03-30 na sajtu Wayback Machine The Atlantic. "A Brief History of the Assault Rifle". The gun's name may have been coined by Adolf Hitler. by MICHAEL SHURKIN. JUN 30, 2016
  8. ^ „Machine Carbine Promoted: MP43 Is Now Assault Rifle StG44, WWII Tactical and Technical Trends, No. 57, April 1945”. Lone Sentry. 2007-05-10. Arhivirano iz originala 2012-09-21. g. Pristupljeno 2012-08-23. 
  9. ^ http://pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/09/02.pdf Arhivirano 2015-09-06 na sajtu Wayback Machine M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the Presidents Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired)
  10. ^ Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century, 7th Edition, 2000 by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks, p.243
  11. ^ Major Thomas P. Ehrhart Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan: Taking Back the Infantry Half-Kilometer Arhivirano 2013-07-19 na sajtu Wayback Machine. U.S. Army. 2009
  12. ^ Musgave, Daniel D., and Thomas B. Nelson, The World's Assault Rifles, vol. II, The Goetz Company, Washington, D.C. (1967)
  13. ^ Myatt, Major Frederic, Modern Small Arms, Crescent Books, New York (1978): 169
  14. ^ Hogg, Ivan, and John Weeks, Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, third ed., Hippocrene Books, New York (1977): 159
  15. ^ Chris Bishop, The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2002, p. 218
  16. ^ Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, 7th Edition, Ian V. Hogg, page 243
  17. ^ a b Rottman, Gordon (2013). The Big Book of Gun Trivia: Everything You Want to Know, Don't Want to Know, and Don't Know You Need to Know. Bloomsbury Publishing. str. 26. 
  18. ^ Rottman, Gordon (3. 5. 2011). The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles. Osprey Publishing. str. 9. ISBN 978-1-84908-835-0. 
  19. ^ a b Suciu, Peter (2020-11-26). „Meet the Most Influential Gun Designers of the 20th Century”. The National Interest. Pristupljeno 2021-04-21. 
  20. ^ „US Army intelligence document FSTC-CW-07-03-70, November 1970”. Gunfax.com. Arhivirano iz originala 2012-08-29. g. Pristupljeno 2012-08-26. 
  21. ^ a b v g Weapon Of Mass Destruction Arhivirano 2011-09-27 na sajtu Wayback Machine. Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-19.
  22. ^ „AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention.”. USA: FoxNews.com. 6. 7. 2007. OCLC 36334372. Arhivirano iz originala 3. 6. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 3. 4. 2010. „"It was before he started designing the gun that he slept badly, worried about the superior weapons that Nazi soldiers were using with grisly effectiveness against the Red Army in World War II. He saw them at close range himself while fighting on the front lines. While hospitalized with wounds after a Nazi shell hit his tank in the 1941 battle of Bryansk, Kalashnikov decided to design an automatic rifle combining the best features of the American M1 and the German StG44. "Blame the Nazi Germans for making me become a gun designer", said Kalashnikov, frail but sharp at age 87. "I always wanted to construct agriculture machinery."” 
  23. ^ „An interview with Mikhail Kalashnikov”. Arhivirano iz originala 1. 10. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 8. 7. 2016. „"Born in November 1919—one of 18 children, of whom only six survived—Mikhail Kalashnikov was a Soviet T-38 tank commander in 1941, wounded in the shoulder and back when a German shell smashed part of the tank's armor into his body. "I was in the hospital, and a soldier in the bed beside me asked: 'Why do our soldiers have only one rifle for two or three of our men, when the Germans have automatics?' So I designed one. I was a soldier, and I created a machine gun for a soldier. It was called an Avtomat Kalashnikova, the automatic weapon of Kalashnikov—AK—and it carried the date of its first manufacture, 1947." An interview with Mikhail Kalashnikov, Robert Fisk, The Independent (centrist), London, England. April 22, 2001.” 
  24. ^ a b http://armedforcesmuseum.com/ak-47-assault-rifle/ Arhivirano 2013-06-16 na sajtu Archive.today | Armed Forces History Museum, AK-47 assault rifle
  25. ^ Chapter 1. Symbol of violence, war and culture Arhivirano jun 16, 2012 na sajtu Wayback Machine. oneworld-publications.com
  26. ^ a b http://pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/09/02.pdf Arhivirano 2015-09-06 na sajtu Wayback Machine M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the President's Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired) "Used in quantity against the Soviets at Stalingrad, the German Sturmgewehr made a deep impression on the Russians. They copied the ballistics of the cartridge while improving the configuration and improving the weapon. They standardized the weapon in 1947 as the AK-47 rifle."
  27. ^ a b http://english.pravda.ru/history/02-08-2003/3461-kalashnikov-0/ Arhivirano 2015-10-15 na sajtu Wayback Machine "The history of the world-known gun started on July 15th, 1943, when a captured complex—an MP-43 gun and a cartridge—were demonstrated at a meeting of the arms committee. Chief designer Nikolay Elizarov and chief engineer Pavel Ryazanov created the Soviet "interim cartridge " within a very short period of time. The technological support was provided by Boris Syomin. After that, scientists started working on a new fire arms system for that cartridge." The History of Kalashnikov Gun. Pravda. 02.08.2003
  28. ^ „Mikhail Kalashnikov: The Father of 100 Million Rifles”. 25. 12. 2013. Arhivirano iz originala 15. 8. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 8. 7. 2016. „"Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Kalashnikov, by then a sergeant, was injured within months when a shell stopped his T-34 tank and sent shrapnel through his shoulder. As Soviet history tells it, while Sgt. Kalashnikov recuperated, he began tinkering with infantry weapons, eventually setting his mind on designing a lightweight automatic assault rifle that would expel the better-armed Nazis from Russian soil. Soviet infantry fought World War II with two basic small arms: one was the badly outdated Mosin–Nagant Model 1891 bolt-action rifle. The other was the PPSh series of submachine guns, reliable arms that were effective but only at short range. Something better was needed, and that something was in the hands of the Nazi Wehrmacht. It was called the MP44 Sturmgewehr (assault rifle), and it could fire in full or semiautomatic mode. Chambered for a revolutionary new cartridge, a short 7.92mm round that was less powerful than a full-size rifle cartridge, yet far more powerful than the pistol cartridges for which submachine guns were chambered, the Sturmgewehr made a deep impression on the Soviets who faced it." The Father of 100 Million Rifles Mikhail Kalashnikov was a poor Russian farm boy who happened to be a mechanical genius, and for better or for worse, the rifle he designed has changed history. Article by C.J. Chivers. Uploaded on February 28, 2006” 
  29. ^ History of AK-47 Gun – The Gun Book Review Arhivirano 2014-08-03 na sajtu Wayback Machine. Popular Mechanics (2010-10-12). Retrieved on 2012-02-09.
  30. ^ a b http://www.virginia1774.org/DIA-ST-HB-07-03-74.pdf Arhivirano 2016-03-04 na sajtu Wayback Machine Small Arms Identification and Operations Guide-Eurasain Communist Countries. by Harold E. Johnson. September 1973. U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center of the U.S. Army Materiel Command.
  31. ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/10/russia.nickpatonwalsh Arhivirano 2017-05-10 na sajtu Wayback Machine Interview with AK-47 rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov. 'I sleep soundly' Shamed by his parents' exile, he was determined to do his bit for the Soviet cause. And so Mikhail Kalashnikov invented what was to become the world's most prolific killing machine. Nick Paton Walsh tracks down the 83-year-old at his tranquil lakeside. by Nick Paton Walsh. The Guardian, Thursday 9 October 2003
  32. ^ „Interview with AK-47 rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov. Russia celebrates Mikhail Kalashnikov's 90th birthday – the designer who armed the world. This online supplement is produced and published by Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Russia), which takes sole responsibility for the content.”. Arhivirano iz originala 2015-12-09. g. Pristupljeno 2018-04-06. 
  33. ^ a b Killicoat, Phillip (april 2007). „Weaponomics: The Global Market for Assault Rifles” (PDF). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4202 (Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper No. 10). Oxford University. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 12. 1. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 3. 4. 2010. 

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

  • Rose, Alexander (2008). American Rifle: A Biography. Bantam Dell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-553-80517-8.
  • Crawford, S. (2003). Twenty-First Century Small Arms. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-1503-5.
  • Cutshaw, C. (2006). Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century. Gun Digest Books. ISBN 0-87349-914-X.
  • Halls, Chris (1974). Guns in Australia. Sydney: Paul Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-07291-6.
  • Lewis, J. (2004). Assault Weapons: An In-Depth Look at the Hottest Weapons Around. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-658-2.
  • Popenker, M., et al. (2004). Assault Rifle: The Development of the Modern Military Rifle and Its Ammunition. Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 1-86126-700-2.
  • Senich, P. (1987). German Assault Rifle: 1935–1945. Paladin Press. ISBN 0-87364-400-X.

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Jurišna puška na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Јуришна_пушка&oldid=27557141”