Apeninsko poluostrvo

Koordinate: 42° 00′ N 14° 00′ E / 42.000° S; 14.000° I / 42.000; 14.000
S Vikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije

42° 00′ N 14° 00′ E / 42.000° S; 14.000° I / 42.000; 14.000
Satelitski snimak Apeninskog poluostrva

Apeninsko poluostrvo ili Italijansko poluostrvo je jedno od tri poluostrva u južnoj Evropi. Proteže se dužini od oko 1.000 km od doline reke Po na severu do Sredozemnog mora na jugu. Poluostrvo ima karakterističan oblik čizme, formiran od manjih poluostrva Kalabrije, Salenta i Gargana.

Skoro celo poluostrvo je u sastavu Italije, iako se na poluostrvu nalaze dvije mini-države - San Marino i Vatikan. Na zapadnoj strani poluostrva su Ligursko i Tirensko more, na južnoj je Jonsko more, a na istočnoj Jadransko more. Unutar poluostrva se nalaze Apeninske planine (Apenini), po kojima je poluostrvo i dobilo ime. Na Apeninskom poluostrvu, blizu Napuljskog zaliva, nalazi se Vezuv, jedini aktivni vulkan u kopnenom delu Evrope.

Karakteristike[uredi | uredi izvor]

Minimalni obim[uredi | uredi izvor]

Minimalna površina italijanskog poluostrva je tamno zelena, a maksimalna svetlo zelena

U opštem diskursu, „Italija” i „Italijansko poluostrvo” se često koriste kao sinonimi. Međutim, Padska nizija[1][2][3] može biti isključena iz italijanskog poluostrva. U tom smislu, italijansko poluostrvo obuhvata samo oko 44% ukupne površine Italije. S druge strane, Sicilija i druga manja ostrva sa poluostrva mogu biti geografski grupisana zajedno sa njom.

Geografski, minimalni opseg italijanskog poluostrva se sastoji od zemlje južno od linije koja se proteže od reke Magra[4][5][6] do reke Rubikon,[7][8] severno od toskansko-emilianskih Apenina. Isključuje dolinu Poa i južne padine Alpa.[9][10] Italijansko poluostrvo ima jedini aktivni vulkan u kontinentalnoj Evropi, Vezuv.[11]

Sve ove teritorije leže unutar Republike Italije osim mikrodržava San Marina i Vatikana:

Zemlja/
Teritorija 		Površina poluostrva Opis
Stanovništvo[12] km² sq mi Udeo
 Italija 26,140,000 131.275 50.686 99.9531% Efektivno celo poluostrvo
 San Marino 31,887 61,2 23,6 0.0466% Centralno-istočna enklava poluostrva Italije
 Vatikan 829 0,44 0,17 0.0003% Enklava Rima, Italija

Klima[uredi | uredi izvor]

Evropska klima. Kepen-Gajgerovu klimatsku kartu predstavljaja Jedinica za klimatska istraživanja Univerziteta Istočne Anglije i Globalni klimatološki centar za padavine Nemačke meteorološke službe. Vide se prirodne granice planinskih lanaca Alpa, Pirineja i Balkana.

Poluostrvo leži između Tirenskog mora na zapadu, Jonskog mora na jugu i Jadranskog mora na istoku.

Poluostrvo ima uglavnom mediteransku klimu, mada je u planinskim delovima klima znatno hladnija. Njegova prirodna vegetacija obuhvata makiju duž obala i listopadne i mešovite listopadne četinarske šume u unutrašnjosti.

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ „FACT SHEET: Po River Basin” (PDF). 
  2. ^ „The Po Basin Water Board, Italy”. CABRI-Volga. Pristupljeno 4. 6. 2009. 
  3. ^ „Po”. United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA), Global Resource Information Database (GRID) - Europe. Arhivirano iz originala 1. 8. 2009. g. Pristupljeno 4. 6. 2009. 
  4. ^ „Rete Natura 2000” (na jeziku: Italian i engleski). 
  5. ^ „SIC e ZPS in Liguria » La Spezia » Parco della Magra - Vara” (na jeziku: Italian i engleski). 
  6. ^ „La Biblioteca dell’Ente Parco di Montemarcello-Magra” (na jeziku: Italian). Arhivirano iz originala 30. 7. 2021. g. 
  7. ^ „Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia”. www.dizionario.rai.it. Arhivirano iz originala 07. 11. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 29. 03. 2023. 
  8. ^ Pearce, M., R. Peretto, P. Tozzi, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (15. 11. 2020). „Places: 393484 (Rubico fl.)”. Pleiades. Pristupljeno 8. 3. 2012. 
  9. ^ De Agostini Ed., L'Enciclopedia Geografica – Vol. I - Italia, 2004, p. 78.
  10. ^ Touring Club Italiano, Conosci l'Italia – Vol. I: L'Italia fisica, 1957.
  11. ^ „Mount Vesuvius, Italy: Map, Facts, Eruption Pictures, Pompeii”. 
  12. ^ Population includes only the inhabitants of the Italian peninsula (excluding Northern Italy and Insular Italy (Sicily and Sardinia)).

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

  • „Apennines”. Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (3rd izd.). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2001. 
  • Blackie, Christina; Blackie, John Stuart (1887). Geographical etymology, a dictionary of place-names giving their derivations. London: Murray. 
  • Deecke, W (1904). Italy; a popular account of the country, its people, and its institutions (including Malta and Sardinia). Prevod: Nesbitt, H A. London; New York: Macmillan Co.; S. Sonnenschein & Co. 
  • Lunardi, Pietro (2008). Design and construction of tunnels: analysis of controlled deformation in rocks and soils (ADECO-RS). Berlin: Springer. 
  • Margheriti, Lucia; et al. (2006). „The subduction structure of the Northern Apennines: results for the RETREAT seismic deployment” (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 49 (4/5). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2010-06-19. g. 
  • Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista (2001). „Geomorphologic Setting”. Ur.: Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista. Anatomy of an orogen: the Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins. Dordrecht [u.a.]: Kluwer Academic Publishers. str. 1—4. .
  • Barchi, Massimiliano; Landuzzi, Alberto; Minelli, Giorgio; Pialli, Giampaolo (2001). „Inner Northern Apennines”. Ur.: Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista. Anatomy of an orogen: the Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins. Dordrecht [u.a.]: Kluwer Academic Publishers. str. 215—254. .
  • Pedrotti, F.; Gafta, D. (2003). „The High Mountain Flora and Vegetation of the Apennines and the Italian Alps”. Ur.: Nagy, László; Grabherr, G.; Körner, Ch.; Thompson, D.B.A. Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Ecological studies, 167. Berlin, Heidelberg [u.a.]: Springer-Verlag. str. 73—84. .
  •  Ovaj članak uključuje tekst iz publikacije koja je sada u javnom vlasništvu: Lake, Philip (1911). „Apennines”. Ur.: Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). 2 (11 izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 161—163. 
  • Gambino, Roberto; Romano, Bernardino (2000—2001). Territorial strategies and environmental continuity in mountain systems: The case of the Apennines (Italy) (PDF). World Commission on Protected Areas. 
  • James, Kristen (2004), Determining the source for the magmas of Monte Amiata (Central Italy) using strontium, neodymium, and lead isotopes, Carleton Geology Department: Geology Comps Papers, str. 3—4, S2CID 43061617, „During the Neogene and into the Quaternary the region around Amiata underwent a general NNE contraction .... This compression also created the Apennine orogeny of east-central Italy .... This area was brought above sea level during a doming phase during the Middle Pliocene.” 
  • Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). „Apenninus”. A Latin Dictionary. Oxford; Medford: Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library. 
  • van Dijk, J.P.; Bello, M.; Brancaleoni, G.P.; Cantarella, G.; Costa, V.; Frixa, A.; Golfetto, F.; Merlini, S.; Riva, M.; Toricelli, S.; Toscano, C.; Zerilli, A. (2000). „A new structural model for the northern sector of the Calabrian Arc”. Tectonophysics. 324 (4): 267—320. Bibcode:2000Tectp.324..267V. S2CID 130289171. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00139-6. 
  • Coppa, Frank J. ed. Dictionary of Modern Italian History (1985)
  • Di Scala, Spencer M. Italy: From Revolution to Republic, 1700 to the Present. (1998) 436pp online edition[mrtva veza]
  • Domenico, Roy. The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture (2002) online edition Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (5. jun 2011)
  • Duggan, Christopher. The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 (2008) excerpt and text search
  • Hearder, Henry, and D. P. Waley; A Short History of Italy: From Classical Times to the Present Day (1963) online edition Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (21. јун 2008)
  • Holmes, George. The Oxford Illustrated History of Italy (2001) excerpt and text search
  • Killinger; Charles L. The History of Italy (2002) online edition[мртва веза]
  • Smith, Denis Mack. Modern Italy: A Political History (1997)
  • Armiero, Marco, and Marcus Hall, eds. Nature and History in Modern Italy (Ecology and History Series) (Ohio University Press, 2010) 295 pp.  ISBN 978-0-8214-1916-8 online review
  • Arnone Sipari, Lorenzo, ed. Scritti scelti di Erminio Sipari sul Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo (1922–1933) (Nature and Parks series) (Trento, 2011) 349 pp.  ISBN 978-88-97372-05-9
  • Delano-Smith, Catherine. Western Mediterranean Europe: A Historical Geography of Italy, Spain, and Southern France Since the Neolithic (1980)
  • Cary, M. and H. H. Scullard. A History of Rome: Down to the Reign of Constantine (3rd ed. 1996), 690pp
  • Forsythe, Gary. A Critical History of Early Rome (2005) 400pp
  • Grant, Michael. History of Rome (1997)
  • Heather, Peter. The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (2006) 572pp
  • Scullard, H. H. A History of the Roman World 753–146 BC (5th ed. 2002), 596pp
  • Zuppardo, Emanuele and Piccolo, Salvatore (Günther Hölbl preface). Terra Mater: Sulle Sponde del Gela greco, Gela, Betania (2005), 175pp
  • Abulafia, David. Italy in the Central Middle Ages: 1000–1300 (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2004) excerpt and text search
  • Bullough, Donald A. Italy and Her Invaders (1968)
  • Herlihy, David, Robert S. Lopez, and Vsevolod Slessarev, eds., Economy, Society and Government in Medieval Italy (1969)
  • Hyde, J. K. Society and Politics in Medieval Italy (1973)
  • La Rocca, Cristina. Italy in the Early Middle Ages: 476–1000 (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) excerpt and text search
  • Smith, Denis Mack. Medieval Sicily, 800–1713 (1968)
  • Tobacco, Giovanni. The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures of Political Power (1989)
  • Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000 (1981)
  • Hale, John Rigby (1981). A concise encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 636355191. .
  • Kohl, Benjamin G. and Allison Andrews Smith, eds. Major Problems in the History of the Italian Renaissance (1995).
  • Najemy, John M. Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550 (The Short Oxford History of Italy) (2005) excerpt and text search
  • White, John. Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250–1400 (1993)
  • Cochrane, Eric. Italy, 1530–1630 (1988) online edition Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (5. jun 2011)
  • Carpanetto, Dino, and Giuseppe Ricuperati. Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685–1789 (1987) online edition Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (5. јун 2011)
  • Marino, John A. Early Modern Italy: 1550–1796 (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) excerpt and text search
  • Roberts, J.M. "Italy, 1793–1830" in C.W. Crawley, ed. The New Cambridge Modern History: IX. War and Peace in an age of upheaval 1793–1830 (Cambridge University Press, 1965) pp. 439–461. online
  • Venturi, Franco. Italy and the Enlightenment (1972)
  • Woolf, Stuart. A History of Italy, 1700–1860 (1988)
  • Beales. D.. and E. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy (2002)
  • Clark, Martin. The Italian Risorgimento (Routledge, 2014)
  • Collier, Martin, Italian Unification, 1820–71 (Heinemann, 2003); textbook, 156 pages
  • Davis, John A., ур. (2000). Italy in the nineteenth century: 1796–1900. London: Oxford University Press. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 06. 2011. г. Приступљено 29. 03. 2023. 
  • Farmer, Alan. "How was Italy Unified?", History Review 54, March 2006
  • Hearder, Harry. Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870 (1983) excerpt
  • Holt, Edgar. The Making of Italy 1815–1870, (1971).
  • Laven, David. Restoration and Risorgimento: Italy 1796–1870 (2012)
  • Pearce, Robert, and Andrina Stiles. Access to History: The Unification of Italy 1789–1896 (4th rf., Hodder Education, 2015), textbook. excerpt
  • Riall, Lucy. Risorgimento: The History of Italy from Napoleon to Nation State (2009)
  • Riall, Lucy. The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society, and National Unification (Routledge, 1994) online
  • Riall, Lucy. Garibaldi: Invention of a hero (Yale University Press, 2008).
  • Riall, Lucy (1998). „Hero, saint or revolutionary? Nineteenth-century politics and the cult of Garibaldi”. Modern Italy. 3 (2): 191—204. S2CID 143746713. doi:10.1080/13532949808454803. 
  • Ridley, Jasper. Garibaldi (1974), a standard biography.
  • Smith, Denis Mack. Cavour (1985)
  • Smith, Denis Mack. Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento (Oxford University Press, 1971)
  • Stiles, A. The Unification of Italy 1815–70 (2nd edition, 2001)
  • Thayer, William Roscoe (1911). The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1.  old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859; volume 2 online covers 1859–62
  • Alexander, J. The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882-1922 (Greenwood, 2001).
  • Bosworth, Richard J. B. (2005). Mussolini's Italy. 
  • Burgwyn, H. James. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918-1940 (Greenwood, 1997),
  • Cannistraro, Philip V. ed. Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy (1982)
  • Chabod, Federico. Italian Foreign Policy: The Statecraft of the Founders, 1870-1896 (Princeton University Press, 2014).
  • Clark, Martin. Modern Italy: 1871–1982 (1984, 3rd edn 2008)
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 (4th изд.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0786474707. 
  • De Grand, Alexander. Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy from the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism, 1882–1922 (2001)
  • De Grand, Alexander. Italian Fascism: Its Origins and Development (1989)
  • Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed. 1922) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events 1911–1922 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. Included also in 13th edition (1926) partly online
  • Gilmour, David.The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples (2011). excerpt
  • Ginsborg, Paul. A History of Contemporary Italy, 1943–1988 (2003). excerpt and text search
  • Lyttelton, Adrian. Liberal and Fascist Italy: 1900–1945 (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) excerpt and text search
  • McCarthy, Patrick ed. Italy since 1945 (2000).
  • Overy, Richard. The road to war (4th ed. (1999) ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7), covers 1930s; pp. 191–244.
  • Smith, D. Mack (1997). Modern Italy: A Political History. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10895-6. 
  • Toniolo, Gianni. An Economic History of Liberal Italy, 1850–1918 (1990)
  • Toniolo, Gianni, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy since Unification (Oxford University Press, 2013) 785 pp. online review; another online review
  • Williams, Isobel. Allies and Italians under Occupation: Sicily and Southern Italy, 1943–45 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). xiv + 308 pp. online review
  • Zamagni, Vera. The Economic History of Italy, 1860–1990 (1993) 413 pp.  ISBN 0-19-828773-9.
  • Azzi, Stephen Corrado (11. 2. 2009). „The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy”. Historical Journal. 36 (1): 187—203. JSTOR 2639522. S2CID 159720673. doi:10.1017/s0018246x00016174. 
  • Bernhard, Patrick (2014). „Renarrating Italian Fascism: New Directions in the Historiography of a European Dictatorship”. Contemporary European History. 23 (1): 151—163. S2CID 145319131. doi:10.1017/s0960777313000556. 
  • Boardman, Jonathan. Umbria: A Cultural History (Signal Books; 2012). Charts a complex history of literature, religion, art, migration, and industry.
  • Dipper, Christof (2015). „Italian Contemporary Historiography. A Snapshot”. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 63 (3): 351. S2CID 147390477. doi:10.1515/vfzg-2015-0021. 
  • Ferrari, Paolo (2015). „The memory and historiography of the First World War in Italy”. Comillas Journal of International Relations. 2 (2): 117—126. doi:10.14422/cir.i02.y2015.009 Slobodan pristup. 
  • Foot, John. Italy's Divided Memory (Palgrave Macmillan; 262 pages; 2010). Describes regional, political, and other divisions in Italian public memory of history.
  • Musi, Aurelio (2013). „Modern Italy in French, English and American historiography”. Nuova Rivista Storica. 97 (3): 909—952. 
  • Pasquino, Gianfranco. "Political History in Italy," Journal of Policy History (2009) 21#3 pp. 282–97, on 20th century historians; covers Italian politics after World War II, and works of Silvio Lanaro, Aurelio Lepre, and Nicola Tranfaglia. Also discusses rise of the Italian Communist party, the role of the Christian Democrats in Italian society, and the development of the Italian parliamentary Republic. summary
  • Ramm, Agatha (1972). „The Risorgimento in Sicily: Recent Literature”. English Historical Review. 87 (345): 795—811. JSTOR 562204. doi:10.1093/ehr/lxxxvii.cccxlv.795. 
  • Rao, Anna Maria. "Napoleonic Italy: Old and New Trends in Historiography." in Ute Planert, ed., Napoleon's Empire (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016). pp. 84–97.

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]


Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Апенинско_полуострво&oldid=27550519”