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Tipi

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Tipi Oglala Indijanaca, 1891

Tipi (engl. tipi / teepee/tepee[1]) šator je u obliku konusa (kupe), koji se tradicionalno pravi razvlačenjem životinjske kože o drvene štapove. Moderni tipiji obično imaju platneni pokrov.[2] Tipi se razlikuje od ostalih konusnih šatora po dimnim otvorima na vrhu strukture.[3][4][5] Istorijski, tipi su koristili autohtoni stanovnici (Prerijski Indijanci) Velikih prerija i Kanadskih prerija u Severnoj Americi. Još uvek ih koriste u ovim zajednicama, mada u poslednje vreme primarno za obredne svrhe umesto svakodnevne upotrebe za življenje. Sličan objekat, lavu, koristi narod Sami u severnoj Evropi.[6][7][8]

Unutrašnjost tipija
Tipiji; Džordž Ketlin, 1830-e
Primeri obojenih vrhova tipija; iz knjige Pola Gobla Tipi: Home of the Nomadic Buffalo Hunters, 2007

Tipiji se često stereotipski i netačno povezuju sa svim Američkim domorocima u SAD i autohtonim narodima u Kanadi, bez obzira na to što se isti koriste isključivo kod naroda iz ’Prerija’.[9] Plemena Američkih domorodaca i vlade Prvih nacija iz drugih regiona koristili su drugačije objekte za stanovanje.[2][nap. 1] Tipi je dugovečan,[10] pruža toplotu i komfort zimi,[11] hladan je u vrela leta,[nap. 2] te suv tokom jakih kiša.[12][13] Tipiji mogu da se rastave i spakuju brzo i lako u slučaju potrebe relociranja; isto tako, sklapaju se bez poteškoća na novom mestu gde su premešteni.[14][15][nap. 3] Ovakva mobilnost je kroz istoriju bila važna Prerijskim Indijancima od. njihovom povremeno nomadskom stilu života.[16]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Napomene[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Morgan, Lewis H. N. A. Ethnology. iv:115. »I have seen it in use among seven or eight Dakota sub-tribes, among the Iowas, Otoes, and Pawnees, and among the Black-feet, Crows, Assiniboines, and Crees. In 1878, I saw it in use among the Utes of Colorado. A collection of fifty of these tents, which would accommodate five hundred persons, make a picturesque appearance. Under the name of the "Sibley tent" it is now in use, with some modifications of plan, in the United States Army, for service on the plains.« [Sibli šator ima jedan štap u centru i nijedan otvor za odvođenje dima iz centralnog ložišta.]
  2. ^ Uz podignute strane. V.:
    • Anthropological papers. str. 211. 1917.
  3. ^ Luis H. Morgan beleži da u Dakoti svoje kožnate šatore zovu vi-ka-jo. Dat je odlomak njegovog teksta...
    • N. A. Ethnology. iv:114. »When first discovered the Dakotas lived in houses constructed with a frame of poles and covered with bark, each of which was large enough for several families. They dwelt principally in villages in their original area on the head-waters of the Mississippi, the present State of Minnesota. Forced upon the plains by an advancing white population, but after they had become possessed of horses, they invented a skin tent eminently adapted to their present nomadic condition. It is superior to any other in use among the American aborigines from its roominess, its portable character, and the facility with which it can be erected and struck. "[...]" When the tent is struck, the poles are attached to a horse, half on each side, like thills, secured to the horse's neck at one end, and the other dragging on the ground. The skin-covering and other camp-equipage are packed upon other horses and even upon their dogs, and are thus transported from place to place on the plains. This tent is so well adapted to their mode of life that it has spread far and wide among the Indian tribes of the prairie region.«

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Teepee, or tepee, en.wiktionary.org; teepee. www.dict.org; tepee (dwelling) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ a b Laubin, Reginald; Laubin, Gladys (2012). The Indian Tipi: Its History, Construction, and Use (2 izd.). University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806188522. 
  3. ^ Holley, Linda A. Tipis-Tepees-Teepees: History and Design of the Cloth Tipi.
  4. ^ Denison Peet, Stephen; ur. The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal. 24:253.
  5. ^ Washington Kingsbury, George (1915). History of Dakota Territory. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. 1:147.
  6. ^ Olden, Sarah Emilia (1918). The People of Tipi Sapa (the Dakotas): Tipi Sapa Mitaoyate Kin. Morehouse Publishing Company. str. 25.
  7. ^ Guide to the museum, first floor. Museum of the American Indian; Heye Foundation. str. 105. 1922.
  8. ^ Geological Survey Professional Paper. U.S. Government Printing Office. 670:21. 1969.
  9. ^ National Museum of the American Indian (2007). Do All Indians Live in Tipis?. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-115301-3. 
  10. ^ Annual Reports. 17(1):405. 1898.
  11. ^ „Shelter”. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 5—6:115. 1910.
  12. ^ Yue, David; Yue, Charlotte (1984). The tipi: a center of native American life. str. 15.
  13. ^ Shields, George O.; Rand, McNally (1890). Camping and Camp Outfits: A Manual of Instruction for Young and Old Sportsmen. str. 43.
  14. ^ Dellenbaugh, Frederick Samuel (1900). The North-Americans of yesterday. G.P. Putnam's Sons. str. 204.
  15. ^ Morgan, Lewis H. „Houses and House Life of the American Aborigines”. N. A. Ethnology. iv:114.
  16. ^ Wissler, Clark (1920). North American Indians of the Plains. American Museum of Natural History.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

  • Laubin, Reginald; Laubin, Gladys (2012). The Indian Tipi: Its History, Construction, and Use (2 izd.). University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806188522. 

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Tipi na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
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