Carina

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Carina predstavlja obavezu uvoznika-izvoznika da, u momentu kada roba prelazi nacionalnu granicu, plati propisanu sumu novca u korist države. Carina predstavlja vrstu posrednog poreza koji se naplaćuje kada roba prelazi carinsku liniju. Cilj carine nije da poveća državni prihod, već zaštita domaće proizvodnje, naročito one koja tek počinje da se razvija. Carine predstvljaju stabilan i dugoročan instrument regulisanja spoljne trgovine i zaštite domaćeg tržišta. U većini zemalja carinska tarifa se propisuje zakonom. Carinska tarifa ne može da se menja od slučaja do slučaja i prema trenutnoj potrebi kao drugi instrumenti spoljnotrgovinske politike.

Tarife mogu biti fiksne (konstantna suma po jedinici uvezene robe ili procenat cene) ili promenljive (iznos varira u zavisnosti od cene). Oporezivanjem uvoza znači da će ljudi manje kupovati, jer postaje skuplji. Namera je da umesto toga kupuju lokalne proizvode - podstičući ekonomiju zemlje. Tarife stoga pružaju podsticaj za razvoj proizvodnje i zamenu uvoza domaćim proizvodima. Tarife imaju za cilj smanjenje pritiska strane konkurencije i smanjenje trgovinskog deficita. Istorijski su opravdavane kao sredstvo za zaštitu industrije u nastanku i omogućavanje supstitucije uvoza industrijalizacijom. Tarife se takođe mogu koristiti za ispravljanje veštački niskih cena za određenu uvezenu robu, zbog „dampinga”, izvoznih subvencija ili manipulacije valutama.

Među ekonomistima je gotovo jednoglasan konsenzus da tarife negativno utiču na ekonomski rast i ekonomsko blagostanje, dok slobodna trgovina i smanjenje trgovinskih barijera pozitivno utiču na ekonomski rast.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Međutim, liberalizacija trgovine može uzrokovati znatne i nejednako raspodeljene gubitke, i ekonomsku dislokaciju radnika u uvozno konkurentnim sektorima.[2]

Vrste carine[uredi | uredi izvor]

Osnovna podela carina, po kriterijumu kretanja robe u odnosu na nacionalno tržište, je na uvozne, izvozne i tranzitne carine.

Podela carina prema cilju primene je na zaštitne, fiskalne, prohibativne i retorzivne. Takođe, carine mogu biti autonomne i ugovorne (konvencionalne).

Politička analiza[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još: Tarife u istoriji Sjedinjenih Država, spisak tarifa u Sjedinjenim Državama i protekcionizam u Sjedinjenim Državama

Tarifa je korišćena kao političko sredstvo za uspostavljanje nezavisne nacije; na primer, američki Carnski zakon iz 1789. godine, potpisan 4. jula, novine su nazvale „Drugom deklaracijom o nezavisnosti”, jer je trebalo da predstavlja ekonomsko sredstvo za postizanje političkog cilja suverenih i nezavisnih Sjedinjenih Država.[7]

Politički uticaj tarifa ocenjuje se zavisno od političke perspektive; na primer, carina na čelik SAD iz 2002. godine nametala je 30% carine za različite uvozne proizvode od čelika u periodu od tri godine, i američki proizvođači čelika podržavali su tu carinu.[8]

Carine se mogu pojaviti kao političko pitanje pre izbora. U uvodu Australijskih saveznih izbora 2007. godine, Australijska laburistička partija objavila je da će izvršiti reviziju australijskih automobilskih carina ukoliko bude izabrana.[9] Liberalna stranka preuzela je sličnu obavezu, dok je nezavisni kandidat Nik Ksenofon najavio nameru da uvede zakone zasnovane na carinama kao „hitno pitanje”.[10]

Poznato je da su nepopularne carine pokrenule socijalne nemire, na primer mesni nemiri u Čileu iz 1905. godine, koji su se razvili u znak protesta protiv carina koje su primenjivane na uvoz stoke iz Argentine.[11][12]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ See P.Krugman, «The Narrow and Broad Arguments for Free Trade», American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 83(3), 1993 ; and P.Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.
  2. ^ a b „Free Trade” (na jeziku: engleski). IGM Forum. 13. 3. 2012. 
  3. ^ „Import Duties” (na jeziku: engleski). IGM Forum. 4. 10. 2016. 
  4. ^ N. Gregory Mankiw, Economists Actually Agree on This: The Wisdom of Free Trade, New York Times (April 24, 2015): "Economists are famous for disagreeing with one another.... But economists reach near unanimity on some topics, including international trade."
  5. ^ William Poole, Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, September/October 2004, 86(5), pp. 1: "most observers agree that '[t]he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'"
  6. ^ „Trade Within Europe | IGM Forum”. www.igmchicago.org (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 24. 6. 2017. 
  7. ^ „Thomas Jefferson – under George Washington by America's History”. americashistory.org. Arhivirano iz originala 8. 7. 2012. g. 
  8. ^ „Behind the Steel-Tariff Curtain”. Business Week Online. 8. 3. 2002. 
  9. ^ Sid Marris and Dennis Shanahan (9. 11. 2007). „PM rulses out more help for car firms”. The Australian. Arhivirano iz originala 9. 11. 2007. g. Pristupljeno 11. 11. 2007. 
  10. ^ „Candidate wants car tariff cuts halted”. theage.com.au. Melbourne. 29. 10. 2007. 
  11. ^ Primeros movimientos sociales chileno (1890–1920). Memoria Chilena.
  12. ^ Benjamin S. 1997. Meat and Strength: The Moral Economy of a Chilean Food Riot. Cultural Anthropology, 12, pp. 234–268.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

  • Krugman, Paul; Wells, Robin (2005). Macroeconomics. Worth. ISBN 978-0-7167-5229-5. 
  • El-Agraa, Ali M. (1984). TRADE THEORY AND POLICYNeophodna slobodna registracija. The Macmillan Press Ltd. 
  • Ashley, Percy. "Modern Tariff History: Germany, United States, France (3rd edition. 1920) online
  • Salvatore, Dominick (2005). Introduction to International Economics (First izd.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-20226-4. .
  • Biswas, R. (2014). Tariffs that may fail to protect: A model of trade and public goods, MPRA Paper 56707, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Dal Bianco A., Boatto V., Caracciolo F., Santeramo F.G. (2016) Tariffs and non-tariff frictions in the world wine trade European Review of Agricultural Economics. 43(1):31–57 (Link to Working Paper)
  • U.S. Tariff Commission. Colonial tariff policies (1922), worldwide; 922pp
  • Planet Express. Duty and TAX de minimis Thresholds (2019)
  • Bils, Mark. "Tariff protection and production in the early US cotton textile industry." Journal of Economic History (1984) 44#4 pp. 1033–45.
  • Bolt, William K. Tariff Wars and the Politics of Jacksonian America (2017) covers 1816 to 1861. PhD dissertation version
  • Cohen, Andrew Wender. Contraband: Smuggling and the Birth of the American Century. WW Norton & Company, 2015.
  • Dewey, Davis Rich. Financial History of the United States (5th ed. 1915) online full text
  • Doran, Charles F. and Gregory P. Marchildon. The NAFTA Puzzle: Political Parties and Trade in North America (1994)
  • Elliott, Orrin Leslie. The Tariff Controversy in the United States 1789–1833: With a Summary of the Period Before the Adoption of the Constitution (1892) online
  • Gingrich, Newt. "Trump's America: The Truth about Our Nation's Great Comeback" (2018)
  • Goodman, Matthew P and Ratner, Ely "A Better Way to Challenge China on Trade" Foreign Affairs, March 22, 2018
  • Hawke, Gary R. "The United States tariff and industrial protection in the late nineteenth century." Economic History Review (1975) 28#1 pp. 84–99.
  • Hill, William. "Colonial Tariffs," Quarterly Journal of Economics (1892) 7#1 pp. 78–100 in JSTOR
  • Hofstadter, Richard. "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War", The American Historical Review Vol. 44, No. 1 (Oct., 1938), pp. 50–55 full text in JSTOR
  • Irwin, Douglas A. "Antebellum Tariff Politics: Regional Coalitions and Shifting Economic Interests", Journal of Law and Economics, 51 (Nov. 2008), 715–42.
  • Lake, David A. "International economic structures and American foreign economic policy, 1887–1934." World Politics (1983) 35#4 pp. 517–43. online Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (15. oktobar 2006)
  • Kaplan, Edward S.; Prelude to Trade Wars: American Tariff Policy, 1890–1922 Greenwood Press 1994
  • Kaplan, Edward S. American Trade Policy: 1923–1995 (1996), online review
  • Narton, John H. Judith L. Goldstein, Timothy E. Josling, and Richard H. Steinberg, The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO (2008)
  • Schattsneider, E. E. Politics, Pressures and the Tariff (1935). Passage of Hawley-Smoot tariff
  • Smith, Mark A. The Tariff on Wool 1926
  • Stanwood, Edward (1903). American tariff controversies in the nineteenth century. Houghton, Mifflin.  detailed political narrative; full text online
  • Studenski, Paul & Herman Edward Krooss (2003). Financial History of the United States. Beard Books. ISBN 9781587981753. 
  • Summers; Festus P. William L. Wilson and Tariff Reform, a Biography (1953) on 1890s
  • Taussig, F. W. The Tariff History of the United States. 8th edition (1931); 5th edition 1910 is online, the standard scholarly history; it collects articles he wrote in the journals
  • Taussig, Frank William. The history of the present tariff, 1860–1883 (1885) online
  • Taussig, Frank W. "The Tariff, 1830–1860." Quarterly Journal of Economics (1888) 2#3 pp. 314–46. in JSTOR
  • Taylor, George Rogers, ed. The Great Tariff Debate, 1820–1830 (1953), excerpts from primary and secondary sources
  • Terrill, Tom E. The Tariff, Politics, and American Foreign Policy 1874–1901 (1973).
  • Turney, Elaine C. Prange, and Cynthia Clark Northrup. Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia (3 vol 2003); primary sources in vol 3
  • Wolman, Paul. Most Favored Nation: The Republican Revisionists and U.S. Tariff Policy, 1897–1912 (1992)
  • Kennedy, David M.; Cohen, Lizabeth; Piehl, Mel (2017). The Brief American Pageant: A History of the Republic, Volume I: To 1877 (9th izd.). Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. str. 143. ISBN 978-1-285-19330-4. 
  • Ha-Joon Chang. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. 
  • Bairoch. Economics and World History: Myths and ParadoxesNeophodna slobodna registracija. 
  • Eckes, Alfred E. (1995). Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776. ISBN 9780807848111. 
  • William Smith McClellan (1912). Smuggling in the American colonies at the outbreak of the Revolution: with special reference to the West Indies trade. str. full text online. 
  • Tulloch, Hugh (1999). The Debate On the American Civil War Era. Manchester University Press. str. 226. ISBN 9780719049385. 
  • John W. Tyler, Smugglers and Patriots: Boston Merchants and the Advent of the American Revolution (1986)
  • Moore, John A. (2011). „The Grossest and Most Unjust Species of Favoritism: Competing Views of Republican Political Economy: The Tariff Debates of 1841 and 1842”. Essays in Economic & Business History. 29: 59—73. 

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Carina na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Vikizvornik ima tekst 1905 New International Encyclopedia članka Carina.
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Царина&oldid=27553588”