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Верзија на датум 22. новембар 2019. у 06:32

Poster u kampanji protiv nasilničkog ponašanja Cefet-MG

Nasilničko ponašanje ili buling is the use of force, coercion, or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception (by the bully or by others) of an imbalance of physical or social power. This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict.[1] Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by the following three minimum criteria: (1) hostile intent, (2) imbalance of power, and (3) repetition over a period of time.[2] Bullying is the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally, or emotionally.

Bullying ranges from one-on-one, individual bullying through to group bullying, called mobbing, in which the bully may have one or more "lieutenants" who may be willing to assist the primary bully in their bullying activities. Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as "peer abuse".[3] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism. The Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus says bullying occurs when a person is "exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons",[4] and that negative actions occur "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways".[4] Individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person.[5]

A bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans interact with each other. This may include school, family, the workplace,[6] the home, and neighborhoods. The main platform for bullying in contemporary culture is on social media websites.[7] In a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, "the strongest predictor [of bullying] was the perception of whether the most influential male in a player's life would approve of the bullying behavior."[8]

Bullying may be defined in many different ways. In the United Kingdom, there is no legal definition of bullying,[9] while some states in the United States have laws against it.[10] Bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse – psychological (sometimes called emotional or relational), verbal, physical, and cyber.[11]

Behaviors used to assert such domination may include physical assault or coercion, verbal harassment, or threat, and such acts may be directed repeatedly toward particular targets. Rationalizations of such behavior sometimes include differences of social class, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, appearance, behavior, body language, personality, reputation, lineage, strength, size, or ability.[12][13][14] If bullying is done by a group, it is called mobbing.[15]

Tipovi

Individual bullying can be classified into four types.[16] Collective bullying is known as mobbing, and can include any of the individual types of bullying.

Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and could also begin much earlier whilst continuing into later stages in individuals lives. It is stated that Cyber-bullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school.[16]

Individualno

Individual bullying tactics can be perpetrated by a single person against a target or targets.[17]

Fizički

This is any bullying that hurts someone's body or damages their possessions. Stealing, shoving, hitting, fighting, and destroying property all are types of physical bullying. Physical bullying is rarely the first form of bullying that a target will experience. Often bullying will begin in a different form and later progress to physical violence. In physical bullying the main weapon the bully uses is their body when attacking their target. Sometimes groups of young adults will target and alienate a peer because of some adolescent prejudice. This can quickly lead to a situation where they are being taunted, tortured, and beaten-up by their classmates. Physical bullying will often escalate over time, and can lead to a detrimental ending, and therefore many try to stop it quickly to prevent any further escalation.[18]

Verbalno

This is any bullying that is conducted by speaking. Calling names, spreading rumors, threatening somebody, and making fun of others are all forms of verbal bullying. Verbal bullying is one of the most common types of bullying. In verbal bullying the main weapon the bully uses is their voice. In many cases, verbal bullying is common in both genders, but girls are more likely to perform it. Girls, in general, are more subtle with insults than boys. Girls use verbal bullying, as well as social exclusion techniques, to dominate and control other individuals and show their superiority and power. However, there are also many boys with subtlety enough to use verbal techniques for domination, and who are practiced in using words when they want to avoid the trouble that can come with physically bullying someone else.[19]

Reference

  1. ^ Juvonen, J.; Graham, S. (2014). „Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims”. Annual Review of Psychology. 65: 159—85. PMID 23937767. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030. 
  2. ^ Burger, Christoph; Strohmeier, Dagmar; Spröber, Nina; Bauman, Sheri; Rigby, Ken (2015). „How teachers respond to school bullying: An examination of self-reported intervention strategy use, moderator effects, and concurrent use of multiple strategies”. Teaching and Teacher Education. 51: 191—202. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.07.004. 
  3. ^ Elizabeth Bennett (1. 1. 2006). Peer Abuse Know More!: Bullying from a Psychological Perspective. Infinity. ISBN 978-0-7414-3265-0. Архивирано из оригинала 14. 9. 2014. г. Приступљено 2013-10-29. 
  4. ^ а б „History”. OLWEUS Bullying Prevention Program. OLWEUS Bullying Prevention Program. Архивирано из оригинала 2013-10-29. г. Приступљено 2013-10-28. 
  5. ^ Valerie E. Besag (1989). Bullies and victims in schools: a guide to understanding and management. Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-09542-1. Архивирано из оригинала 2014-07-07. г. Приступљено 2013-10-29. 
  6. ^ Williams, Ray (3. 5. 2011). „The Silent Epidemic: Workplace Bullying”. Psychology Today. Архивирано из оригинала 2015-11-21. г. Приступљено 2016-11-13. 
  7. ^ Whittaker, E (2016). „Cyberbullying via social media”. Journal of School Violence: 11—29. 
  8. ^ Steinfeldt, Jesse A.; Vaughan, Ellen L.; LaFollette, Julie R.; Steinfeldt, Matthew C. (октобар 2012). „Bullying among adolescent football players: Role of masculinity and moral atmosphere”. Psychology of Men and Masculinity. 13 (4): 340—353. doi:10.1037/a0026645. hdl:2022/14023. Архивирано из оригинала 2015-10-19. г. Приступљено 2013-10-28. 
  9. ^ „The University of Manchester Dignity at Work and Study Policy”. The University of Manchester. јануар 2012. Архивирано из оригинала 2013-10-29. г. Приступљено 2013-10-28. 
  10. ^ „State Laws Related to Bullying Among Children and Youth” (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services - Health Resources and Services Administration - Maternal and Child Health Bureau. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 4. 3. 2011. г. Приступљено 2013-10-28. 
  11. ^ Brank, Eve M.; Hoetger, Lori A.; Hazen, Katherine P. (децембар 2012). „Bullying”. Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 8 (1): 213—230. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173820. 
  12. ^ „Children who are bullying or being bullied”. Cambridgeshire County Council: Children and families. Cambridgeshire County Council. 2013-07-24. Архивирано из оригинала 2013-10-29. г. Приступљено 2013-10-28. 
  13. ^ Ericson, Nels (јун 2001). „Addressing the Problem of Juvenile Bullying” (PDF). OJJDP Fact Sheet #FS-200127. 27. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 2015-06-26. г. Приступљено 2013-10-28. 
  14. ^ Meyer, Doug (2016). „The Gentle Neoliberalism of Modern Anti-bullying Texts: Surveillance, Intervention, and Bystanders in Contemporary Bullying Discourse”. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 13 (4): 356—370. doi:10.1007/s13178-016-0238-9. 
  15. ^ Noa Davenport; Ruth Distler Schwartz; Gail Pursell Elliott (1999-07-01). Mobbing: Emotional Abuse in the American Workplace. Civil Society Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9671803-0-4. Архивирано из оригинала 2014-01-01. г. Приступљено 2013-10-28. 
  16. ^ а б Berger, Kathleen Stassen (2014). Invitation to the Life Span. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-1464172052. 
  17. ^ „Bullying Definitions”. Архивирано из оригинала 2016-03-04. г. Приступљено 2016-02-26. 
  18. ^ „no bullying”. nobullying.com/physical-bullying/. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 12. 2016. г. Приступљено 30. 11. 2016. 
  19. ^ „What is Verbal Bullying and How to Handle Verbal Bullies - Bullying Statistics”. Bullying Statistics. 2015-07-08. Архивирано из оригинала 2016-11-25. г. Приступљено 2016-11-30. 

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