Полигамија

Статус полигамије у свету

  Полигамни бракови дозвољени

  Полигамни бракови дозвољени у неким регионима

  Полигамни бракови склопљени у иностранству признати

  Неки закони признају полигамне бракове

  Питање се разматра

  Без признавања, полигамија је дозвољена

  Полигамија је забрањена

  Полигамија је забрањена уставом

Полигамија (грч. πoλυ [poly], γαμoσ [gamos] — више бракова) је брачна веза једног мушкарца са више жена или обрнуто. Постоје три специфична вида полигамије: полиандрија (када жена има више од једног мужа) и полигинија (када мушкарац има више од једне супруге), и групни брак (нека комбинација полиандрије и полигиније). Супротност полигамији је моногамија. Полигинија је најчешћи вид полигамије. У традиционалном смислу се и данас практикује у многим афричким културама, укључујући јужну Азију, и већи део јужне и централне Африке. Братска полиандрија се традиционално практиковала међу номадским тибетанским племенима, као и у Непалу, и деловима Кине. Ова врста полиандрије значи да два или више браће деле једну жену, и имају једнак сексуални приступ према њој.

In contrast, monogamy is marriage consisting of only two parties. Like "monogamy", the term "polygamy" is often used in a de facto sense, applied regardless of whether the state recognizes the relationship. In sociobiology and zoology, researchers use polygamy in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating.

Worldwide, different societies variously encourage, accept or outlaw polygamy. Of societies which allow or tolerate polygamy, in the vast majority of cases the form accepted is polygyny. According to the Ethnographic Atlas (1998), of 1,231 societies noted, 588 had frequent polygyny, 453 had occasional polygyny, 186 were monogamous and 4 had polyandry; although more recent research suggests polyandry may be more common than previously thought. In cultures which practice polygamy, its prevalence among that population is often connected to class and socioeconomic status.

From a legal point of view, in many countries, although marriage is legally monogamous (a person can only have one spouse, and bigamy is illegal), adultery is not illegal, leading to a situation of de facto polygamy being allowed, although without legal recognition for non-official "spouses".

According to scientific studies, the human mating system is considered to be primarily monogamous, with cultural practice of polygamy to be in the minority, based on both surveys of world populations, and on characteristics of human reproductive physiology.

Форме

Polygamy exists in three specific forms:

• Polygyny, wherein a man has multiple simultaneous wives
• Polyandry, wherein a woman has multiple simultaneous husbands
• Group marriage, wherein the family unit consists of multiple husbands and multiple wives of legal age

Полигинија

Главни чланак: Полигинија

Incidence

Главни чланак: Легалност статуса полигамије

Prince Manga Bell and favorite wives

Polygyny, the practice wherein a man has more than one wife at the same time, is by far the most common form of polygamy. ManyШаблон:Quantify Muslim-majority countries and some countries with sizable Muslim minorities accept polygyny to varying extents both legally and culturally; some secular countries like India also accept it to varying degrees. Islamic law or sharia law is a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition which allows polygyny. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the hadith. In Arabic, the term sharīʿah refers to God's (Arabic: الله‎ Allāh) immutable divine law and is contrasted with fiqh, which refers to its human scholarly interpretations.

Polygyny is more widespread in Africa than on any other continent, especially in West Africa, and some scholars see the slave trade's impact on the male-to-female sex ratio as a key factor in the emergence and fortification of polygynous practices in regions of Africa.

Anthropologist Jack Goody's comparative study of marriage around the world utilizing the Ethnographic Atlas demonstrated an historical correlation between the practice of extensive shifting horticulture and polygamy in the majority of sub-Saharan African societies. Drawing on the work of Ester Boserup, Goody notes that the sexual division of labour varies between the male-dominated intensive plough-agriculture common in Eurasia and the extensive shifting horticulture found in sub-Saharan Africa. In some of the sparsely-populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place in Africa, women do much of the work. This favours polygamous marriages in which men seek to monopolize the production of women "who are valued both as workers and as child bearers". Goody however, observes that the correlation is imperfect and varied, and also discusses more traditionally male-dominated though relatively extensive farming systems such as those that exist in much of West Africa, especially in the West African savanna, where more agricultural work is done by men, and where polygyny is desired by men more for the generation of male offspring whose labor is valued.

Види још

• Бигамија
• Моногамија

Литература

• Boserup, Ester (1997), „The economics of polygamy”, Ур.: Grinker, Roy Richard; Steiner, Christopher B., Perspectives on Africa: a reader in culture, history, and representation, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell, стр. 506–517, ISBN 9781557866868. 
• Cairncross, John (1974). After Polygamy Was Made a Sin: The Social History of Christian Polygamy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 
• Chapman, Samuel A. (2001). Polygamy, Bigamy and Human Rights Law. Xlibris Corp. ISBN 978-1-4010-1244-1. Шаблон:Self-published inline
• Hillman, Eugene (1975). Polygamy Reconsidered: African Plural Marriage and the Christian Churches. New York: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-0-88344-391-0. 
• Korotayev, Andrey (2004). World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective (First изд.). Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-6310-3. 
• Van Wagoner, Richard S. (1992). Mormon Polygamy: A History (2nd изд.). Utah: Signature Books. ISBN 978-0-941214-79-7. 
• Wilson, E. O. (2000). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Harvard Univ Pr. ISBN 978-0-674-00235-7. 
• White, Douglas; Burton, Michael (децембар 1988). „Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare”. American Anthropologist. 90 (4): 871—887. doi:10.1525/aa.1988.90.4.02a00060. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Fenske, James (новембар 2012), „AFRICAN POLYGAMY: PAST AND PRESENT” (PDF), Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford: 1—30 CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Fortunato, Laura (2011). Reconstructing the History of Marriage Strategies in Indo-European–Speaking Societies: Monogamy and Polygyny. Human Biology: Vol. 83: Iss. 1, Article 6.
• Korotayev A., Bondarenko D. Polygyny and Democracy: a Cross-Cultural Comparison // Cross-Cultural Research. The Journal of Comparative Social Science. 34/2 (May 2000). pp. 190–208 (Paper reports negative correlation between polygyny and democracy.)
• Low, Bobbi S. (1990). Marriage systems and pathogen stress in human societies . American Zoologist 30: 325–339. Full text - (Paper reports positive correlation between pathogen stress and polygyny.)

Спољашње везе

• History of Polygamy in Judaism
• 5 Things I Learned as a Mormon Polygamous Wife