Њутнови закони — разлика између измена

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Њутнови закони су скуп од три основна закона класичне физике. Они описују везу између кретања тела и сила које делују на тело и први их је представио Исак Њутн. Објављени су у књизи „Philosophiae Naturalis Principia matematica“ или у слободном преводу Математичке основе природне филозофије (како је Њутн звао физику) из 1687. године. Ови закони чине темеље класичне механике. Њутн их је користио да опише примећене резултате опита у вези кретања тела. first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn't exist. These three laws have been expressed in several ways, over nearly three centuries,^[а] and can be summarised as follows:

First law: In an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force.^[2]^[3]
Second law

In an inertial frame of reference, the vector sum of the forces $F$ on an object is equal to the mass $m$ of that object multiplied by the acceleration $a$ of the object: $F = m a$ . (It is assumed here that the mass m is constant – see below.)

Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.

The three laws of motion were first compiled by Isaac Newton in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687.^[4] Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems.^[5] For example, in the third volume of the text, Newton showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation, explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

Some also describe a fourth law which states that forces add up like vectors, that is, that forces obey the principle of superposition.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Overview

Newton's laws are applied to objects which are idealised as single point masses,^[9] in the sense that the size and shape of the object's body are neglected to focus on its motion more easily. This can be done when the object is small compared to the distances involved in its analysis, or the deformation and rotation of the body are of no importance. In this way, even a planet can be idealised as a particle for analysis of its orbital motion around a star.

In their original form, Newton's laws of motion are not adequate to characterise the motion of rigid bodies and deformable bodies. Leonhard Euler in 1750 introduced a generalisation of Newton's laws of motion for rigid bodies called Euler's laws of motion, later applied as well for deformable bodies assumed as a continuum. If a body is represented as an assemblage of discrete particles, each governed by Newton's laws of motion, then Euler's laws can be derived from Newton's laws. Euler's laws can, however, be taken as axioms describing the laws of motion for extended bodies, independently of any particle structure.^[10]

Newton's laws hold only with respect to a certain set of frames of reference called Newtonian or inertial reference frames. Some authors interpret the first law as defining what an inertial reference frame is; from this point of view, the second law holds only when the observation is made from an inertial reference frame, and therefore the first law cannot be proved as a special case of the second. Other authors do treat the first law as a corollary of the second.^[11]^[12] The explicit concept of an inertial frame of reference was not developed until long after Newton's death.

In the given interpretation mass, acceleration, momentum, and (most importantly) force are assumed to be externally defined quantities. This is the most common, but not the only interpretation of the way one can consider the laws to be a definition of these quantities.

Newtonian mechanics has been superseded by special relativity, but it is still useful as an approximation when the speeds involved are much slower than the speed of light.^[13]

Први закон: Закон инерције

У оригиналу, на латинском, Њутн је први закон записао: „Corpus omne perseverare in statu suo quiescendi vel movendi uniformiter in directum, nisi quatenus a viribus impressis cogitur statum illum mutare.“, што се мало слободније и простије речено преводи као:

Свако тело остаје у стању релативног мировања или равномерног праволинијског кретања све док га деловање или дејство другог тела не присили да то стање промени.^[2]^[3]

Овај закон се такође назива и основни закон кретања, а описује принцип инерције и може се исказати и на следећи начин:

Тело на које не делују силе има тежњу да настави кретање истим смером и брзином.

\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\overrightarrow {F_{i}}}={\overrightarrow {0}}\Rightarrow {\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {v} }{\mathrm {d} t}}=0.

Други закон: Закон силе

Овај закон је Њутн написао овим речима, на латинском: „Mutattionem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressae, et fieri secundum lineam rectam qua vis illa imprimitur.“, што се мало слободније и простије речено преводи као:

Убрзање тела сразмерно је сили која на њега делује, а обрнуто сразмерно маси тела.

Трећи закон: Закон акције и реакције

Текст закона како је Њутн записао на латинском је: Actioni contrariam semper et æqualem esse reactionem: sive corporum duorum actiones in se mutuo semper esse æquales et in partes contrarias dirigi, што мало слободније и простије речено значи:

Сила којом једно тело делује на друго тело једнака је по интензитету и правцу сили којом друго тело делује на прво, али је супротног смера.^[14]

За сваку силу акције која делује на неко тело постоји и сила реакције. Сила реакције је истог интензитета и правца као и сила акције али супротног смера. Важно је истаћи да се оне узајамно не поништавају, већ делују у различитим референтним системима, везаним за тело које је начинило акцију и тело које је реаговало. : ${\overrightarrow {F_{1}}}=-{\overrightarrow {F_{2}}}$

Област важења закона

Ови закони су важећи само у класичној механици, где је брзина много мања од брзине светлости а маса тела пуно већа него је величина атомских делова (електрон, протон, неутрон). У случају изузетно великих брзина, упоредивих са брзином светлости, или изузетно малих маса, упоредивих са масом атома, појављују се други ефекти који се прецизно описују законима квантне механике и релативистичке физике.

Сва три Њутнова закона се могу добити из закона квантне и релатвистичке механике, апроксимацијом да су брзине бесконачно мале спрам брзине светлости.

Види још

Напомене

^
For explanations of Newton's laws of motion by Newton in the early 18th century, by the physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) in the mid-19th century, and by a modern text of the early 21st century, see:
- Newton's "Axioms or Laws of Motion"^[1]
- Thomson & Tait (1867) and
- Crowell (2011).

Референце

^ Newton, Sir Isaac; Machin, John (1729). Principia. 1 (1729 translation изд.). стр. 19.
^ ^а ^б Browne, Michael E. (јул 1999). Schaum's outline of theory and problems of physics for engineering and science (Series: Schaum's Outline Series). McGraw-Hill Companies. стр. 58. ISBN 978-0-07-008498-8.
^ ^а ^б Holzner, Steven (децембар 2005). Physics for Dummies. Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. стр. 64. Bibcode:2005pfd..book.....H. ISBN 978-0-7645-5433-9.
^ See the Principia on line at Andrew Motte Translation
^ Andrew Motte translation of Newton's Principia (1687) Axioms or Laws of Motion
^ Greiner, Walter (2003). Classical mechanics: point particles and relativity. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-21851-9.
^ Zeidler, E. (1988). Nonlinear Functional Analysis and its Applications IV: Applications to Mathematical Physics. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-4566-7.
^ Wachter, Armin; Hoeber, Henning (2006). Compendium of theoretical physics. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-25799-0.
^ Truesdell, Clifford A.; Becchi, Antonio; Benvenuto, Edoardo (2003). Essays on the history of mechanics: in memory of Clifford Ambrose Truesdell and Edoardo Benvenuto. New York: Birkhäuser. стр. 207. ISBN 978-3-7643-1476-7. „[...] while Newton had used the word 'body' vaguely and in at least three different meanings, Euler realized that the statements of Newton are generally correct only when applied to masses concentrated at isolated points;”
^ Lubliner, Jacob (2008). Plasticity Theory (Revised Edition) (PDF). Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-46290-5. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 31. 3. 2010. г.
^ Galili, I.; Tseitlin, M. (2003). „Newton's First Law: Text, Translations, Interpretations and Physics Education”. Science & Education. 12 (1): 45—73. Bibcode:2003Sc&Ed..12...45G. doi:10.1023/A:1022632600805.
^ Benjamin Crowell (2001). „4. Force and Motion”. Newtonian Physics. ISBN 978-0-9704670-1-0.
^ In making a modern adjustment of the second law for (some of) the effects of relativity, m would be treated as the relativistic mass, producing the relativistic expression for momentum, and the third law might be modified if possible to allow for the finite signal propagation speed between distant interacting particles.
^ Principia, Andrew Motte Translation

Литература

Crowell, Benjamin, (2011), Light and Matter, (2011, Light and Matter), especially at Section 4.2, Newton's First Law, Section 4.3, Newton's Second Law, and Section 5.1, Newton's Third Law.
Feynman, R. P.; Leighton, R. B.; Sands M. (2005). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Vol. 1 (2nd изд.). Pearson/Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-8053-9049-0.
Fowles, G. R.; Cassiday, G. L. (1999). Analytical Mechanics (6th изд.). Saunders College Publishing. ISBN 978-0-03-022317-4.
Likins Peter W. (1973). Elements of Engineering Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 978-0-07-037852-0.
Jerry, Marion; Stephen, Thornton (1995). Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems. Harcourt College Publishers. ISBN 978-0-03-097302-4.
Newton, Sir Isaac; Machin, John (1729). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte. стр. 19—.
Newton, Isaac, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", 1729 English translation based on 3rd Latin edition (1726), volume 2, containing Books 2 & 3.
Thomson, W (Lord Kelvin), and Tait, P G, (1867), Treatise on natural philosophy, volume 1, especially at Section 242, Newton's laws of motion.
Woodhouse, NMJ (2003). Special relativity. London/Berlin: Springer. стр. 6. ISBN 978-1-85233-426-0.

Спољашње везе

MIT Physics video lecture on Newton's three laws
Simulation on Newton's first law of motion
"Newton's Second Law" by Enrique Zeleny, Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
Newton's 3rd Law demonstrated in a vacuum на сајту YouTube
The Laws of Motion, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Simon Schaffer, Raymond Flood & Rob Iliffe (In Our Time, 3 April 2008)

[2] For explanations of Newton's laws of motion by Newton in the early 18th century, by the physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) in the mid-19th century, and by a modern text of the early 21st century, see:
Newton's "Axioms or Laws of Motion"^[1]

Thomson & Tait (1867) and

Crowell (2011).

[2] Newton's "Axioms or Laws of Motion"^[1]

[3] Thomson & Tait (1867) and

[4] Crowell (2011).

[1] Newton, Sir Isaac; Machin, John (1729). Principia. 1 (1729 translation изд.). стр. 19.

[first-law-shaums-3] а ^б Browne, Michael E. (јул 1999). Schaum's outline of theory and problems of physics for engineering and science (Series: Schaum's Outline Series). McGraw-Hill Companies. стр. 58. ISBN 978-0-07-008498-8.

[first-law-dmmy-4] а ^б Holzner, Steven (децембар 2005). Physics for Dummies. Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. стр. 64. Bibcode:2005pfd..book.....H. ISBN 978-0-7645-5433-9.

[Principia-5] See the Principia on line at Andrew Motte Translation

[Motte-6] Andrew Motte translation of Newton's Principia (1687) Axioms or Laws of Motion

[7] Greiner, Walter (2003). Classical mechanics: point particles and relativity. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-21851-9.

[8] Zeidler, E. (1988). Nonlinear Functional Analysis and its Applications IV: Applications to Mathematical Physics. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-4566-7.

[9] Wachter, Armin; Hoeber, Henning (2006). Compendium of theoretical physics. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-25799-0.

[10] Truesdell, Clifford A.; Becchi, Antonio; Benvenuto, Edoardo (2003). Essays on the history of mechanics: in memory of Clifford Ambrose Truesdell and Edoardo Benvenuto. New York: Birkhäuser. стр. 207. ISBN 978-3-7643-1476-7. „[...] while Newton had used the word 'body' vaguely and in at least three different meanings, Euler realized that the statements of Newton are generally correct only when applied to masses concentrated at isolated points;”

[11] Lubliner, Jacob (2008). Plasticity Theory (Revised Edition) (PDF). Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-46290-5. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 31. 3. 2010. г.

[tseitlin-12] Galili, I.; Tseitlin, M. (2003). „Newton's First Law: Text, Translations, Interpretations and Physics Education”. Science & Education. 12 (1): 45—73. Bibcode:2003Sc&Ed..12...45G. doi:10.1023/A:1022632600805.

[13] Benjamin Crowell (2001). „4. Force and Motion”. Newtonian Physics. ISBN 978-0-9704670-1-0.

[14] In making a modern adjustment of the second law for (some of) the effects of relativity, m would be treated as the relativistic mass, producing the relativistic expression for momentum, and the third law might be modified if possible to allow for the finite signal propagation speed between distant interacting particles.

[15] Principia, Andrew Motte Translation

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{short description|Физички закони у класичној механици}}
 [[Датотека:Newtons_laws_in_latin.jpg|мини|десно|200п|Први и други закон на латинском језику. Њутнова ''-{Principia matematica}-'', издање [[1687]]. године.]]
+{{рут}}
-'''Њутнови закони''' су скуп од три основна закона класичне [[Физика|физике]]. Они описују везу између кретања тела и сила које делују на тело и први их је представио [[Исак Њутн]]. Објављени су у књизи „Philosophiae Naturalis Principia matematica“ или у слободном преводу Математичке основе природне филозофије (како је Њутн звао физику) из [[1687]]. године. Ови закони чине темеље класичне механике. [[Исак Њутн|Њутн]] их је користио да опише примећене резултате опита у вези кретања тела.
+'''Њутнови закони''' су скуп од три основна [[Физички закони|закона]] класичне [[Физика|физике]]. Они описују везу између [[motion (physics)|кретања]] тела и [[force|сила]] које делују на тело и први их је представио [[Исак Њутн]]. Објављени су у књизи „Philosophiae Naturalis Principia matematica“ или у слободном преводу Математичке основе природне филозофије (како је Њутн звао физику) из [[1687]]. године. Ови закони чине темеље класичне механике. [[Исак Њутн|Њутн]] их је користио да опише примећене резултате опита у вези кретања тела. first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn't exist. These three laws have been expressed in several ways, over nearly three centuries,{{efn|For explanations of Newton's laws of motion by [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] in the early 18th century, by the physicist [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)]] in the mid-19th century, and by a modern text of the early 21st century, see:
+* Newton's "Axioms or Laws of Motion"<ref>{{Cite book
+  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA19
+  |page=19
+  |volume=1
+  |edition=1729 translation
+  |title=Principia
+|last1=Newton
+ |first1=Sir Isaac
+ |last2=Machin
+ |first2=John
+ |year=1729
+ }}</ref>
+* {{harvp|Thomson|Tait|1867|at=Section 242, ''Newton's laws of motion''}} and
+*  {{harvp|Crowell|2011|at=''Newtonian Physics''}}.
+}} and can be summarised as follows:
+;First law
+:In an [[inertial frame of reference]], an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant [[velocity]], unless acted upon by a [[force]].<ref name=first-law-shaums>{{Cite book| last = Browne| first =Michael E.| title =Schaum's outline of theory and problems of physics for engineering and science| publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies| date =July 1999| format =Series: Schaum's Outline Series| page =[https://archive.org/details/schaumsoutlineof00brow/page/58 58]| url =https://archive.org/details/schaumsoutlineof00brow| url-access = registration| isbn =978-0-07-008498-8}}</ref><ref name=first-law-dmmy>{{Cite book| last = Holzner| first = Steven | title =Physics for Dummies| publisher =Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated| date =December 2005| page =[https://archive.org/details/physicsfordummie00holz/page/64 64]| url =https://archive.org/details/physicsfordummie00holz| url-access = registration| isbn =978-0-7645-5433-9| bibcode = 2005pfd..book.....H }}</ref>
+;Second law
+In an inertial frame of reference, the vector [[vector sum|sum]] of the [[forces]] {{math|'''F'''}} on an object is equal to the [[mass]] {{math|''m''}} of that object multiplied by the [[acceleration]] {{math|'''a'''}} of the object: {{math|'''F''' {{=}} ''m'''''a'''}}. (It is assumed here that the mass ''m'' is constant – see [[#Newton's second law|below]].)
+;Third law
+:When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.
+The three laws of motion were first compiled by [[Isaac Newton]] in his ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' (''Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy''), first published in 1687.<ref name=Principia>See the ''Principia'' on line at [https://archive.org/details/newtonspmathema00newtrich Andrew Motte Translation]</ref> Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems.<ref name=Motte>[http://members.tripod.com/~gravitee/axioms.htm Andrew Motte translation of Newton's ''Principia'' (1687) ''Axioms or Laws of Motion'']</ref> For example, in the third volume of the text, Newton showed that these laws of motion, combined with his [[Newton's law of universal gravitation|law of universal gravitation]], explained [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion]].
+Some also describe a '''fourth law''' which states that forces add up like vectors, that is, that forces obey the [[Superposition principle|principle of superposition]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Greiner|first1=Walter|title=Classical mechanics: point particles and relativity|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b97649|date=2003|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-21851-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Zeidler|first1=E.|title=Nonlinear Functional Analysis and its Applications IV: Applications to Mathematical Physics|date=1988|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4612-4566-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wachter|first1=Armin|last2=Hoeber|first2=Henning|title=Compendium of theoretical physics|date=2006|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-25799-0}}</ref>
+==Overview==
+[[File:Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727).jpg|thumb|upright|Isaac Newton (1643–1727), the physicist who formulated the laws]]
+Newton's laws are applied to objects which are idealised as single point masses,<ref>{{Cite book
+  | last1 = Truesdell | first1 = Clifford A.| last2 = Becchi| first2 = Antonio| last3 = Benvenuto| first3 = Edoardo
+  | title = Essays on the history of mechanics: in memory of Clifford Ambrose Truesdell and Edoardo Benvenuto
+  | publisher = Birkhäuser| date = 2003| location = New York| page = 207
+  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6LO_U6T-HvsC| isbn = 978-3-7643-1476-7
+  |quote=[...] while Newton had used the word 'body' vaguely and in at least three different meanings, Euler realized that the statements of Newton are generally correct only when applied to masses concentrated at isolated points;
+}}</ref> in the sense that the size and shape of the object's body are neglected to focus on its motion more easily. This can be done when the object is small compared to the distances involved in its analysis, or the [[deformation (mechanics)|deformation]] and rotation of the body are of no importance. In this way, even a planet can be idealised as a particle for analysis of its orbital motion around a star.
+In their original form, Newton's laws of motion are not adequate to characterise the motion of [[rigid bodies]] and [[deformable bodies]]. [[Leonhard Euler]] in 1750 introduced a generalisation of Newton's laws of motion for rigid bodies called [[Euler's laws of motion]], later applied as well for deformable bodies assumed as a [[Continuum mechanics|continuum]]. If a body is represented as an assemblage of discrete particles, each governed by Newton's laws of motion, then Euler's laws can be derived from Newton's laws. Euler's laws can, however, be taken as axioms describing the laws of motion for extended bodies, independently of any particle structure.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lubliner |first=Jacob |title=Plasticity Theory (Revised Edition) |publisher=Dover Publications |date=2008 |url=http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~coby/plas/pdf/book.pdf |isbn=978-0-486-46290-5 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331022415/http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~coby/plas/pdf/book.pdf |archivedate=31 March 2010 |df= }}</ref>
+Newton's laws hold only with respect to a certain set of [[frames of reference]] called [[Inertial reference frame|Newtonian or inertial reference frames]]. Some authors interpret the first law as defining what an inertial reference frame is; from this point of view, the second law holds only when the observation is made from an inertial reference frame, and therefore the first law cannot be proved as a special case of the second. Other authors do treat the first law as a corollary of the second.<ref name=tseitlin>{{cite journal |title= Newton's First Law: Text, Translations, Interpretations and Physics Education |journal= Science & Education | author= Galili, I. | author2= Tseitlin, M. |volume= 12 |issue= 1 |year= 2003 |pages= 45–73 |doi= 10.1023/A:1022632600805 |bibcode = 2003Sc&Ed..12...45G }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/1np/ch04/ch04.html |title= Newtonian Physics |author= Benjamin Crowell |chapter= 4. Force and Motion |isbn= 978-0-9704670-1-0 |url-status=live |df= dmy-all |year= 2001 |url= https://archive.org/details/newtonianphysics00crow }}</ref> The explicit concept of an inertial frame of reference was not developed until long after Newton's death.
+In the given interpretation [[mass]], [[acceleration]], [[momentum]], and (most importantly) [[force]] are assumed to be externally defined quantities. This is the most common, but not the only interpretation of the way one can consider the laws to be a definition of these quantities.
+Newtonian mechanics has been superseded by [[special relativity]], but it is still useful as an approximation when the speeds involved are much slower than the [[speed of light]].<ref>In making a modern adjustment of the second law for (some of) the effects of relativity, ''m'' would be treated as the [[relativistic mass]], producing the relativistic expression for momentum, and the third law might be modified if possible to allow for the finite signal propagation speed between distant interacting particles.</ref>
 == Први закон: Закон инерције ==
 У оригиналу, на [[латински језик|латинском]], [[Исак Њутн|Њутн]] је први закон записао: -{„''Corpus omne perseverare in statu suo quiescendi vel movendi uniformiter in directum, nisi quatenus a viribus impressis cogitur statum illum mutare.''“}-, што се мало слободније и простије речено преводи као:
-'''Свако тело остаје у стању релативног мировања или равномерног праволинијског кретања све док га деловање или дејство другог тела не присили да то стање промени.'''<ref name="first-law-shaums">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5gURYN4vFx4C&pg=PA58&dq=newton's+first+law+of+motion&q=newton's%20first%20law%20of%20motion|title=Schaum's outline of theory and problems of physics for engineering and science|author=Browne Michael E.|first=|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies|year=|isbn=978-0-07-008498-8|location=|format=Series: Schaum's Outline Series| pages = 58}}</ref><ref name="first-law-dmmy">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FrRNO6t51DMC&pg=PA64&dq=Newton's+laws+of+motion&cd=8#v=onepage&q=Newton's%20laws%20of%20motion|title=Physics for Dummies|last=Steven|first=Holzner|publisher=Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated|year=|isbn=978-0-7645-5433-9|location=|pages=64}}</ref>
+'''Свако тело остаје у стању релативног мировања или равномерног праволинијског кретања све док га деловање или дејство другог тела не присили да то стање промени.'''<ref name="first-law-shaums" /><ref name="first-law-dmmy" />
 Овај закон се такође назива и основни закон кретања, а описује принцип [[инерција|инерције]] и може се исказати и на следећи начин:
@@ Ред 37: / Ред 83: @@
 * [[Термодинамика|Термодинамички закони]]
 * [[Кеплерови закони]]
+== Напомене ==
+{{Notelist}}
 == Референце ==
-{{reflist|30em}}
+{{reflist|}}
 == Литература ==
-{{refbegin|2}}
+{{refbegin|30em}}
 * <cite id=cro2000>-{Crowell, Benjamin, (2011), [http://www.lightandmatter.com/lm/ ''Light and Matter''], (2011, Light and Matter), especially at Section [https://web.archive.org/web/20111231145108/http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/lm/ch04/ch04.html#Section4.2 '''4.2, Newton's First Law'''], Section [https://web.archive.org/web/20111231145108/http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/lm/ch04/ch04.html#Section4.3 '''4.3, Newton's Second Law'''], and Section [https://web.archive.org/web/20111228082715/http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/lm/ch05/ch05.html#Section5.1 '''5.1, Newton's Third Law'''].}-</cite>
 * <cite id=fey2005>{{cite book| last = Feynman | first = R. P. | last2 = Leighton | first2 = R. B. |author3=Sands M. |year=2005|title=The Feynman Lectures on Physics |volume=Vol. 1|edition=2nd|publisher=Pearson/Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-8053-9049-0}}</cite>
@@ Ред 55: / Ред 105: @@
 == Спољашње везе ==
 {{Commonscat|Newton's laws of motion}}
+* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20080411233349/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-01Physics-IFall1999/VideoLectures/detail/Video-Segment-Index-for-L-6.htm MIT Physics video lecture] on Newton's three laws}-
+* -{[http://phy.hk/wiki/englishhtm/firstlaw.htm Simulation on Newton's first law of motion]}-
+* -{"[http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/NewtonsSecondLaw/ Newton's Second Law]" by Enrique Zeleny, [[Wolfram Demonstrations Project]].}-
+* {{YouTube|9gFMObYCccU|Newton's 3rd Law demonstrated in a vacuum}}
+* -{[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009mvj0 The Laws of Motion], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Simon Schaffer, Raymond Flood & Rob Iliffe (''In Our Time'', 3 April 2008)}-
 {{нормативна контрола}}

Нормативна контрола
Државне	Немачка
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика