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{{Short description|Oblik reljefa taloženja mulja na ušću reke}}{{rut}}
{{Preusmeri-lat|Delta}}
{{Preusmeri-lat|Delta}}
[[Датотека:NileDelta-EO.JPG|мини|300п|десно|[[Delta Nila]] snimljena iz satelita NASA-e]]
[[Датотека:NileDelta-EO.JPG|мини|250п|десно|[[Delta Nila]] snimljena iz satelita NASA-e]]
[[Датотека:EbroRiverDelta ISS009-E-09985.jpg|thumb|250п|The [[Ebro]] River delta at the [[Mediterranean Sea]].]]
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'''Deltom''' se naziva karakteristični oblik [[ušće|ušća]] [[reka|reke]]. Najpoznatija delta je [[delta Nila]], koja je dobila naziv po sličnosti oblika grčkom slovu [[делта (слово)|delta]] (Δ) i time postala [[eponim]] za sve druge delte širom sveta.
[[Датотека:Sacramento Delta at flood stage, 2009.jpg|thumb|250п|[[Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta|Sacramento–San Joaquin (California) Delta]] at flood stage, early March 2009.]]

'''Rečna delta''' is a [[landform]] created by [[deposition (geology)|deposition]] of [[sediment]] that is carried by a [[river]] as the flow leaves its [[river mouth|mouth]] and enters slower-moving or stagnant water.<ref>Miall, A. D. 1979. Deltas. in R. G. Walker (ed) Facies Models. Geological Association of Canada, Hamilton, Ontario.</ref><ref>Elliot, T. 1986. Deltas. in H. G. Reading (ed.). Sedimentary environments and facies. Backwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.</ref> This occurs where a river enters an [[ocean]], [[sea]], [[estuary]], [[lake]], [[reservoir]], or (more rarely) another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment. The size and shape of a delta is controlled by the balance between watershed processes that supply [[sediment]], and receiving basin processes that redistribute, sequester, and export that sediment.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Blum | first1 = M.D. | last2=Törnqvist | first2 = T.E. | year = 2000 | title = Fluvial responses to climate and sea-level change: a review and look forward | journal = Sedimentology | volume = 47 | pages = 2–48 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00008.x}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Pasternack|first1=Gregory B.|last2=Brush|first2=Grace S.|last3=Hilgartner|first3=William B.|date=2001-04-01|title=Impact of historic land-use change on sediment delivery to a Chesapeake Bay subestuarine delta|journal=[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]]|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=409–427|doi=10.1002/esp.189|bibcode=2001ESPL...26..409P|issn=1096-9837}}</ref> The size, geometry, and location of the receiving basin also plays an important role in delta evolution. River deltas are important in human [[civilization]], as they are major agricultural production centers and population centers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schneider|first1=Pia|last2=Asch|first2=Folkard|date=2020|title=Rice production and food security in Asian Mega deltas—A review on characteristics, vulnerabilities and agricultural adaptation options to cope with climate change|journal=Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science|language=en|volume=206|issue=4|pages=491–503|doi=10.1111/jac.12415|issn=1439-037X|doi-access=free}}</ref> They can provide [[Coast|coastline]] defense and can impact drinking water supply.<ref name="Anthony 53–78">{{Cite journal|last=Anthony|first=Edward J.|date=2015-03-01|title=Wave influence in the construction, shaping and destruction of river deltas: A review|journal=Marine Geology|volume=361|pages=53–78|doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2014.12.004|bibcode=2015MGeol.361...53A}}</ref> They are also [[Ecology|ecologically]] important, with different species' assemblages depending on their landscape position.

⚫
Deltom se naziva karakteristični oblik [[ušće|ušća]] [[reka|reke]]. Najpoznatija delta je [[delta Nila]], koja je dobila naziv po sličnosti oblika grčkom slovu [[делта (слово)|delta]] (Δ) i time postala [[eponim]] za sve druge delte širom sveta.


== Nastajanje ==
== Nastajanje ==
Ред 14: Ред 20:


Prstaste delte karakterišu se prostranom nanosnom ravnicom preko koje se rečni tok račva u brojne rukavce. Svaki od ovih rukavaca ima svoju vlastitu deltu tako da zajednička delta ima izgled ptičje noge. Delta [[Мисисипи (река)|Misisipija]] ima ovakav oblik a njeni rukavci dostižu i do 15 km dužine. [[Делта Дунава|Delta Dunava]] ima tri kraka: Kilija, Sulina i Sveti Đorđe. <ref>Петровић Д., Манојловић П., (2003): Геоморфологија, Географски факултет, Универзитет у Београду, Београд.</ref>
Prstaste delte karakterišu se prostranom nanosnom ravnicom preko koje se rečni tok račva u brojne rukavce. Svaki od ovih rukavaca ima svoju vlastitu deltu tako da zajednička delta ima izgled ptičje noge. Delta [[Мисисипи (река)|Misisipija]] ima ovakav oblik a njeni rukavci dostižu i do 15 km dužine. [[Делта Дунава|Delta Dunava]] ima tri kraka: Kilija, Sulina i Sveti Đorđe. <ref>Петровић Д., Манојловић П., (2003): Геоморфологија, Географски факултет, Универзитет у Београду, Београд.</ref>

== Egzistencijalne pretnje deltama ==
Human activities in both deltas and the [[River Basin|river basins]] upstream of deltas can radically alter delta environments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Day|first1=John W.|last2=Agboola|first2=Julius|last3=Chen|first3=Zhongyuan|last4=D’Elia|first4=Christopher|last5=Forbes|first5=Donald L.|last6=Giosan|first6=Liviu|last7=Kemp|first7=Paul|last8=Kuenzer|first8=Claudia|last9=Lane|first9=Robert R.|last10=Ramachandran|first10=Ramesh|last11=Syvitski|first11=James|date=2016-12-20|title=Approaches to defining deltaic sustainability in the 21st century|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771416301846|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|series=Sustainability of Future Coasts and Estuaries|language=en|volume=183|pages=275–291|doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2016.06.018|bibcode=2016ECSS..183..275D|issn=0272-7714}}</ref> Upstream land use change such as [[Erosion control|anti-erosion agricultural practices]] and hydrological engineering such as [[dam]] construction in the basins feeding deltas have reduced river sediment delivery to many deltas in recent decades.<ref name=":352">{{Cite journal|last1=Syvitski|first1=James P. M.|last2=Kettner|first2=Albert J.|last3=Overeem|first3=Irina|last4=Hutton|first4=Eric W. H.|last5=Hannon|first5=Mark T.|last6=Brakenridge|first6=G. Robert|last7=Day|first7=John|last8=Vörösmarty|first8=Charles|last9=Saito|first9=Yoshiki|last10=Giosan|first10=Liviu|last11=Nicholls|first11=Robert J.|date=2009-10-01|title=Sinking deltas due to human activities|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo629|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=2|issue=10|pages=681–686|doi=10.1038/ngeo629|bibcode=2009NatGe...2..681S|issn=1752-0908|hdl=1912/3207|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This change means that there is less sediment available to maintain delta landforms, and compensate for [[erosion]] and [[sea level rise]], causing some deltas to start losing land.<ref name=":352" /> Declines in river sediment delivery are projected to continue in the coming decades.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dunn|first1=Frances E|last2=Darby|first2=Stephen E|last3=Nicholls|first3=Robert J|last4=Cohen|first4=Sagy|last5=Zarfl|first5=Christiane|last6=Fekete|first6=Balázs M|date=2019-08-06|title=Projections of declining fluvial sediment delivery to major deltas worldwide in response to climate change and anthropogenic stress|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=14|issue=8|pages=084034|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab304e|bibcode=2019ERL....14h4034D|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The extensive anthropogenic activities in deltas also interfere with [[Geomorphology|geomorphological]] and [[Ecology|ecological]] delta processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Syvitski|first=James P. M.|date=2008-04-01|title=Deltas at risk|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-008-0043-3|journal=Sustainability Science|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=23–32|doi=10.1007/s11625-008-0043-3|s2cid=128976925|issn=1862-4057}}</ref> People living on deltas often construct [[Flood defence|flood defences]] which prevent [[sedimentation]] from floods on deltas, and therefore means that [[sediment deposition]] can't compensate for [[subsidence]] and [[erosion]]. In addition to interference with delta [[aggradation]], pumping of [[Groundwater exploitation|groundwater]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Minderhoud|first1=P S J|last2=Erkens|first2=G|last3=Pham|first3=V H|last4=Bui|first4=V T|last5=Erban|first5=L|last6=Kooi|first6=H|last7=Stouthamer|first7=E|date=2017-06-01|title=Impacts of 25 years of groundwater extraction on subsidence in the Mekong delta, Vietnam|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=12|issue=6|pages=064006|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aa7146|issn=1748-9326|pmc=6192430|pmid=30344619|bibcode=2017ERL....12f4006M}}</ref> [[Oil Extraction|oil]], and [[Gas extraction|gas]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ABAM|first=T. K. S.|date=2001-02-01|title=Regional hydrological research perspectives in the Niger Delta|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660109492797|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|volume=46|issue=1|pages=13–25|doi=10.1080/02626660109492797|s2cid=129784677|issn=0262-6667}}</ref> and constructing infrastructure all accelerate [[subsidence]], increasing [[relative sea level]] rise. Anthropogenic activities can also destabilise river channels through [[sand mining]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hackney|first1=Christopher R.|last2=Darby|first2=Stephen E.|last3=Parsons|first3=Daniel R.|last4=Leyland|first4=Julian|last5=Best|first5=James L.|last6=Aalto|first6=Rolf|last7=Nicholas|first7=Andrew P.|last8=Houseago|first8=Robert C.|date=2020-03-01|title=River bank instability from unsustainable sand mining in the lower Mekong River|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0455-3|journal=Nature Sustainability|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=217–225|doi=10.1038/s41893-019-0455-3|s2cid=210166330|issn=2398-9629}}</ref> and cause [[Salinisation|saltwater intrusion]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eslami|first1=Sepehr|last2=Hoekstra|first2=Piet|last3=Nguyen Trung|first3=Nam|last4=Ahmed Kantoush|first4=Sameh|last5=Van Binh|first5=Doan|last6=Duc Dung|first6=Do|last7=Tran Quang|first7=Tho|last8=van der Vegt|first8=Maarten|date=2019-12-10|title=Tidal amplification and salt intrusion in the Mekong Delta driven by anthropogenic sediment starvation|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=18746|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-55018-9|pmid=31822705|pmc=6904557|bibcode=2019NatSR...918746E|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref> There are small-scale efforts to correct these issues, improve delta environments and increase environmental sustainability through [[Sedimentation enhancing strategy|sedimentation enhancing strategies]].

While nearly all deltas have been impacted to some degree by humans, the [[Nile Delta]] and [[Colorado River Delta]] are some of the most extreme examples of the devastation caused to deltas by damming and diversion of water.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-03-01|title=Impact of human interventions and coastal processes along the Nile Delta coast, Egypt during the past twenty-five years|journal=The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research|language=en|volume=42|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/j.ejar.2016.01.002|issn=1687-4285|doi-access=free|last1=Ali|first1=Elham M.|last2=El-Magd|first2=Islam A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Witze|first=Alexandra|date=2014-03-20|title=Water returns to arid Colorado River delta|journal=Nature News|language=en|volume=507|issue=7492|pages=286–287|doi=10.1038/507286a|pmid=24646976|bibcode=2014Natur.507..286W|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Historical data documents show that during the Roman Empire and Little Ice Age (times where there was considerable anthropogenic pressure), there was significant sediment accumulation in deltas. The industrial revolution has only amplified the impact of humans on delta growth and retreat.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maselli|first1=Vittorio|last2=Trincardi|first2=Fabio|date=2013-05-31|title=Man made deltas|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=3|pages=1926|bibcode=2013NatSR...3E1926M|doi=10.1038/srep01926|issn=2045-2322|pmc=3668317|pmid=23722597}}</ref>

== Delte u privredi ==
Ancient deltas are a benefit to the economy due to their well sorted [[sand]] and [[gravel]]. Sand and gravel is often quarried from these old deltas and used in concrete for [[highways]], buildings, sidewalks, and even landscaping. More than 1&nbsp;billion tons of sand and gravel are produced in the United States alone.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Mineral Photos – Sand and Gravel|url=http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photosandgr.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006200708/http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photosandgr.html|archive-date=2011-10-06|access-date=2011-11-02|website=Mineral Information Institute}}</ref> Not all sand and gravel quarries are former deltas, but for ones that are, much of the sorting is already done by the power of water.

Urban areas and human habitation tends to locate in lowlands near water access for transportation and [[sanitation]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Management|first=About the Author: Stefan Trickster This City Knows|date=2017-05-22|title=Why are cities located where they are?|url=http://www.thiscityknows.com/location-of-cities-it-has-a-lot-to-do-with-water-resources-history-and-being-in-the-northern-hemisphere/|access-date=2020-01-05|website=This City Knows|language=en-US}}</ref> This makes deltas a common location for civilizations to flourish due to access to flat land for farming, freshwater for sanitation and [[irrigation]], and sea access for trade. Deltas often host extensive industrial and commercial activities as well as agricultural land which are often in conflict. Some of the world's largest regional economies are located on deltas such as the [[Pearl River Delta]], [[Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone|Yangtze River Delta]], [[Low Countries|European Low Countries]] and the [[Greater Tokyo Area]].


== Vrste delti ==
== Vrste delti ==
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== Reference ==
== Reference ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Literatura ==
{{Refbegin|}}
* Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-007-3961-1}}, {{DOI|10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8}}, pp.&nbsp;7–48
* KUENZER C. and RENAUD, F. 2012: Climate Change and Environmental Change in River Deltas Globally. In (eds.): Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-007-3961-1}}, {{DOI|10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8}}, pp.&nbsp;7–48
* {{cite journal | last1 = Ottinger | first1 = M. | last2 = Kuenzer | first2 = C. | last3 = LIU | last4 = Wang | first4 = S. | last5 = Dech | first5 = S. | year = 2013 | title = Monitoring Land Cover Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta from 1995 to 2010 based on Landsat 5 TM | journal = Applied Geography | volume = 44 | pages = 53–68 | doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.003}}

{{Reflist|30em}}


== Spoljašnje veze ==
== Spoljašnje veze ==
{{Commonscat|River deltas}}
{{Commons category|River deltas}}
*[http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/DELTA_LISTS/continents.htm Louisiana State University Geology] – World Deltas
* http://www.wisdom.eoc.dlr.de WISDOM Water related Information System for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong Delta
*[http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Wave-dominated_river_deltas Wave-dominated river deltas on coastalwiki.org] – A coastalwiki.org page on wave-dominated river deltas


{{нормативна контрола}}
{{нормативна контрола}}

Верзија на датум 19. фебруар 2022. у 03:24

„Delta” preusmerava ovde. Za druge upotrebe pogledajte stranicu Delta (višeznačna odrednica).
Delta Nila snimljena iz satelita NASA-e
The Ebro River delta at the Mediterranean Sea.
Sacramento–San Joaquin (California) Delta at flood stage, early March 2009.

Rečna delta is a landform created by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or stagnant water.[1][2] This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment. The size and shape of a delta is controlled by the balance between watershed processes that supply sediment, and receiving basin processes that redistribute, sequester, and export that sediment.[3][4] The size, geometry, and location of the receiving basin also plays an important role in delta evolution. River deltas are important in human civilization, as they are major agricultural production centers and population centers.[5] They can provide coastline defense and can impact drinking water supply.[6] They are also ecologically important, with different species' assemblages depending on their landscape position.

Deltom se naziva karakteristični oblik ušća reke. Najpoznatija delta je delta Nila, koja je dobila naziv po sličnosti oblika grčkom slovu delta (Δ) i time postala eponim za sve druge delte širom sveta.

Nastajanje

Nastajanje rečne delte je obeleženo odlaganjem sedimenta koji reka donosi sa sobom. Smanjenjem brzine toka vode kako se približava ušću, smanjuje se i snaga vode kojom nosi razne vrste sedimenta, koji se zbog toga taloži na dno i stvara prepreku. To opet dovodi do toga da voda menja smer kako bi zaobišla prepreku, ili se razdvaja na rukavce. Veće delte se sastoje od niza brže i sporije tekućih ili čak stojećih rukavaca. To, međutim, nije moguće kad reke završavaju u morima sa velikim razlikama između plime i oseke, umesto delte, kod tih se reka stvara levkasti estuari. Kako reka teče u pravilu prema moru odnosno jezeru, kad stigne do vode koja ne teče, odlaže sediment, i time svoju deltu neprekidno „gura” dalje u more. To je vrlo vidljivo na snimku delte Nila.

Oblici delti

Oblici su različiti. Oni zavise od načina zasipanja nanosne ravnice i karaktera račvanja rečnog toka. Razlikuju se tri osnovna tipa delti: trouglaste, polukružne i prstaste.

Trouglaste delte često se nazivaju i kljunastim deltama. Izgrađene su od dveju jednostavnih akumulativnih kosa koje su isturene u more. Primer ovakve delte je delta Tibra.

Polukružne delte imaju izgled lepezaste nanosne ravnice. Ovakav oblik zadobile su zbog čestog migiraranja rečnog ušća pa se nasipanje delte vršilo ravnomerno. Takva je delta Nila.

Prstaste delte karakterišu se prostranom nanosnom ravnicom preko koje se rečni tok račva u brojne rukavce. Svaki od ovih rukavaca ima svoju vlastitu deltu tako da zajednička delta ima izgled ptičje noge. Delta Misisipija ima ovakav oblik a njeni rukavci dostižu i do 15 km dužine. Delta Dunava ima tri kraka: Kilija, Sulina i Sveti Đorđe. [7]

Egzistencijalne pretnje deltama

Human activities in both deltas and the river basins upstream of deltas can radically alter delta environments.[8] Upstream land use change such as anti-erosion agricultural practices and hydrological engineering such as dam construction in the basins feeding deltas have reduced river sediment delivery to many deltas in recent decades.[9] This change means that there is less sediment available to maintain delta landforms, and compensate for erosion and sea level rise, causing some deltas to start losing land.[9] Declines in river sediment delivery are projected to continue in the coming decades.[10]

The extensive anthropogenic activities in deltas also interfere with geomorphological and ecological delta processes.[11] People living on deltas often construct flood defences which prevent sedimentation from floods on deltas, and therefore means that sediment deposition can't compensate for subsidence and erosion. In addition to interference with delta aggradation, pumping of groundwater,[12] oil, and gas,[13] and constructing infrastructure all accelerate subsidence, increasing relative sea level rise. Anthropogenic activities can also destabilise river channels through sand mining,[14] and cause saltwater intrusion.[15] There are small-scale efforts to correct these issues, improve delta environments and increase environmental sustainability through sedimentation enhancing strategies.

While nearly all deltas have been impacted to some degree by humans, the Nile Delta and Colorado River Delta are some of the most extreme examples of the devastation caused to deltas by damming and diversion of water.[16][17]

Historical data documents show that during the Roman Empire and Little Ice Age (times where there was considerable anthropogenic pressure), there was significant sediment accumulation in deltas. The industrial revolution has only amplified the impact of humans on delta growth and retreat.[18]

Delte u privredi

Ancient deltas are a benefit to the economy due to their well sorted sand and gravel. Sand and gravel is often quarried from these old deltas and used in concrete for highways, buildings, sidewalks, and even landscaping. More than 1 billion tons of sand and gravel are produced in the United States alone.[19] Not all sand and gravel quarries are former deltas, but for ones that are, much of the sorting is already done by the power of water.

Urban areas and human habitation tends to locate in lowlands near water access for transportation and sanitation.[20] This makes deltas a common location for civilizations to flourish due to access to flat land for farming, freshwater for sanitation and irrigation, and sea access for trade. Deltas often host extensive industrial and commercial activities as well as agricultural land which are often in conflict. Some of the world's largest regional economies are located on deltas such as the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, European Low Countries and the Greater Tokyo Area.

Vrste delti

Pored ovde navedene vrste delte, postoji još nekoliko drugačijih oblika delti:

Primeri

Reference

  1. ^ Miall, A. D. 1979. Deltas. in R. G. Walker (ed) Facies Models. Geological Association of Canada, Hamilton, Ontario.
  2. ^ Elliot, T. 1986. Deltas. in H. G. Reading (ed.). Sedimentary environments and facies. Backwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
  3. ^ Blum, M.D.; Törnqvist, T.E. (2000). „Fluvial responses to climate and sea-level change: a review and look forward”. Sedimentology. 47: 2—48. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00008.x. 
  4. ^ Pasternack, Gregory B.; Brush, Grace S.; Hilgartner, William B. (2001-04-01). „Impact of historic land-use change on sediment delivery to a Chesapeake Bay subestuarine delta”. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms (на језику: енглески). 26 (4): 409—427. Bibcode:2001ESPL...26..409P. ISSN 1096-9837. doi:10.1002/esp.189. 
  5. ^ Schneider, Pia; Asch, Folkard (2020). „Rice production and food security in Asian Mega deltas—A review on characteristics, vulnerabilities and agricultural adaptation options to cope with climate change”. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science (на језику: енглески). 206 (4): 491—503. ISSN 1439-037X. doi:10.1111/jac.12415 Слободан приступ. 
  6. ^ Anthony, Edward J. (2015-03-01). „Wave influence in the construction, shaping and destruction of river deltas: A review”. Marine Geology. 361: 53—78. Bibcode:2015MGeol.361...53A. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2014.12.004. 
  7. ^ Петровић Д., Манојловић П., (2003): Геоморфологија, Географски факултет, Универзитет у Београду, Београд.
  8. ^ Day, John W.; Agboola, Julius; Chen, Zhongyuan; D’Elia, Christopher; Forbes, Donald L.; Giosan, Liviu; Kemp, Paul; Kuenzer, Claudia; Lane, Robert R.; Ramachandran, Ramesh; Syvitski, James (2016-12-20). „Approaches to defining deltaic sustainability in the 21st century”. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. Sustainability of Future Coasts and Estuaries (на језику: енглески). 183: 275—291. Bibcode:2016ECSS..183..275D. ISSN 0272-7714. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.06.018. 
  9. ^ а б Syvitski, James P. M.; Kettner, Albert J.; Overeem, Irina; Hutton, Eric W. H.; Hannon, Mark T.; Brakenridge, G. Robert; Day, John; Vörösmarty, Charles; Saito, Yoshiki; Giosan, Liviu; Nicholls, Robert J. (2009-10-01). „Sinking deltas due to human activities”. Nature Geoscience (на језику: енглески). 2 (10): 681—686. Bibcode:2009NatGe...2..681S. ISSN 1752-0908. doi:10.1038/ngeo629. hdl:1912/3207 Слободан приступ. 
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Literatura

  • Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, ISBN 978-94-007-3961-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8, pp. 7–48
  • KUENZER C. and RENAUD, F. 2012: Climate Change and Environmental Change in River Deltas Globally. In (eds.): Renaud, F. and C. Kuenzer 2012: The Mekong Delta System – Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer, ISBN 978-94-007-3961-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8, pp. 7–48
  • Ottinger, M.; Kuenzer, C.; LIU; Wang, S.; Dech, S. (2013). „Monitoring Land Cover Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta from 1995 to 2010 based on Landsat 5 TM”. Applied Geography. 44: 53—68. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.003. 

Spoljašnje veze

Rečna delta на Викимедијиној остави.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rečna_delta&oldid=24387273”