Хаити (острво) — разлика између измена

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Верзија на датум 20. јануар 2023. у 09:33

Хаити^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] или Хиспаниола, Хиспањола (шп. La Española)^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] је велико острво у Карипском мору.^[10]^[11] Део је острвља Велики Антили,^[1] које припада карипској групи острва. На њему се налазе две државе — Хаити и Доминиканска Република. Налази се између Кубе на западу и Порторика на истоку, тачно у појасу урагана.^[12] Острво је најпознатије по првим европским колонијама у Новом свету, које је основао Кристифор Колумбо. Хаити је десето острво по насељености на свету и најнасељеније острво у Америкама, као и 22. острво по величини у свету.

Hispaniola is the site of one of the first European settlements in the Americas, La Navidad (1492–1493), as well as the first proper town, La Isabela (1493–1500), and the first permanent settlement, the current capital of the Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo (est. 1498). These settlements were founded successively during each of Christopher Columbus's first three voyages.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Историја

Преколумбијски

The Pomier Caves are a series of 55 caves located north of San Cristóbal in the Dominican Republic. They contain the largest collection of 2,000-year-old rock art in the Caribbean, primarily made by the Taíno people, but also the Carib people and the Igneri.

The Archaic Age people arrived from the mainland about 6,000 or 7,000 years ago.^[17] The primary indigenous group on the island of Hispaniola was the Taíno people.^[18] The Arawak tribe originated in the Orinoco Delta, spreading from what is now Venezuela.^[18] They arrived on Hispaniola around 1200 CE.^[19] Each society on the island was a small independent kingdom with a lead known as a cacique.^[20] In 1492, which is considered the peak of the Taíno, there were five different kingdoms on the island,^[18] the Xaragua, Higuey (Caizcimu), Magua (Huhabo), Ciguayos (Cayabo or Maguana), and Marien (Bainoa).^[20] Many distinct Taíno languages also existed in this time period.^[21] There is still heated debate over the population of Taíno people on the island of Hispaniola in 1492, but estimates range from no more than a few tens of thousands, according to a 2020 genetic analysis,^[22]^[23] to upwards of 750,000.^[24]

A Taíno home consisted of a circular building with woven straw and palm leaves as covering.^[20] Most individuals slept in fashioned hammocks, but grass beds were also used.^[18] The cacique lived in a different structure with larger rectangular walls and a porch.^[20] The Taíno village also had a flat court used for ball games and festivals.^[20] Religiously, the Taíno people were polytheists, and their gods were called Zemí.^[20] Religious worship and dancing were common, and medicine men or priests also consulted the Zemí for advice in public ceremonies.^[20]

For food, the Taíno relied on meat and fish as a primary source for protein;^[19] some small mammals on the island were hunted including rats, but ducks, turtles, snakes and bats were a common food source.^[20] The Taíno also relied on agriculture as a primary food source.^[19] The indigenous people of Hispaniola raised crops in a conuco, which is a large mound packed with leaves and fixed crops to prevent erosion.^[20] Some common agricultural goods were cassava, maize, squash, beans, peppers, peanuts, cotton, and tobacco, which was used as an aspect of social life and religious ceremonies.^[20]

The Taíno people traveled often and used hollowed canoes with paddles when on the water for fishing or for migration purposes,^[20] and upwards of 100 people could fit into a single canoe.^[18] The Taíno came frequently in contact with the Caribs, another indigenous tribe.^[20] The Taíno people had to defend themselves using bows and arrows with poisoned tips and some war clubs.^[20] When Columbus landed on Hispaniola, many Taíno leaders wanted protection from the Caribs.^[20]

Референце

^ ^а ^б Миленко Мастиловић, дипл. инж. картограф (уредник атласа) и сарадници (1992). Географски атлас за V, VI, VII и VIII разред основне школе. Београд: Издавачка установа завод за картографију:„ГЕОКАРТА”. стр. 71.
^ Миловановић, Вид; ментор Проф. др Видоје Стефановић. „Мастер рад „EKOНОМСКИ АСПЕКТИ ТУРИСТИЧКИХ ПОТЕНЦИЈАЛА КУБЕ” - 1.ГЕОГРАФСКИ ПОЛОЖАЈ” (PDF). УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У НИШУ ПРИРОДНО-МАТЕМАТИЧКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ ДЕПАРТМАН ЗА ГЕОГРАФИЈУ. стр. 3.
^ „„Метју“ заиста изгледа монструозно!”. Радио Телевизија Србије.
^ „Ураган „Сенди” пријети Америци”. Радио Телевизија Републике Српске.
^ „„ЗЛА ИРМА” ДОНЕЛА ПУСТОШ Острва разорена, десет мртвих, 100.000 људи БЕЖИ ИЗ МАЈАМИЈА”. Блиц.
^ „Hispaniola”. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th изд.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. Приступљено 22. 7. 2019.
^ „Hispaniola”. Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Приступљено 22. 7. 2019.
^ „Hispaniola”. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Приступљено 22. 7. 2019.
^ „Hispaniola”. Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Архивирано из оригинала 2020-12-02. г.
^ Anglería, Pedro Mártir de (1949). Décadas del Nuevo Mundo, Tercera Década, Libro VII (на језику: шпански). Buenos Aires: Editorial Bajel.
^ Las Casas, Fray Bartolomé de (1966). Apologética Histórica Sumaria (на језику: шпански). Mexico: UNAM.
^ „The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency”. cia.gov. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 6. 2007. г.
^ „Embassy of the Dominican Republic, in the United States”. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 5. 2007. г. Приступљено 27. 2. 2009.
^ „Haiti”. Central Intelligence Agency. 6. 10. 2021 — преко CIA.gov.
^ Davies, Arthur (1953). „The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas Day, 1492”. The American Historical Review: 854—865. doi:10.1086/ahr/58.4.854.
^ Maclean, Frances (јануар 2008). „The Lost Fort of Columbus”. Smithsonian Magazine. Приступљено 24. 1. 2008.
^ Lawler, Andrew (23. 12. 2020). „Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals”. National Geographic.
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г ^д Poole, Robert (2011). „What Became of the Taíno?”. Smithsonian. 70. ProQuest 897718111.
^ ^а ^б ^в Cook, Noble David (2005). „Taino (Arawak) Indians”. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. 3 — преко GVRL.
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г ^д ^ђ ^е ^ж ^з ^и ^ј ^к ^л ^љ Corbett, Bob (1995). „The History of Haiti”. Приступљено 20. 11. 2018.
^ Berman, Mary (2008). „The Greater Antilles and Bahamas”. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. doi:10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00391-5 — преко Credo.
^ Reich, David; Patterson, Orlando (2020-12-23). „Opinion | Ancient DNA Is Changing How We Think About the Caribbean”. The New York Times (на језику: енглески). ISSN 0362-4331. Приступљено 2020-12-24.
^ Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole (2020-12-23). „A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean”. Nature (на језику: енглески). 590 (7844): 103—110. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2.
^ Holguín (2010). 21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage Publications. ISBN -9781412957380.

Литература

Altman, Ida. Life and Society in the Early Caribbean: The Greater Antilles, 1493-1550. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2021. ISBN 978-0-8071-7578-1
Altman, Ida and David Wheat, eds. The Spanish Caribbean & the Atlantic World in the Long Sixteenth Century. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2019.
Deagan, Kathleen and José María Cruxent. Columbus's Outpost Among the Taí nos. New Haven: Yale University Press 2002.
Floyd, Troy S. The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1973.
Livi-Bacci, Maximo. "Return to Hispaniola: Assessing a Demographic Catastrophe." Hispanic American Historical Review 83, no. 1 (2003): 3-51.
Rodríguez Morel, Genaro. "The Sugar Economy of Española in the Sixteenth Century" In Tropical Bablyons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World. 1450-1680, ed. Stuart B. Schwartz. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2004.
Sauer, Carl O.. The Early Spanish Main. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1966.
Tibesar, Antonine S. "The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Española, 1505-1559." The Americas 13, no. 4 (1957)
Wilson, Samuel M. Hispaniola: Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1990.
Bell, Madison Smartt (2007). Toussaint Louverture: A Biography. New York, New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-375-42337-6.
Butel, Paul (2002). Histoire des Antilles françaises: XVIIe-XXe siècle [For History]. Collection "Pour l'histoire" (на језику: француски). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 2-262-01540-6. OCLC 301674023.
Garrigus, John (2002). Before Haiti: Race and Citizenship in Saint-Domingue. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-10837-7. OCLC 690382111.
Savary des Brûlons, Jacques (1748). „Saint Domingue”. Dictionnaire universel de commerce (на језику: француски). Paris: Estienne et fils. hdl:2027/ucm.5317968141?urlappend=%3Bseq=543.
Koekkoek, René (2020). The Citizenship Experiment Contesting the Limits of Civic Equality and Participation in the Age of Revolutions (PDF). Studies in the History of Political Thought. Lieden, Netherlands: Brill.
Spain (1680). Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias. Titulo Quince. De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. Madrid. Spanish-language facsimile of the original.
Perez, Cosme E. (20. 12. 2011). Quisqueya: un país en el mundo: La Revelación Maya Del 2012. Palibrio. стр. 27. ISBN 978-1-4633-1368-5. Приступљено 4. 6. 2012.
Hartlyn, Jonathan (1998). The Struggle for Democratic Politics in the Dominican Republic. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4707-0.
Greenberger, Robert (1. 1. 2003). Juan Ponce de León: The Exploration of Florida and the Search for the Fountain of Youth. The Rosen Publishing Group. стр. 35. ISBN 978-0-8239-3627-4. Приступљено 4. 6. 2012.
Bolton, Herbert E.; Marshall, Thomas Maitland (30. 4. 2005). The Colonization of North America 1492 to 1783. Kessinger Publishing. стр. 17. ISBN 978-0-7661-9438-0. Приступљено 4. 6. 2012.

Спољашње везе

„The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency”. cia.gov. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 6. 2007. г.
Haiti & The Dominican Republic IMF population estimates.
Google maps
Map of the Islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico from 1639
The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake at the Library of Congress contains primary materials on Hispaniola.
The Louverture Project: Saint-Domingue – Saint-Domingue page on Haitian history Wiki.
The Louverture Project: Slavery in Saint-Domingue

[atlas-1] а ^б Миленко Мастиловић, дипл. инж. картограф (уредник атласа) и сарадници (1992). Географски атлас за V, VI, VII и VIII разред основне школе. Београд: Издавачка установа завод за картографију:„ГЕОКАРТА”. стр. 71.

[2] Миловановић, Вид; ментор Проф. др Видоје Стефановић. „Мастер рад „EKOНОМСКИ АСПЕКТИ ТУРИСТИЧКИХ ПОТЕНЦИЈАЛА КУБЕ” - 1.ГЕОГРАФСКИ ПОЛОЖАЈ” (PDF). УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У НИШУ ПРИРОДНО-МАТЕМАТИЧКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ ДЕПАРТМАН ЗА ГЕОГРАФИЈУ. стр. 3.

[3] „„Метју“ заиста изгледа монструозно!”. Радио Телевизија Србије.

[4] „Ураган „Сенди” пријети Америци”. Радио Телевизија Републике Српске.

[5] „„ЗЛА ИРМА” ДОНЕЛА ПУСТОШ Острва разорена, десет мртвих, 100.000 људи БЕЖИ ИЗ МАЈАМИЈА”. Блиц.

[6] „Hispaniola”. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th изд.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. Приступљено 22. 7. 2019.

[7] „Hispaniola”. Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Приступљено 22. 7. 2019.

[8] „Hispaniola”. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Приступљено 22. 7. 2019.

[9] „Hispaniola”. Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Архивирано из оригинала 2020-12-02. г.

[anghiera-10] Anglería, Pedro Mártir de (1949). Décadas del Nuevo Mundo, Tercera Década, Libro VII (на језику: шпански). Buenos Aires: Editorial Bajel.

[casas-11] Las Casas, Fray Bartolomé de (1966). Apologética Histórica Sumaria (на језику: шпански). Mexico: UNAM.

[12] „The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency”. cia.gov. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 6. 2007. г.

[embassy-13] „Embassy of the Dominican Republic, in the United States”. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 5. 2007. г. Приступљено 27. 2. 2009.

[cia.gov-14] „Haiti”. Central Intelligence Agency. 6. 10. 2021 — преко CIA.gov.

[Davies1953-15] Davies, Arthur (1953). „The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas Day, 1492”. The American Historical Review: 854—865. doi:10.1086/ahr/58.4.854.

[16] Maclean, Frances (јануар 2008). „The Lost Fort of Columbus”. Smithsonian Magazine. Приступљено 24. 1. 2008.

[17] Lawler, Andrew (23. 12. 2020). „Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals”. National Geographic.

[Poole-18] а ^б ^в ^г ^д Poole, Robert (2011). „What Became of the Taíno?”. Smithsonian. 70. ProQuest 897718111.

[Cook-19] а ^б ^в Cook, Noble David (2005). „Taino (Arawak) Indians”. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. 3 — преко GVRL.

[Corbett-20] а ^б ^в ^г ^д ^ђ ^е ^ж ^з ^и ^ј ^к ^л ^љ Corbett, Bob (1995). „The History of Haiti”. Приступљено 20. 11. 2018.

[21] Berman, Mary (2008). „The Greater Antilles and Bahamas”. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. doi:10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00391-5 — преко Credo.

[22] Reich, David; Patterson, Orlando (2020-12-23). „Opinion | Ancient DNA Is Changing How We Think About the Caribbean”. The New York Times (на језику: енглески). ISSN 0362-4331. Приступљено 2020-12-24.

[2020_genetic-23] Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole (2020-12-23). „A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean”. Nature (на језику: енглески). 590 (7844): 103—110. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2.

[24] Holguín (2010). 21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage Publications. ISBN -9781412957380.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{Short description|Карипско острво које деле Доминиканска Република и Хаити}}{{рут}}
-[[Слика:Hispaniola lrg.jpg|мини|250п|десно|Хаити]]
+[[Датотека:Hispaniola lrg.jpg|мини|250п|десно|Хаити]]
-'''Хаити'''<ref name="atlas">{{Cite book |authors=Миленко Мастиловић, дипл. инж. картограф (уредник атласа) и сарадници |title=Географски атлас за V, VI, VII и VIII разред основне школе |publisher=Издавачка установа завод за картографију:„ГЕОКАРТА” |location=Београд |year=1992 |page=71}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Вид |last=Миловановић |author2=ментор Проф. др Видоје Стефановић |title=Мастер рад „EKOНОМСКИ АСПЕКТИ ТУРИСТИЧКИХ ПОТЕНЦИЈАЛА КУБЕ” - 1.ГЕОГРАФСКИ ПОЛОЖАЈ |url=https://www.pmf.ni.ac.rs/download/master/master_radovi_geografija/geografija_master_radovi/2017/2017-06-05-mv.pdf |publisher=УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У НИШУ ПРИРОДНО-МАТЕМАТИЧКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ ДЕПАРТМАН ЗА ГЕОГРАФИЈУ |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=„Метју“ заиста изгледа монструозно! |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/ci/story/501/zanimljivosti/2479733/metju-zaista-izgleda-monstruozno.html |publisher=Радио Телевизија Србије}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ураган „Сенди” пријети Америци |url=https://www.rtrs.tv/vijesti/vijest.php?id=72869 |publisher=Радио Телевизија Републике Српске}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=„ЗЛА ИРМА” ДОНЕЛА ПУСТОШ Острва разорена, десет мртвих, 100.000 људи БЕЖИ ИЗ МАЈАМИЈА |url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/svet/zla-irma-donela-pustos-ostrva-razorena-deset-mrtvih-100000-ljudi-bezi-iz-majamija/6brpdvk |publisher=Блиц}}</ref> или '''Хиспаниола''', '''Хиспањола''' ({{јез-шпа|La Española}}) је велико [[острво]] у [[Карипско море|Карипском мору]]. Део је [[Архипелаг|острвља]] [[Велики Антили]],<ref name="atlas" /> које припада [[Кариби|карипској групи острва]]. На њему се налазе две државе — [[Хаити]] и [[Доминиканска Република]]. Налази се између [[Куба|Кубе]] на [[запад]]у и [[Порторико|Порторика]] на [[исток]]у, тачно у појасу [[ураган]]а. Острво је најпознатије по првим [[Европа|европским]] [[колонија]]ма у Новом свету, које је основао [[Кристифор Колумбо]]. Хаити је десето острво по насељености на свету и најнасељеније острво у [[Америке|Америкама]], као и 22. острво по величини у свету.
+'''Хаити'''<ref name="atlas">{{Cite book |authors=Миленко Мастиловић, дипл. инж. картограф (уредник атласа) и сарадници |title=Географски атлас за V, VI, VII и VIII разред основне школе |publisher=Издавачка установа завод за картографију:„ГЕОКАРТА” |location=Београд |year=1992 |page=71}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Вид |last=Миловановић |author2=ментор Проф. др Видоје Стефановић |title=Мастер рад „EKOНОМСКИ АСПЕКТИ ТУРИСТИЧКИХ ПОТЕНЦИЈАЛА КУБЕ” - 1.ГЕОГРАФСКИ ПОЛОЖАЈ |url=https://www.pmf.ni.ac.rs/download/master/master_radovi_geografija/geografija_master_radovi/2017/2017-06-05-mv.pdf |publisher=УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У НИШУ ПРИРОДНО-МАТЕМАТИЧКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ ДЕПАРТМАН ЗА ГЕОГРАФИЈУ |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=„Метју“ заиста изгледа монструозно! |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/ci/story/501/zanimljivosti/2479733/metju-zaista-izgleda-monstruozno.html |publisher=Радио Телевизија Србије}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ураган „Сенди” пријети Америци |url=https://www.rtrs.tv/vijesti/vijest.php?id=72869 |publisher=Радио Телевизија Републике Српске}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=„ЗЛА ИРМА” ДОНЕЛА ПУСТОШ Острва разорена, десет мртвих, 100.000 људи БЕЖИ ИЗ МАЈАМИЈА |url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/svet/zla-irma-donela-pustos-ostrva-razorena-deset-mrtvih-100000-ljudi-bezi-iz-majamija/6brpdvk |publisher=Блиц}}</ref> или '''Хиспаниола''', '''Хиспањола''' ({{јез-шпа|La Española}})<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Hispaniola|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hispaniola|title=Hispaniola|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Hispaniola|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Hispaniola |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202094002/https://www.lexico.com/definition/hispaniola |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-12-02 |title=Hispaniola |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> је велико [[острво]] у [[Карипско море|Карипском мору]].<ref name="anghiera">{{cite book| last = Anglería| first =  Pedro Mártir de| title = Décadas del Nuevo Mundo, Tercera Década, Libro&nbsp;VII| publisher = Editorial Bajel| year = 1949| location = Buenos Aires| language = es }}</ref><ref name="casas">{{cite book| last = Las Casas| first =  Fray Bartolomé de| title = Apologética Histórica Sumaria| publisher = UNAM| year = 1966| location = Mexico| language = es }}</ref> Део је [[Архипелаг|острвља]] [[Велики Антили]],<ref name="atlas" /> које припада [[Кариби|карипској групи острва]]. На њему се налазе две државе — [[Хаити]] и [[Доминиканска Република]]. Налази се између [[Куба|Кубе]] на [[запад]]у и [[Порторико|Порторика]] на [[исток]]у, тачно у појасу [[ураган]]а.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003330/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 13, 2007|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov}}</ref> Острво је најпознатије по првим [[Европа|европским]] [[колонија]]ма у Новом свету, које је основао [[Кристифор Колумбо]]. Хаити је десето острво по насељености на свету и најнасељеније острво у [[Америке|Америкама]], као и 22. острво по величини у свету.
+Hispaniola is the site of one of the first European settlements in the Americas, [[La Navidad]] (1492–1493), as well as the first proper town, [[La Isabela]] (1493–1500), and the first permanent settlement, the current capital of the Dominican Republic, [[Santo Domingo]] (est. 1498). These settlements were founded successively during each of [[Christopher Columbus]]'s first three [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|voyages]].<ref name=embassy>{{cite web|url=http://www.domrep.org/gen_info.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524150608/http://www.domrep.org/gen_info.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 24, 2007 |title=Embassy of the Dominican Republic, in the United States |access-date=February 27, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/|title=Haiti|date=October 6, 2021|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref><ref name="Davies1953">{{cite journal|last=Davies|first=Arthur|title=The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas Day, 1492 |journal=The American Historical Review|year=1953|pages=854–865|doi=10.1086/ahr/58.4.854}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author=Maclean, Frances| title=The Lost Fort of Columbus| url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/fort-of-columbus-200801.html| work=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]| date=January 2008| access-date=24 January 2008}}</ref>
+== Историја ==
+=== Преколумбијски ===
+{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=240
+|image1=Pictografia igneri.jpg
+|image2=Piktograf1.png
+|image3=Cueva El Pomier.jpg
+|image4=Fosil perezoso.png
+|footer=The [[Pomier Caves]] are a series of 55 caves located north of [[San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic|San Cristóbal]] in the Dominican Republic. They contain the largest collection of 2,000-year-old rock art in the Caribbean, primarily made by the [[Taíno people]], but also the [[Island Carib|Carib people]] and the [[Igneri]].}}
+The Archaic Age people arrived from the mainland about 6,000 or 7,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawler |first1=Andrew |title=Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/invaders-nearly-wiped-out-caribbeans-first-people-long-before-spanish-came-dna-reveals/ |work=National Geographic |date=December 23, 2020}}</ref> The primary indigenous group on the island of Hispaniola was the Taíno people.<ref name="Poole">{{Cite journal|last=Poole|first=Robert|date=2011|title=What Became of the Taíno?|journal=Smithsonian|volume=70|id={{ProQuest|897718111}}}}</ref> The Arawak tribe originated in the [[Orinoco Delta]], spreading from what is now [[Venezuela]].<ref name="Poole" /> They arrived on Hispaniola around 1200 CE.<ref name="Cook">{{Cite journal|last=Cook|first=Noble David|date=2005|title=Taino (Arawak) Indians|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?resultListType=RELATED_DOCUMENT&userGroupName=wash43584&inPS=true&contentSegment=9780028659923&prodId=GVRL&isETOC=true&docId=GALE&#124;CX3434600333|journal=Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity|volume=3|via=GVRL}}</ref> Each society on the island was a small independent kingdom with a lead known as a [[cacique]].<ref name="Corbett">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43a/100.html|title=The History of Haiti|last=Corbett|first=Bob|date=1995|access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> In 1492, which is considered the peak of the Taíno, there were five different kingdoms on the island,<ref name="Poole" /> the Xaragua, Higuey (Caizcimu), Magua (Huhabo), Ciguayos (Cayabo or Maguana), and Marien (Bainoa).<ref name="Corbett" /> Many distinct Taíno languages also existed in this time period.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berman|first=Mary|date=2008|title=The Greater Antilles and Bahamas|url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/estarch/the_greater_antilles_and_bahamas/0|journal=Encyclopedia of Archaeology|doi=10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00391-5|via=Credo}}</ref> There is still heated debate over the population of Taíno people on the island of Hispaniola in 1492, but estimates range from no more than a few tens of thousands, according to a 2020 genetic analysis,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Reich|first1=David|last2=Patterson|first2=Orlando|date=2020-12-23|title=Opinion {{!}} Ancient DNA Is Changing How We Think About the Caribbean|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/23/opinion/dna-caribbean-genocide.html|access-date=2020-12-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="2020 genetic" >{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandes|first1=Daniel M.|last2=Sirak|first2=Kendra A.|last3=Ringbauer|first3=Harald|last4=Sedig|first4=Jakob|last5=Rohland|first5=Nadin|last6=Cheronet|first6=Olivia|last7=Mah|first7=Matthew|last8=Mallick|first8=Swapan|last9=Olalde|first9=Iñigo|last10=Culleton|first10=Brendan J.|last11=Adamski|first11=Nicole|date=2020-12-23|title=A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean|url= |journal=Nature|volume=590|issue=7844|language=en|pages=103–110|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2|pmid= |pmc= |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> to upwards of 750,000.<ref>{{Cite book|title=21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook|last=Holguín|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2010|isbn=-9781412957380|location=Thousand Oaks, CA, USA}}</ref>
+A Taíno home consisted of a circular building with woven straw and palm leaves as covering.<ref name="Corbett" /> Most individuals slept in fashioned hammocks, but grass beds were also used.<ref name="Poole" /> The cacique lived in a different structure with larger rectangular walls and a porch.<ref name="Corbett" /> The Taíno village also had a flat court used for ball games and festivals.<ref name="Corbett" /> Religiously, the Taíno people were polytheists, and their gods were called Zemí.<ref name="Corbett" /> Religious worship and dancing were common, and medicine men or priests also consulted the Zemí for advice in public ceremonies.<ref name="Corbett" />
+For food, the Taíno relied on meat and fish as a primary source for protein;<ref name="Cook" /> some small mammals on the island were hunted including rats, but ducks, turtles, snakes and bats were a common food source.<ref name="Corbett" /> The Taíno also relied on agriculture as a primary food source.<ref name="Cook" /> The indigenous people of Hispaniola raised crops in a conuco, which is a large mound packed with leaves and fixed crops to prevent erosion.<ref name="Corbett" /> Some common agricultural goods were [[cassava]], maize, squash, beans, peppers, peanuts, cotton, and tobacco, which was used as an aspect of social life and religious ceremonies.<ref name="Corbett" />
+The Taíno people traveled often and used hollowed canoes with paddles when on the water for fishing or for migration purposes,<ref name="Corbett" /> and upwards of 100 people could fit into a single canoe.<ref name="Poole" /> The Taíno came frequently in contact with the [[Island Caribs|Caribs]], another indigenous tribe.<ref name="Corbett" /> The Taíno people had to defend themselves using bows and arrows with poisoned tips and some war clubs.<ref name="Corbett" /> When Columbus landed on Hispaniola, many Taíno leaders wanted protection from the Caribs.<ref name="Corbett" />
 == Референце ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|}}
+== Литература ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* [[Ida Altman|Altman, Ida]].  ''Life and Society in the Early Caribbean: The Greater Antilles, 1493-1550''. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2021. {{ISBN|978-0-8071-7578-1}}
+* Altman, Ida and David Wheat, eds.  ''The Spanish Caribbean & the Atlantic World in the Long Sixteenth Century''.  Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2019.
+* Deagan, Kathleen and José María Cruxent.  ''Columbus's Outpost Among the Taí nos''. New Haven: Yale University Press 2002.
+* Floyd, Troy S. ''The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1973.
+* Livi-Bacci, Maximo. "Return to Hispaniola: Assessing a Demographic Catastrophe."  [[Hispanic American Historical Review]] 83, no. 1 (2003): 3-51.
+* Rodríguez Morel, Genaro. "The Sugar Economy of Española in the Sixteenth Century" In ''Tropical Bablyons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World. 1450-1680'', ed. [[Stuart B. Schwartz]]. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2004.
+* [[Carl O. Sauer|Sauer, Carl O.]].  ''The Early Spanish Main''. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1966.
+* Tibesar, Antonine S. "The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Española, 1505-1559." [[The Americas]] 13, no. 4 (1957)
+* Wilson, Samuel M. ''Hispaniola: Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus''. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1990.
+* {{cite book |title=Toussaint Louverture: A Biography|first=Madison Smartt|last=Bell|author-link=Madison Smartt Bell|year=2007|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-375-42337-6}}
+* {{cite book |title=Histoire des Antilles françaises: XVIIe-XXe siècle|series=Collection "Pour l'histoire"|language=fr|trans-title=For History|last=Butel|first=Paul|year=2002|publisher=Perrin|location=Paris|isbn=2-262-01540-6|oclc=301674023}}
+* {{cite book |title=Before Haiti: Race and Citizenship in Saint-Domingue|last=Garrigus|first=John|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=0-230-10837-7|oclc=690382111}}
+* {{cite book |year=1748 |publisher=Estienne et fils |location=Paris |title=Dictionnaire universel de commerce |first=Jacques|last=Savary des Brûlons |language=fr |chapter=Saint Domingue |hdl=2027/ucm.5317968141?urlappend=%3Bseq=543 |author-link=Jacques Savary des Brûlons }}
+* {{cite book|url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/37837/9789004416451_webready_content_text.pdf|first=René|last=Koekkoek|year=2020|title=The Citizenship Experiment Contesting the Limits of Civic Equality and Participation in the Age of Revolutions|series=Studies in the History of Political Thought|publisher=Brill|location=Lieden, Netherlands}}
+* {{Cite book| author = Spain|title = Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias. Titulo Quince. De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias| year = 1680| publisher= Madrid| id = [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/Imagenes/LeyIndia/0102015.pdf Spanish-language facsimile of the original]}}
+* {{cite book|last=Perez|first=Cosme E.|title=Quisqueya: un país en el mundo: La Revelación Maya Del 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkDQoaMzrk0C&pg=PA27|access-date=4 June 2012|date=20 December 2011|publisher=Palibrio|isbn=978-1-4633-1368-5|page=27}}
+* {{cite book | title=The Struggle for Democratic Politics in the Dominican Republic | last=Hartlyn | first=Jonathan | year=1998 | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | location=Chapel Hill | isbn=0-8078-4707-0 | page= }}
+* {{cite book|last=Greenberger|first=Robert|title=Juan Ponce de León: The Exploration of Florida and the Search for the Fountain of Youth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov7PNM3NcC0C&pg=PA35|access-date=4 June 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3627-4|page=35}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Bolton|first1=Herbert E.|last2=Marshall|first2=Thomas Maitland|title=The Colonization of North America 1492 to 1783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YN64ri8RH80C&pg=PA17|access-date=4 June 2012|date=30 April 2005|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-9438-0|page=17}}
+{{refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
 {{Commonscat|Hispaniola}}
+* {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003330/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 13, 2007|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov}}
+* [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=87&pr.y=3&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=263%2C243&s=LP&grp=0&a= Haiti & The Dominican Republic] IMF population estimates.
-{{клица-острво}}
+* [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=18.907471,-71.191406&spn=5.218506,8.107910&t=k&hl=en Google maps]
+* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4395 Map of the Islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico] from 1639
+* [http://international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake] at the [[Library of Congress]] contains primary materials on Hispaniola.
+* The Louverture Project: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060629113731/http://thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=Saint-Domingue Saint-Domingue] – Saint-Domingue page on Haitian history Wiki.
+* The Louverture Project: [http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Saint-Domingue Slavery in Saint-Domingue]
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