Хумор

Осмех

Хумор (лат. humor – влажност, течност, сок из средњовековне физиологије), увесељење или духовитост је способност људи, објеката или ситуација да изазове осећај забаве у другим људима. Тај осећај углавном прати осмех или гласан смех, веома здрав за организам. Порекло речи хумор долази од хуморалног лечења старих Грка, који су тврдили да мешавина течности (хумора) контролише људско здравље и осећаје. Ова тврдња је касније оповргнута, дефинишући хумор као снажну емоцију која се јавља у случају комичних ситуација у којима се особа осећа надмоћно, или на било који начин бољом од људи, или објеката који изводи шалу.

Теорије

Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves. The prevailing types of theories attempting to account for the existence of humour include psychological theories, the vast majority of which consider humour-induced behaviour to be very healthy; spiritual theories, which may, for instance, consider humour to be a "gift from God"; and theories which consider humour to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mystical experience.

The benign-violation theory, endorsed by Peter McGraw, attempts to explain humour's existence. The theory says 'humour only occurs when something seems wrong, unsettling, or threatening, but simultaneously seems okay, acceptable or safe'. Humour can be used as a method to easily engage in social interaction by taking away that awkward, uncomfortable, or uneasy feeling of social interactions.

Others believe that 'the appropriate use of humour can facilitate social interactions'.

Гледишта

Some claim that humour should not be explained. Author E. B. White once said, "Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind." Counter to this argument, protests against "offensive" cartoons invite the dissection of humour or its lack by aggrieved individuals and communities. This process of dissecting humour does not necessarily banish a sense of humour but directs attention towards its politics and assumed universality.

Non-satirical humour can be specifically termed droll humour or recreational drollery.

Порекло појма

У европске језике реч хумор је продрла с медицинском терминологијом. Наиме, средњи век и средњовековна ренесансна учења објашњавала су различите темпераменте, у духу Хипократове и Галенове традиције, као мешавину основних особина „елемената” и главних „хумора” у телу: крви, жучи, слузи и црне жучи. Нарушавање хармоније животних сокова и преовлађивање једног хумора сматрано је истовремено за предуслов болести и подлогу настраности. Одатле је реч хумор добила поред физиолошког и једно психолошко значење: добар, односно лош хумор означавао је човеково расположење. Повезивање појма хумор са комичним ефектима среће се у ренесансној комедији.

Историја

Хумор се појављује још у раној историји. У Светоме писму пророк Илија иронично саопштава идолопоклоницима бога Вала:

„А кад би у подне, стаде им се ругати Илија говорећи: вичите већма; јер је он бог! ваљда се нешто замислио, или је у послу, или на путу, или може бити да спава, да се пробуди.” (1 цар, 18, 27)

Гримаса

Врсте хумора (шала)

• Вербалне форме
  • Иронија
  • Сарказам
  • Сатира
  • Пародија
  • Виц
• Невербалне
  • Гримасе (пример Џим Кери)
  • Пантомима и покрети рукама
  • Карикатура
  • Стрип
  • Узроковање бола (пример Том и Џери цртани филм, филм Сам у кући)
• Смешни закони
• Разни предмети и направе (маске, пластични носеви....)
• Одећа и костими
• Смешни звукови

At school

The use of humour plays an important role in youth development. Studies have shown that humour is especially important in social interactions with peers. School entry is the time when the importance of parents fades into the background and social interaction with peers becomes increasingly important. Conflict is inherent in these interactions. The use of humour plays an important role in conflict resolution and ultimately in school success and psychological adjustment. The use of humour that is socially acceptable leads to a lower likelihood of being a victim of bullying, whereas the use of self-disparaging humour leads to a higher likelihood of being bullied. When students are bullied, the use of self-disparaging humour can lead to an exacerbation of the negative effects on the student's psychological adjustment to school.

Studies

Laughter

A man laughing

One of the main focuses of modern psychological humour theory and research is to establish and clarify the correlation between humour and laughter. The major empirical findings here are that laughter and humour do not always have a one-to-one association. While most previous theories assumed the connection between the two almost to the point of them being synonymous, psychology has been able to scientifically and empirically investigate the supposed connection, its implications, and significance.

In 2009, Diana Szameitat conducted a study to examine the differentiation of emotions in laughter. They hired actors and told them to laugh with one of four different emotional associations by using auto-induction, where they would focus exclusively on the internal emotion and not on the expression of laughter itself. They found an overall recognition rate of 44%, with joy correctly classified at 44%, tickle 45%, schadenfreude 37%, and taunt 50%. Their second experiment tested the behavioural recognition of laughter during an induced emotional state and they found that different laughter types did differ with respect to emotional dimensions. In addition, the four emotional states displayed a full range of high and low sender arousal and valence. This study showed that laughter can be correlated with both positive (joy and tickle) and negative (schadenfreude and taunt) emotions with varying degrees of arousal in the subject.

Health

Adaptive Humour use has shown to be effective for increasing resilience in dealing with distress and also effective in buffering against or undoing negative affects. In contrast, maladaptive humour use can magnify potential negative effects.

Madeljin Strick, Rob Holland, Rick van Baaren, and Ad van Knippenberg (2009) of Radboud University conducted a study that showed the distracting nature of a joke on bereaved individuals. Subjects were presented with a wide range of negative pictures and sentences. Their findings showed that humorous therapy attenuated the negative emotions elicited after negative pictures and sentences were presented. In addition, the humour therapy was more effective in reducing negative affect as the degree of affect increased in intensity. Humour was immediately effective in helping to deal with distress. The escapist nature of humour as a coping mechanism suggests that it is most useful in dealing with momentary stresses. Stronger negative stimuli requires a different therapeutic approach.

Studies, such as those testing the undoing hypothesis, have shown several positive outcomes of humour as an underlying positive trait in amusement and playfulness. Several studies have shown that positive emotions can restore autonomic quiescence after negative affect. For example, Frederickson and Levinson showed that individuals who expressed Duchenne smiles during the negative arousal of a sad and troubling event recovered from the negative affect approximately 20% faster than individuals who didn't smile.

Using humour judiciously can have a positive influence on cancer treatment. The effectiveness for humour‐based interventions in patients with schizophrenia is uncertain in a Cochrane review.

Humour can serve as a strong distancing mechanism in coping with adversity. In 1997, Kelter and Bonanno found that Duchenne laughter correlated with reduced awareness of distress. Positive emotion is able to loosen the grip of negative emotions on people’s thinking. A distancing of thought leads to a distancing of the unilateral responses people often have to negative arousal. In parallel with the distancing role plays in coping with distress, it supports the broaden and build theory that positive emotions lead to increased multilateral cognitive pathway and social resource building.

Види још

• Хумореска

Лиратура

• Alexander, Richard (1984), Verbal humor and variation in English: Sociolinguistic notes on a variety of jokes
• Alexander, Richard (1997), Aspects of verbal humour in English
• Basu, S (децембар 1999), „Dialogic ethics and the virtue of humor”, Journal of Political Philosophy, 7 (4): 378—403, doi:10.1111/1467-9760.00082, Приступљено 2007-07-06 CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза) (Abstract)
• Billig, M. (2005). Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour. London: Sage. ISBN 1-4129-1143-5
• Bricker, Victoria Reifler (Winter, 1980) The Function of Humor in Zinacantan Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 411–418
• Buijzen, Moniek; Valkenburg, Patti M. (2004), „Developing a Typology of Humor in Audiovisual Media”, Media Psychology, 6 (2): 147—167, S2CID 96438940, doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_2 (Abstract)
• Carrell, Amy (2000), Historical views of humour, University of Central Oklahoma. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.
• García-Barriocanal, Elena; Sicilia, Miguel-Angel; Palomar, David (2005), A Graphical Humor Ontology for Contemporary Cultural Heritage Access (PDF), Madrid: University of Alcalá, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2006-05-23. г., Приступљено 2007-07-06 
• Goldstein, Jeffrey H., et al. (1976) "Humour, Laughter, and Comedy: A Bibliography of Empirical and Nonempirical Analyses in the English Language." It's a Funny Thing, Humour. Ed. Antony J. Chapman and Hugh C. Foot. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1976. 469–504.
• Hurley, Matthew M., Dennett, Daniel C., and Adams, Reginald B. Jr. (2011), Inside Jokes: Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01582-0
• Holland, Norman. (1982) "Bibliography of Theories of Humor." Laughing; A Psychology of Humor. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 209–223.
• Martin, Rod A. (2007). The Psychology Of Humour: An Integrative Approach. London, UK: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-372564-6
• McGhee, Paul E. (1984) "Current American Psychological Research on Humor." Jahrbuche fur Internationale Germanistik 16.2: 37–57.
• Mintz, Lawrence E., ed. (1988) Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1988. ISBN 0-313-24551-7; OCLC 16085479.
• Mobbs, D.; Greicius, M. D.; Abdel-Azim, E.; Menon, V.; Reiss, A. L. (2003), „Humor modulates the mesolimbic reward centres”, Neuron, 40 (5): 1041—1048, PMID 14659102, doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00751-7 . 
• Nilsen, Don L. F. (1992) "Satire in American Literature." Humor in American Literature: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1992. 543–48.
• Pogel, Nancy; and Paul P. Somers Jr. (1988) "Literary Humor." Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics. Ed. Lawrence E. Mintz. London: Greenwood, 1988. 1–34.
• Roth, G.; Yap, R.; Short, D. (2006). „Examining humour in HRD from theoretical and practical perspectives”. Human Resource Development International. 9 (1): 121—127. S2CID 143854518. doi:10.1080/13678860600563424. 
• Smuts, Aaron. "Humor". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Wogan, Peter (пролеће 2006), „Laughing At First Contact”, Visual Anthropology Review (објављено 12. 12. 2006), 22 (1): 14—34, doi:10.1525/var.2006.22.1.14 CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Wild, B., Rodden, F.A., Grodd, W., & Ruch, W. (2003). Neural correlates of laughter and humour. Brain, 126, 2121-1238.
• Goel, V., & Dolan, R. (2001). The functional anatomy of humor: Segregating cognitive and affective components. Nature Neuroscience, 4(3), 237-8.
• Gervais, M. & Wilson, D., 2005. The evolution and functions of laughter and humor: A synthetic approach. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 80(4), 395-430
• Spoor, J. R. & Kelly, J. R. (2004). The evolutionary significance of affect in groups: Communication and group bonding. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 7, 398-412
• Neuhoff, C. & Shaeffer, C. (2002). Effects of laughing, smiling, and howling on mood. Psychological Reports, 91, 1079-1080
• Burger, C. (2022). „Humor styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment: Mediation, moderation and person-oriented analyses”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (18): 11415. ISSN 1661-7827. doi:10.3390/ijerph191811415 . 
• Robinson, L. (2020, October). Laughter is the Best Medicine. https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-health/laughter-is-the-best-medicine.htm Архивирано 2022-02-18 на сајту Wayback Machine
• Henry Ford Health System Staff. How Laughter Benefits Your Heart Health. https://www.henryford.com/blog/2019/03/how-laughter-benefits-heart-health#:~:text=Reduces%20blood%20pressure.,takes%20tension%20off%20your%20heart Архивирано 2021-10-06 на сајту Wayback Machine

Спољашње везе

• Humor на сајту Curlie (језик: енглески)
• International Society for Humor Studies