Severnoirski sukob

Severnoirski sukob
Politička karta Irske
Vreme 1968–1998. Mesto Severna Irska, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, Evropa Ishod Vojno primirje Sporazum iz Belfasta Nastavak manjih sukoba
Sukobljene strane
Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Britanska vojska Kraljevska Policija Alstera Republika Irska Irske odbrambene snage Irska policija	Irske Republikanske paravojske Privremena irska republikanska armija Zvanična irska republikanska armija (1969–1972) Irska Nacionalna Oslobodilačka vojska (1974–1998) Irska narodnooslobodilačka organizacija (1986–1992) Produžena IRA Prava IRA	Paravojske Alsterskih lojalista
Žrtve i gubici
1.049 mrtvih	368 mrtvih	162 mrtvih

Severnoirski sukob ili Nevolje (engl. The Troubles; ir. Na Trioblóidí) je bio etničko-nacionalistički sukob u severnoj Irskoj tokom druge polovine 20. veka. koji je s vremena na vreme zahvatao i delove Republike Irske, Engleske i kontinentalne Evrope. Sukob, ponekad opisivan gerilskim ratom odnosno sukobom niskog intenziteta, započeo je kasnih 1960-ih i prema mišljenju mnogih okončan je sporazumom iz Belfasta (ili Sporazum na Veliki petak, engl. Good Friday Agreement) 1998. godine, iako se sporadično nasilje nastavilo i kasnije.

Uvod

Irska je ostrvo koje je bilo pod viševekovnom engleskom vlašću. Irci su tradicionalno bili katoličke veroispovesti dok su Englezi protestanti. Henri VIII je 1542. proglašen za kralja Irske. Englezi su tokom svoje vladavine nad ostrvom nametali svoj jezik, kulturu, običaje pa i religiju ali nikad nisu uspeli da promene tvrdoglavi Irski mentalitet. Englezi su od 1690-ih počeli da sprovode takozvani Protestantski uspon (engl. Protestant Ascendancy) s ciljem smanjenja udela Irskog katoličkog stanovništva. U tom periodu je počelo naseljavanje engleskih kolonizatorskih porodica na teritoriju Irske. Ova politika je nastavljena i u narednim vekovima vladavine, a Irci su se osećali diskriminisano jer su doseljeni Englezi, iako manjina, ipak držali većinu zemljišta i imovine dok su lokalni katolički Irci uglavnom bili tretirani kao građani drugog reda. Da bi jedan Irac napredovao u službi ili društvenom životu, morao je da se odrekne svog identiteta, religije i porekla i to samo pod uslovom da se obogati. Tokom vladavine je većina Iraca zaboravila svoj Irski jezik, tako da danas oko 97% Iraca govore Engleski kao maternji ali uprkos tome, i dalje su bili diskriminisani dok se u njima održao mentalitet i mržnja prema Englezima. Irska je 1801. zvanično postala deo Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.

Krajem 19. i početkom 20. veka počinje nacionalno buđenje Irskog naroda. Tome su doprineli i Irski iseljenici u Americi koji su podsticali slobodarske težnje u narodu i finansijski pomagali nacionaliste.

Iako je i ranije bilo pobuna, ipak vrhunac je 1916. kada dolazi do Uskršnjeg ustanka. Ustanak je bio ugušen ali uprkos tome, nezavisnost Irske nije mogla biti sprečena. Nedugo nakon završetka Prvog svetskog, počinje i Irski rat za nezavisnost koji je trajao dve ipo godine i za rezultat je imao Anglo-irski sporazum i stvaranje Irske Slobodne Države čime je ozvaničen početak Irske nezavisnosti. U međuvremenu su britanske vlasti administrativno podelile Irsku na severni i južni deo, a potpisanim sporazumom, severni deo je dobio pravo da istupi iz sastava Irske Slobodne Države ukoliko to želi.

Međutim Severna Irska je većinom bila naseljena protestantima, većinu stanovnika tog regiona su činili potomci škotskih i engleskih doseljenika i Irskih konvertita, oni uglavnom nisu podržavali otcepljenje. Parlament severa je 8. decembra izglasao izdvajanje, te je Severna Irska ostala deo Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.

Literatura

• Bew, Paul and Gillespie, Gordon (1993). Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles 1968–1993. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
• Bourke, Richard (2003). Peace in Ireland: The War of Ideas. Random House.
• Coogan, Tim Pat (16 February 2006). Ireland in the Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6842-X.
• English, Richard (2003). Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517753-3
• English, Richard (2009). The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland, 1967–72, in Roberts, Adam and Ash, Timothy Garton (eds.). Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6.
• Harkin, Greg and Ingram, Martin (18 February 2004). Stakeknife: Britain's secret agents in Ireland. O'Brien Press. ISBN 0-86278-843-9.
• Parliament, Irish (1665). „Act of Settlement [1662] and Act of Explanation [1665]”. celt.uuc.ie. Pristupljeno 18. 2. 2019. 
• McKittrick, David; Kelters, Seamus; Feeney, Brian and Thornton, Chris (1999). Lost Lives: The stories of the men, women and children who died as a result of the Northern Ireland troubles. Mainstream Publishing Company. ISBN 1-84018-227-X.
• McKittrick, David; McVea, David (2001). Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict (Rev izd.). Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141003054. 
• Myers, Kevin (16 October 2006) Watching the Door A Memoir 1971–1978, Lilliput Press, Dublin. ISBN 1-84351-085-5
• Potter, John Furniss (2001). A Testimony to Courage – the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969 – 1992. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 0-85052-819-4.
• Ryder, Chris (1991). The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?. ISBN 0-413-64800-1.
• Gillespie, Gordon (2009). „Bibliography”. The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Pub. Group. ISBN 9780810870451. 
• Parliament, Scottish (9. 9. 1662). The king's majesty's gracious and free pardon, act of indemnity and oblivion. rps.ac.uk. 
• Sanders, Andrew; Wood, Ian S. (2012). „Bibliography”. Times of troubles Britain's war in Northern Ireland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748646579. 
• Horton, Robert. „'The Troubles':Northern Ireland 1968-1998 - bibliography”. 'The Troubles' Northern Ireland, 1968-99 (HI385). University of Warwick. Pristupljeno 16. 9. 2015. 
• Edwards, Aaron (2014). „Bibliography”. The Northern Ireland Troubles: Operation Banner 1969–2007. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472810366. 
• Bell, J. Bowyer. (1993). The Irish Troubles: A Generation of Violence 1967-1992. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0 312 08827 2.
• Beresford, David. (1989). Ten Men Dead: The Story of the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0871132697
• Bishop, Patrick; Mallie, Eamonn (1988). The Provisional IRA. London: Corgi. ISBN 9780552133371. 
• Bourke, Richard, (2003). Peace In Ireland: The War of Ideas (Random House).
• Coogan, Tim Pat (2002). The IRA (5th izd.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780312294168. 
• Collins, Eamon and Mick McGovern. (1999). Killing rage. London, UK: Granta. ISBN 978-1-86207-047-9.
• Edwards, Ruth. (2000). The Faithful Tribe: An Intimate Portrait of the Loyal Institutions. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0006388906
• English, Richard (2012). Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA (revised izd.). London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9781447212492. 
• Harnden, Toby. (2000). Bandit Country: The IRA and South Armagh. Coronet Books. ISBN 978-0340717370
• McGartland, Martin. (1997). Fifty Dead Men Walking: The True Story of a British Secret Agent inside the IRA. Hastings House. ISBN 978-0803894075
• McKittrick, David, and David McVea. (2012). Making Sense of the Troubles: The Story of the Conflict in Northern Ireland Viking. ISBN 978-0241962657
• McKittrick, David. (2001). Lost Lives: The stories of the men, women and children who died as a result of the Northern Ireland troubles. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1840185041
• McKittrick, David et al. (1996). The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story Behind the Irish Peace Process. ISBN 978-0434003082
• Myers, Kevin. (2006). Watching the Door: Drinking Up, Getting Down, and Cheating Death in 1970s Belfast. Soft Skull Press. ISBN 1 593 76235 6
• O'Brien, Brendan (1999). The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815605973. 
• O'Callaghan, Sean. (1998). The Informer: The Real Life Story of One Man's War Against Terrorism. Bantam Books, ISBN 0 593 04285 9.
• Rolston, Bill (ed). (1991). The Media and Northern Ireland: Covering the Troubles. Macmillan Academic and Professional Ltd. ISBN 0 333 51575 7
• Seymour, Gerald. (1992). The Journeyman Tailor. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0060179984
• Sharrock, David, et al. (1998). Man of War, Man of Peace: The Unauthorised Biography of Gerry Adams. Pan Books. ISBN 978-0330353960
• Stevenson, Jonathan. (1996). "We Wrecked the Place": Contemplating an End to the Northern Irish Troubles. Free Press. ISBN 0 684 82745 X.
• Taylor, Peter. (1998) Provos: The IRA and Sinn Féin. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747538189.
• Taylor, Peter. (1999) Loyalists: War and Peace in Northern Ireland. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747545194.
• Taylor, Peter. (2000) Brits: The War Against the IRA. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747558064.
• Toolis, Kevin. (1995). Rebel Hearts: Journeys within the IRA's Soul. Picador. ISBN 978-0330342438.
• Urban, Mark (1992). Big Boys' Rules: The Secret Struggle Against the IRA. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571168095. 
• Brandner, Cindy. (2001). Exit Unicorns Series:
  • (2001). Exit Unicorns.
  • (2007). Mermaid in a Bowl of Tears.
  • (2012). Flights of Angels.
  • (2013). Spindrift.
  • (2016). In the Country of Shadows.
  • (2018). Bare Knuckle.
• MacLaverty, Bernard. (1988). Cal. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0435123369
• McKinty, Adrian. - Sean Duffy Series:
  • (2012). The Cold Cold Ground. Serpents Tail. ISBN 978-1616147167
  • (2013). I Hear the Sirens in the Street. Serpents Tail. ISBN 978-1616147877
  • (2014). In the Morning I'll Be Gone. Serpents Tail. ISBN 978-1616148775
  • (2015). Gun Street Girl. Serpents Tail. ISBN 978-1633880009
  • (2016). Rain Dogs. Serpents Tail. ISBN 978-1633881303
• McNicholl, Damian. (2004). A Son Called Gabriel. ISBN 1-59315-018-0
• Uris, Leon. (1995). Trinity. Doubleday. ISBN 978-1568651507
• Watts, Lee. (2015). A Stone's Throw. ISBN 9781517264925
• Hidcote, J. P. (22. 9. 2019). The Gortin Paradox: The Coulter Confessions Part 2. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. ISBN 978-1916176614. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

Spoljašnje veze

• Northern Ireland Elections Archive
• Northern Ireland Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN Project)
• BBC Northern Ireland: The Troubles
• The Troubles – Statistical Analysis
• Linen Hall Library Northern Ireland Political Collection
• Booknotes interview with J. Bowyer Bell on The Irish Troubles: A Generation of Violence, 1967–1992, 6 June 1993.
• The short film Ulster (1970) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The Irish Story archive on the Troubles
• The Conflict in Ireland – 1991 Sinn Féin document
• The Roots of Terrorism in Northern Ireland – 1991 Global Security report
• Interview with undercover soldiers by BBC dated 21st November 2013
• Belfast: No Way Out (1970) on BFI Player Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (12. jul 2017)