Solarni kalendar
Solarni kalendar je kalendar čiji datumi/nadnevci ukazuju na položaj Zemlje tokom njene revolucije oko Sunca,[1][2] odn. prividni položaj Sunca prilikom njegovog kretanja po nebeskoj sferi. Gregorijanski kalendar, široko prihvaćen kao standard u svetu, je primer solarnog kalendara. Glavne druge vrste kalendara su lunarni i lunisolarni kalendar, čiji meseci odgovaraju ciklusima Mesečevih faza. Meseci gregorijanskog kalendara ne odgovaraju ciklusima Mesečeve faze.
Smatra se da su Egipćani bili prvi koji su razvili solarni kalendar, koristeći kao fiksnu tačku ponovno pojavljivanje Pasje zvezde – Sirijusa ili Sotisa – na istočnom nebu, što se poklopilo sa godišnjim izlivanjem reke Nil. Oni su napravili su kalendar od 365 dana, koji se sastoji od 12 meseci od po 30 dana, sa 5 dana dodatih na kraju godine. Međutim, neuspeh Egipćana da uzmu u obzir dodatni delić dana doveo je do toga da njihov kalendar postepeno akumulira greške.[3]
Tropski solarni kalendari[uredi | uredi izvor]
Ako se položaj Zemlje (ili Sunca) prati u odnosu na ekvinoks, (ravnodnevicu, prolećnu ili jesenju), onda datumi ukazuju na godišnje doba (čime su sinhronizovani sa deklinacijom Sunca). Takav kalendar se zove tropski solarni kalendar.
Srednja kalendarska godina takvog kalendara aproksimira neki oblik tropske godine (tipično srednju tropsku godinu ili godinu prolećne ravnodnevice).
Sledeći kalendari su solarni:[4]
- Gregorijanski kalendar[5][6][7][8]
- Julijanski kalendar[9][10]
- Bahaistički kalendar[11][12][13]
- Koptski kalendar[14][15][16]
- Iranski kalendar[17][18][19]
- Malajalamski kalendar
- Tamilski kalendar
- Tajlandski solarni kalendar
Svi ovi kalendari imaju godinu od 365 dana, koja se povremeno produžava za jedan dan, tokom prestupne godine.
Sideralni solarni kalendari[uredi | uredi izvor]
Ako se položaj Zemlje računa u odnosu na položaj nepokretnih zvezda, onda datumi ukazuju na zodijačko sazvežđe blizu kojeg se nalazi Sunce. Takav kalendar se naziva sideralni solarni kalendar.
Srednja kalendarska godina takvog kalendara aproksimira sideralnu godinu.
Hindu kalendar i Bengalski kalendar su sideralni solarni kalendari. I oni obično imaju godinu od 365 dana i povremeno dodaju jedan dan u prestupnoj godini.
Nesolarni kalendari[uredi | uredi izvor]
Od kalendara koji nisu solarni, imamo islamski kalendar koji je čisto lunarni kalendar, kao i kalendare koji su sinhronizovani sa sinodičkim periodom Venere ili sa helijakalnim izlascima zvezda.
Lunisolarni kalendari[uredi | uredi izvor]
Lunisolarne kalendare možemo smatrati za solarne kalendare, mada njihovi datumi ukazuju još i na mesečeve mene. Pošto tipični lunisolarni kalendar ima godinu sastavljenu od celog broja lunarnih meseci, on ne može ukazati na položaj Zemlje na orbiti oko Sunca tako dobro kao čisto solarni kalendar.
Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Meeus, Jean (1991). „Chapter 12: Transformation of Coordinates”. Astronomical Algorithms. Richmond, VA: Willmann Bell, Inc. ISBN 0-943396-35-2.
- ^ Jenkins, Alejandro (2013). „The Sun's position in the sky”. European Journal of Physics. 34 (3): 633—652. Bibcode:2013EJPh...34..633J. S2CID 119282288. arXiv:1208.1043
. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/34/3/633.
- ^ „Solar calendar | chronology | Britannica”.
- ^ Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences. 1. str. 863. ISBN 9783540688310.
- ^ Spathaky, Mike. „Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar: A summary for genealogists”.
- ^ Chiesa Cattolica (1752). Kalendarium Gregorianum perpetuum [Perpetual Gregorian calendar] (na jeziku: latinski). str. 17,18.
- ^ Bond, John James (1875). „Commencement of the Year, on the 1st of January or otherwise, and adoption of the Gregorian Calendar”. Handy Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying Dates With the Christian Era Giving an Account of the Chief Eras and Systems Used by Various Nations... London: George Bell & Sons.
- ^ Carabias Torres, A. M (2012). Salamanca y la medida del tiempo (na jeziku: španski). Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
- ^ „Berbers mark New Year in Algeria, welcoming 2968”. Daily Sabah. 12. 1. 2018. Pristupljeno 25. 6. 2019. „The Berber calendar is an agrarian system, based around the seasons and agricultural work, that was inspired by the Julian calendar.”
- ^ Parker, R. A. (maj 1974). „Ancient Egyptian Astronomy”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 276 (1257): 51—65. JSTOR 74274.
- ^ Lambden, Stephen (2018). Kitab al-asma' – The Book of Names. Lambden states that the "source did not, however, give precise details about where the calendral materials were located in the Kitab al-asma'."
- ^ Taylor, John (2000-09-01). „On Novelty in Ayyám-i-Há and the Badí calendar”. bahai-library.org. Pristupljeno 2006-09-24.
- ^ MacEoin, Denis (1994). Rituals in Babism and Baha'ism. Pembroke Persian Papers. 2 (illustrated izd.). British Academic Press. str. 107. ISBN 978-1-85043-654-6.
- ^ United States Congressional Serial Set. 1673. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1876. str. 1348. Arhivirano iz originala 2022-06-12. g. Pristupljeno 2022-06-12.
- ^ Nabil, Michael. A Brief History of Patriarchs Coptic Church. CreateSpace Independent Publishing. str. 7. Arhivirano iz originala 2022-09-30. g. Pristupljeno 2022-09-13.
- ^ Tamrat, Tadesse (2008). „Ethiopian Calendar & Millennia Highlights”. International Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 3 (2): 177—88. JSTOR 27828897. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 9. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2022.
- ^ Heydari-Malayeri, M. (2004). „A concise review of the Iranian calendar”. Paris Observatory.
- ^ Hallock, Richard T. (1969). „Persepolis Fortification Tablets”. Oriental Institute Publications. University of Chicago Press. 92: 3, 75–76.
- ^ „CALENDARS”. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Pristupljeno 2019-05-19.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Meeus, Jean (1991). „Chapter 12: Transformation of Coordinates”. Astronomical Algorithms. Richmond, VA: Willmann Bell, Inc. ISBN 0-943396-35-2.
- Dershowitz, Nachum; Reingold, Edward M. (1997). Calendrical Calculations. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56474-8. Arhivirano iz originala 17. 10. 2002. g. Pristupljeno 07. 07. 2017. with Online Calculator
- Dershowitz, Nachum; Reingold, Edward M. (2008). Calendrical Calculations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521885409.
- Birashk, Ahmad (1993). A comparative Calendar of the Iranian, Muslim Lunar, and Christian Eras for Three Thousand Years. Mazda Publishers. ISBN 978-0-939214-95-2.
- Richards, EG (1998). Mapping Time, the calendar and its history. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850413-9.
- Doggett, LE (1992). „Calendars”. Ur.: Seidelmann, P. Kenneth. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. University Science Books. ISBN 978-0-935702-68-2. Arhivirano iz originala 1. 4. 2004. g.
- Aveni, Anthony F. (2000). Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures (reprint of 1990 original izd.). London: Tauris Parke. ISBN 978-1-86064-602-7. OCLC 45144264.
- „calendar”, American Heritage Dictionary (5th izd.), 2017
- Björnsson, Árni (1995) [1977]. High Days and Holidays in Iceland. Reykjavík: Mál og menning. ISBN 978-9979-3-0802-7. OCLC 186511596.
- Rose, Lynn E. (1999). Sun, Moon, and Sothis. Kronos Press. ISBN 978-0-917994-15-9.
- Schuh, Dieter (1973). Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Tibetischen Kalenderrechnung. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. OCLC 1150484.
- Spier, Arthur (1986). The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar. Feldheim Publishers. ISBN 978-0-87306-398-2.
- Zerubavel, Eviatar (1985). The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-98165-9.
- Fraser, Julius Thomas (1987). Time, the Familiar Stranger (illustrated izd.). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-576-4. OCLC 15790499.
- Whitrow, Gerald James (2003). What is Time?. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860781-6. OCLC 265440481.
- C.K, Raju (2003). The Eleven Pictures of Time. SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7619-9624-8.
- C.K, Raju (1994). Time: Towards a Consistent Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-3103-2.
- al-Biruni (1879). The Chronology of Ancient Nations, Chapter VII. C. Edward Sachau. London.
- Belenkiy, Ari (2002). „A Unique Feature of the Jewish Calendar – Dehiyot”. Culture and Cosmos. 6: 3—22.
- Jonathan Ben-Dov (2008). Head of All Years: Astronomy and Calendars at Qumran in their Ancient Context. Leiden: Brill.
- Blackburn, Bonnie; Leofranc Holford-Strevens (2000). The Oxford Companion to the Year: An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time-reckoning. USA: Oxford University Press.
- Burnaby, Sherrard Beaumont (1901). Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan Calendars. London: George Bell and Sons.
- Bushwick, Nathan (1989). Understanding the Jewish Calendar. New York/Jerusalem: Moznaim. ISBN 978-0-940118-17-1.
- Feldman, William Moses (1978). Rabbinical Mathematics and Astronomy (3rd izd.). New York: Sepher-Hermon Press.
- Poznanski, Samuel (1910). „Calendar (Jewish), Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics”. 3. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark: 117—124.
- Reingold, Edward M.; Dershowitz, Nachum (2001). Calendrical Calculations: The Millennium Edition (2 izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 723–730. ISBN 978-0-521-77752-0.
- Resnikoff, Louis A. (1943). Jewish Calendar Calculations. Scripta Mathematica. 9. str. 191—195,274—277.
- Schwartz, Eduard (1905). Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln (Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Philologisch-Historische Klasse. Neue Folge, Band viii). Berlin.
- Spier, Arthur (1986). The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar: Twentieth to the Twenty-Second Century 5660–5860/1900–2100. Jerusalem/New York: Feldheim Publishers.
- Stern, Sacha (2001). Calendar and Community: A History of the Jewish Calendar 2nd Century BCE to 10th Century CE. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827034-8.
- U.S. Naval Observatory; U.K. Hydrographic Office, H.M. Nautical Almanac Office (2008). The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2010. U.S. Govt. Printing Office. str. C5. ISBN 978-0-7077-4082-9.
- U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office (1992). P. Kenneth Seidelmann, ur. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA. str. 12. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
- Blanco-Muriel, Manuel; Alarcón-Padilla, Diego C; López-Moratalla, Teodoro; Lara-Coira, Martín (2001). „Computing the Solar Vector” (PDF). Solar Energy. 70 (5): 431—441. Bibcode:2001SoEn...70..431B. doi:10.1016/s0038-092x(00)00156-0. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 09. 05. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 07. 05. 2023.
- Ibrahim Reda; Afshin Andreas. „Solar Position Algorithm for Solar Radiation Applications” (PDF). Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2012.
- Blegen, Carl W. (25. 12. 2013). Vogeikoff-Brogan, Natalia, ur. „An Odd Christmas”. From the Archivist's Notebook. Pristupljeno 1. 4. 2018.
- Dershowitz, D.; Reingold, E. M (2008). Calendrical Calculations (3rd izd.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gregory XIII (1582). Inter Gravissimas [Amongst the most serious tasks of our pastoral office]. Prevod: Wikisource.
- Meeus, J.; Savoie, D. (1992). „The history of the tropical year”. Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 102 (1): 40—42. Bibcode:1992JBAA..102...40M.
- Moyer, Gordon (1983). Coyne, G. V.; Hoskin, M. A.; Pedersen, O., ur. Aloisius Lilius and the Compendium Novae Rationis Restituendi Kalendarium. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary. Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Specolo Vaticano. str. 171—188.
- Poole, Robert (1995). „'Give us our eleven days!': calendar reform in eighteenth-century England”. Past & Present. Oxford Academic. 149 (1): 95—139. JSTOR 651100. doi:10.1093/past/149.1.95. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 10. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 4. 12. 2020.
- Richards, E. G. (1998). Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History. Oxford University Press.
- Richards, E. G. (2013). „Calendars”. Ur.: Urban, S. E.; Seidelmann, P. K. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd izd.). Mill Valley CA: University Science Books. str. 585—624. ISBN 978-1-891389-85-6.
- Seidelmann, P. K., ur. (1992). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (2nd izd.). Sausalito, CA: University Science Books.
- Swerdlow, N. M. (1986). „The Length of the Year in the Original Proposal for the Gregorian Calendar”. Journal for the History of Astronomy. 17 (49): 109—118. Bibcode:1986JHA....17..109S. S2CID 118491152. doi:10.1177/002182868601700204.
- Walker, G. W. (jun 1945). „Easter Intervals”. Popular Astronomy. sv. 53 br. 6. str. 162—178, 218—232. Bibcode:1945PA.....53..218W.
- Ziggelaar, A. (1983). Coyne, G. V.; Hoskin, M. A.; Pedersen, O., ur. The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary. Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Specolo Vaticano. str. 201—239.
- Barsoum, Ignatius A. (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History Of Syriac Literature And Sciences. Piscataway: Georgias Press.
- Borkowski, K. M. (1991). „The tropical calendar and solar year”. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 85 (3): 21—130. Bibcode:1991JRASC..85..121B.
- Coyne, G. V.; Hoskin, M. A.; Pedersen, O., ur. (1983). Gregorian Reform of the Calendar. Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary, 1582–1982. Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Vatican Observatory (Pontificia Academia Scientarum, Specola Vaticana).
- Duncan, D. E (1999). Calendar: Humanity's Epic Struggle To Determine A True And Accurate Year. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780380793242.
- Morrison, L. V.; Stephenson, F. R. (2004). „Historical values of the Earth's clock error ΔT and the calculation of eclipses”. Journal for the History of Astronomy. 35, part 3 (120): 327—336. Bibcode:2004JHA....35..327M. S2CID 119021116. doi:10.1177/002182860403500305.
- Moyer, Gordon (maj 1982). „The Gregorian Calendar”. Scientific American. sv. 246 br. 5. str. 144—152.
- Pedersen, O (1983). Coyne, G. V.; Hoskin, M. A.; Pedersen, O., ur. The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary. Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Specolo Vaticano. str. 17—74.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
Mediji vezani za članak Solarni kalendar na Vikimedijinoj ostavi- Correspondence between Hebrew and Islamic calendars, months and holidays (pdf)
- Solar Position Algorithm, at National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Renewable Resource Data Center website.
- Sun Position Calculator, at An interactive calculator showing the Sun's path in the sky.
- NOAA Solar Calculator, at the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory's Global Monitoring Division website.
- NOAA's declination and sun position calculator
- HORIZONS System, at the JPL Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (4. april 2014) website. Very accurate positions of Solar System objects based on the JPL DE series ephemerides.
- General ephemerides of the solar system bodies, at the IMCCE website. Positions of Solar System objects based on the INPOP series ephemerides.
