Kolorado (reka)
| Kolorado | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Opšte informacije | |
| Dužina | 2.330 km |
| Basen | 642.000 km2 |
| Pr. protok | 40[1][2][1][3] m3⁄s |
| Vodotok | |
| Izvor | Stenovite planine, Kolorado[4] |
| Koor. izvora | 40° 28′ 20″ N 105° 49′ 34″ W / 40.47222° S; 105.82611° Z |
| Ušće | Kalifornijski zaliv, 31° 48′ 57″ N 114° 48′ 22″ W / 31.81583° S; 114.80611° Z |
| Koor. ušća | 31° 54′ 00″ N 114° 57′ 03″ W / 31.90000° S; 114.95083° Z[4] |
| Geografske karakteristike | |
| Država/e |  SAD |
| Pritoke | Igl, Roaring Fork River, Gunnison River, Dolores River, Range Creek, San Juan River, Little Colorado River, Hila, Zelena reka, Dirty Devil River, Paria River, Kanab Creek, Virgin River, Plava reka, Bill Williams River, Havasu Creek, Little Dolores River, Muddy Creek, Piney River, Plateau Creek, Roan Creek, Williams Fork, Willow Creek, Tapeats Creek, Fraser River |
| Reka na Vikimedijinoj ostavi | |
Kolorado (engl. Colorado River, mohav. Aha Kwahwat) je reka koja protiče kroz SAD i Meksiko. Duga je 2.330 km. Protiče kroz američke savezne države Kolorado, Jutu, Arizonu, Nevadu i Kaliforniju i meksičke države Sonoru i Donju Kaliforniju. Izvire na zapadnim padinama Stenovitih planina. Uliva se u Kalifornijski zaliv, ali korišćenje vode za navodnjavanje čini da reka često presuši u donjem toku u Meksiku, tako da često ni ne stigne do mora. Sliv reke Kolorado obuhvata oko 642.000 km². Protok vode u ovoj reci je promenljiv — od 113 m³/s u periodima suše do 28.000 m³/s u slučaju većih poplava.
Reka Kolorado i njene pritoke poznate su po svojim dramatičnim kanjonima, belovodnim brzacima i jedanaest američkih nacionalnih parkova. Ona je vitalni izvor vode za 40 miliona ljudi.[5] Reku i njene pritoke kontroliše opsežni sistem brana, rezervoara i akvadukata, koji u većini godina preusmeravaju čitav njen tok za poljoprivredno navodnjavanje i vodosnabdevanje iz domaćinstava.[6][7] Njen veliki protok i strmi nagib koriste se za proizvodnju hidroelektrične energije, a glavne brane regulišu najveće zahteve za napajanjem energije u većem delu Zapadnog međugorja. Intenzivna potrošnja vode isušila je donjih 100 mi (160 km) reke, koja retko dospela do mora od 1960-ih.[6][8][9]
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ a b Nowak, Kenneth C. (2. 4. 2012). „Stochastic Streamflow Simulation at Interdecadal Time Scales and Implications to Water Resources Management in the Colorado River Basin” (PDF). Center for Advanced Decision Support for Water and Environmental Systems. University of Colorado. str. 114. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 1. 5. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 11. 7. 2013.
- ^ „USGS Gage #09424000 on the Colorado River near Topock, AZ – Daily Data”. National Water Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. 14. 2. 1935. Pristupljeno 21. 4. 2012.
- ^ Wiltshire, Gilbert & Rogers 2010, str. 102.
- ^ a b „Colorado River”. Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 8. 2. 1980.
- ^ „The Compact and Lees Ferry”. Colorado River Streamflow: A Paleo Perspective. Western Water Assessment. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 4. 2012. g.
- ^ a b Waterman, Jonathan (15. 2. 2012). „Where the Colorado Runs Dry”. The New York Times. Pristupljeno 14. 10. 2014.
- ^ „Imperial Valley”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1995.
- ^ Diaz, Henry F.; Anderson, Craig A. (28. 11. 2003). „Precipitation Trends and Water Consumption in the Southwestern United States”. Impact of Climate Change and Land Use in the Southwestern United States. U.S. Geological Survey. Arhivirano iz originala 9. 3. 2012. g.
- ^ Postel, Sandra (19. 5. 2014). „A Sacred Reunion: The Colorado River Returns to the Sea”. National Geographic. Pristupljeno 19. 5. 2014.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Annerino, John (1999). Canyoneering: How to Explore the Canyons of the Great Southwest. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2700-6.
- Armstead, Lloyd Dean (1997). Whitewater Rafting in North America: More than 100 River Adventures in the United States and Canada
. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-0083-7. - Axelrod, Alan; Phillips, Charles (2008). What Every American Should Know About American History: 225 Events That Shaped The Nation. Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-59869-428-4.
- Barnes, Will Croft (1988). Arizona Place Names. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-1074-0.
- Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (2005). Rivers of North America. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-088253-3.
- Billington, David P.; Jackson, Donald C.; Melosi, Martin V. (2005). „The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design and Construction in the Era of Big Dams” (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 22. 2. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 22. 4. 2012.
- Blond, Becca; Dunford, Lisa; Schulte-Peevers, Andrea (2008). Southwest USA. Lonely Planet Travel Guides. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-713-4.
- Bolton, Herbert Eugene (2017). Rim of Christendom: A Biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino: Pacific Coast Pioneer. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-3570-5.
- Brown, Robert Leaman (1972). Colorado Ghost Towns – Past and Present. Caxton Press. ISBN 978-0-87004-218-8.
- Casey, Robert L. (2007). Journey to the High Southwest: A Traveler's Guide to Santa Fe and the Four Corners of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-4064-2.
- Dellenbaugh, Frederick Samuel (1909). The Romance of the Colorado River: The Story of its Discovery in 1540, With an Account of the Later Explorations, and with Special Reference to the Voyages of Powell Through The Line of the Great Canyons. G.P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 645167127.
- Dolnick, Edward (2002). Down the Great Unknown: John Wesley Powell's Journey of Discovery and Tragedy Through the Grand Canyon. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-095586-1.
- Felger, Richard Stephen; Broyles, Bill (2007). Dry borders: great natural reserves of the Sonoran desert. University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-818-6.
- Fielder, John (2002). John Fielder's Best of Colorado. Big Earth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56579-429-0.
- Fradkin, Philip L. (1996). A River No More: The Colorado River and the West (2 izd.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20564-2.
- Glass, Mary Ellen; Glass, Al (1983). Touring Nevada: A Historic and Scenic Guide. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-074-0.
- Gudde, Erwin G.; Bright, William (2004). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24217-3.
- Gupta, Avijit (2007). Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-84987-3.
- Gupta, S.K. (2010). Modern Hydrology and Sustainable Water Development. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-2397-9.
- Ghiglieri, Michael P.; Myers, Thomas M. (2001). Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon (1st, tenth revision izd.). Flagstaff: Puma Press. ISBN 978-0-9700973-1-6.
- Hopkins, Ralph Lee (2002). Hiking the Southwest's Geology: Four Corners Region. The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1-59485-169-8.
- Hutchinson, Robert (1995). Grand Canyon National Park: A Photographic Natural History. BrownTrout Publishers. ISBN 1-56313-611-2.
- Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005). Encyclopedia of Native American Wars And Warfare. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-3337-9.
- Lankford, Andrea (2010). Ranger Confidential: Living, Working, and Dying in the National Parks. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-5263-8.
- Leuchtenburg, William Edward (2000). American Places: Encounters with History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513026-3.
- Leopold, Luna Bergere (1994). A View of the River. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-93732-1.
- Lindberg, Eric (2009). Colorado Off the Beaten Path: A Guide to Unique Places. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-5024-5.
- Lingenfelter, Richard E. (1978). Steamboats on the Colorado River, 1852–1916. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-0650-7.
- Logan, Michael F. (2006). Desert Cities: The Environmental History of Phoenix and Tucson. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-4294-8.
- National Research Council (U.S.), Committee to Review the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies (1996). River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon. National Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-309-05448-5.
- Nobles, Gregory H. (1998). American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8090-1602-0.
- Patten, Michael A.; McCaskie, Guy; Unitt, Philip (2003). Birds of the Salton Sea: Status, Biogeography and Ecology. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23593-2.
- Powell, Allan Kent (2003). The Utah Guide (3 izd.). Fulcrum Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55591-114-0.
- Prisciantelli, Tom (2002). Spirit of the American Southwest: Geology, Ancient Eras and Prehistoric People, Hiking Through Time. Sunstone Press. ISBN 978-0-86534-354-2.
- Pritzker, Barry (1998). Native Americans: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Peoples. 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436-836-9.
- Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac Desert. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-017824-1.
- Rolle, Andrew (1999). John Charles Fremont: Character As Destiny. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3135-1.
- Schmidt, Jeremy (1993). Grand Canyon National Park: A Natural History Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-395-59932-7.
- Van Cott, John W. (1990). Utah Place Names: A Comprehensive Guide to the Origins of Geographic Names. University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-345-7.
- Wildfang, Frederic B. (2005). Lake Havasu City. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3012-3.
- Wiltshire, Richard L.; Gilbert, David R.; Rogers, Jerry R., ur. (2010). Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium: Proceedings of the Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium, October 21–22, 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada. ASCE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7844-1141-4.
- Young, Richard A.; Spamer, Earle E. (2001). The Colorado River: Origin and Evolution. Grand Canyon Association. ISBN 978-0-938216-79-7.
- Darrah, William Culp, Ralph V. Chamberlin, and Charles Kelly, editors. (2009). The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869 and 1871–1872: Biographical Sketches and Original Documents of the First Powell Expedition of 1869 and the Second Powell Expedition of 1871–1872. ISBN 978-0-87480-963-3.
- DeBuys, William (2011). A Great Aridness: Climate Change and the Future of the American Southwest. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977892-8.
- Fleck, Richard F., editor. (2000). A Colorado River Reader. ISBN 978-0-87480-647-2.
- Fowler, Don D., editor. (2012). Cleaving an Unknown World: The Powell Expeditions and the Scientific Exploration of the Colorado Plateau. ISBN 978-1-60781-146-6.
- Gregory, Herbert E., William Culp Darrah, and Charles Kelly, editors. (2009). The Exploration of the Colorado River and the High Plateaus of Utah by the Second Powell Expedition of 1871–1872. ISBN 978-0-87480-964-0.
- Martin, Russell (1990). A Story That Stands Like A Dam: Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West (1 izd.). Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-0822-7.
- Summitt, April R. (2013). Contested Waters: An Environmental History of the Colorado River. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-60732-201-6.
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Agriculture in the Colorado River Basin: Colorado River Water Users Association
- Colorado River Water Allocations by State: GOOD Infographics
- Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
- Irrigation Water Withdrawals in the Colorado River Basin: Pacific Institute
- Living Rivers: Colorado Riverkeeper
- Water Level Data for Major Colorado River Reservoirs: water-data.com
- Where the Colorado Runs Dry: The New York Times
- 1854 report from the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers: Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (24. oktobar 2020)
- Killing the Colorado—ProPublica
- Lawrence Pratt Collection Concerning Arizona v. California and the Colorado River. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
| Međunarodne | |
|---|---|
| Državne | |
| Ostale | |
