Подјела власти — разлика између измена

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Верзија на датум 9. септембар 2021. у 22:47

Подјела власти је назив за начин организације државне власти у коме свака од грана власти има своје органе који власт врше независно од органа других грана власти. То значи да се ниједна грана власти не може мијешати у рад других грана власти у мјери у којој би то мијешање прерасло у доминацију једне власти над другом.

По Слободану Јовановићу, начело подјеле власти „значи да за три основне функције државне власти треба употребити различите органе: онај који издаје закон не треба у исто вријеме да суди и управља - и обрнуто“^[1]

По Монтескјеу „владавина треба да буде таква да се грађанин не може бојати другог грађанина... Када су законодавна и извршна власт обједињене у истој особи или у правном тијелу, слободе нема, јер постоји бојазан да ће тај монарх или сенат доносити тиранске законе да би их извршавао на тирански начин. У праву нико не може бити ограничен својом властитом вољом, него туђом.“^[2]

Данас је најчешћа подјела на законодавну, извршну и судску власт. Једна од првих модерних држава која је спровела овај модел су Сједињене Америчке Државе, гдје свака од три гране власти ограничава друге двије помоћу тзв. система „кочница и равнотежа“ (енгл. Checks and balances).

Историја

Антика

Aristotle first mentioned the idea of a "mixed government" or hybrid government in his work Politics, where he drew upon many of the constitutional forms in the city-states of Ancient Greece. In the Roman Republic, the Roman Senate, Consuls and the Assemblies showed an example of a mixed government according to Polybius (Histories, Book 6, 11–13). It was Polybius who described and explained the system of checks and balances in detail, crediting Lycurgus of Sparta with the first government of this kind.^[3]

Рано модерна мешовита влада у Енглеској и њеним колонијама

John Calvin (1509–1564) favoured a system of government that divided political power between democracy and aristocracy (mixed government). Calvin appreciated the advantages of democracy, stating: "It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its own government and magistrates."^[4] In order to reduce the danger of misuse of political power, Calvin suggested setting up several political institutions that should complement and control each other in a system of checks and balances.^[5]

In this way, Calvin and his followers resisted political absolutism and furthered the growth of democracy. Calvin aimed to protect the rights and the well-being of ordinary people.^[6] In 1620 a group of English separatist Congregationalists and Anglicans (later known as the Pilgrim Fathers) founded Plymouth Colony in North America. Enjoying self-rule, they established a bipartite democratic system of government. The "freemen" elected the General Court, which functioned as legislature and judiciary and which in turn elected a governor, who together with his seven "assistants" served in the functional role of providing executive power.^[7] Massachusetts Bay Colony (founded 1628), Rhode Island (1636), Connecticut (1636), New Jersey, and Pennsylvania had similar constitutions – they all separated political powers. (Except for Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony, these English outposts added religious freedom to their democratic systems, an important step towards the development of human rights.^[8]^[9])

Books like William Bradford's Of Plymouth Plantation (written between 1630 and 1651) were widely read in England. So the form of government in the colonies was well known in the mother country, including to the philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). He deduced from a study of the English constitutional system the advantages of dividing political power into the legislative (which should be distributed among several bodies, for example, the House of Lords and the House of Commons), on the one hand, and the executive and federative power, responsible for the protection of the country and prerogative of the monarch, on the other hand, as the Kingdom of England had no written constitution.^[10]^[11]

Види још

Референце

^ Јовановић, Слободан (1922). О држави - основи једне правне теорије. стр. 259.
^ Монтескје, Шарл (1989). О духу закона. стр. 175—176.
^ Polibius. (~150 B.C.). The Rise of the Roman Empire. Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (1979). Penguin Classics. London, England.
^ Quoted in Jan Weerda, Calvin, in Evangelisches Soziallexikon, Third Edition (1960), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 210
^ Ward, Lee (2014-12-04). Modern Democracy and the Theological-Political Problem in Spinoza, Rousseau, and Jefferson. Recovering Political Philosophy. Palgrave Macmillan (објављено 2014). стр. 25—26. ISBN 9781137475053. „Calvin's republican sympathies derived from his view of human nature as deeply flawed. Compound or mixed governments reflect the reality that human frailty justifies and necessitates institutional checks and balances to the magistrate's presumed propensity to abuse power. It was this commitment to checks and balances that became the basis of Calvin's resistance theory, according to which inferior magistrates have a duty to resist or restrain a tyrannical sovereign.”
^ Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), History of Religion in the United States, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 9–10
^ Fennell, Christopher. „Plymouth Colony Legal Structure”. Histarch.uiuc.edu.
^ Hanover Historical Texts Project Архивирано 12 јануар 2013 на сајту Wayback Machine
^ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 69–76, 99–105, 114–16
^ Otto Heinrich von der Gablentz, Gewalt, Gewaltenteilung, In Evangelisches Soziallexikon, col. 420
^ Galdia, Marcus (2009). Legal Linguistics. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. стр. 249. ISBN 9783631594636. „[...] in the absence of a written constitution in England it may at times be difficult to determine whether a particular text belongs to the constitutional law, i.e. forms the corpus of legal constitutional acts of England [...].”

Литература

Монтескје, Шарл (1989). О духу закона. стр. 175—176.
Јовановић, Слободан (1922). О држави - основи једне правне теорије. стр. 259.
Peter Barenboim, Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers, Moscow, Letny Sad, 2005. ISBN 5-94381-123-0, Permalink: LC Catalog - Item Information (Full Record)
Biancamaria Fontana (ed.), The Invention of the Modern Republic (2007) ISBN 978-0-521-03376-3
W. B. Gwyn, The Meaning of the Separation of Powers (1965) (no ISBN)
Bernard Manin, Principles of Representative Government (1995; English version 1997) ISBN 0-521-45258-9 (hbk), ISBN 0-521-45891-9 (pbk)
José María Maravall and Adam Przeworski (eds), Democracy and the Rule of Law (2003) ISBN 0-521-82559-8 (hbk), ISBN 0-521-53266-3 (pbk)
Paul A. Rahe, Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty (2009) ISBN 978-0-300-14125-2 (hbk), ISBN 978-0-300-16808-2 (pbk)
Iain Stewart, "Men of Class: Aristotle, Montesquieu and Dicey on 'Separation of Powers' and 'the Rule of Law'" 4 Macquarie Law Journal 187 (2004)
Iain Stewart, "Montesquieu in England: his 'Notes on England', with Commentary and Translation" (2002)
Alec Stone Sweet, Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe (2000) ISBN 978-0-19-829730-7
Reinhold Zippelius, Allgemeine Staatslehre/Politikwissenschaft (= Political Science), 16th edition, § 31, C.H. Beck, Munich, 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60342-6
Evan C. Zoldan, Is the Federal Judiciary Independent of Congress?, 70 Stan. L. Rev. Online 135 (2018).
„Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, Book I, section 159”. Perseus Project. Приступљено 2011-08-27.
„Strabo, Geography, Book 8, chapter 7, section 1”. Perseus Project. Приступљено 2011-08-27.
„Constitutional Government: James Madison to Thomas Jefferson”. Press-pubs.uchicago.edu. Приступљено 2011-08-27.
„The Federalist #10”. constitution.org.
„Immanuel Kant: Perpetual Peace: Appendix I”. Constitution.org. Приступљено 2011-08-27.
Xypolia, Ilia (2016). „Divide et Impera: Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of British Imperialism” (PDF). Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory. 44 (3): 221—231. S2CID 148118309. doi:10.1080/03017605.2016.1199629. hdl:2164/9956 . p. 221
„Narcissistic Mothers Divide and Conquer | The Narcissist In Your Life” (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-01-26.
Brown, Nina W. Children of the self-absorbed: a grown-up's guide to getting over narcissistic parents (2nd изд.). Oakland, CA. ISBN 978-1-57224-561-7. OCLC 191758324.
McBride, Karyl (2008). Will I ever be good enough?: healing the daughters of narcissistic mothers (1st Free Press hbk изд.). New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4165-5132-4. OCLC 180755960.
Covert, Theresa J. Gaslighting The Narcissist's Favorite Tool Of Manipulation How To Avoid The Gaslight Effect and Recover from Emotional and Narcissistic Abuse. ISBN 978-1-0824-3937-7. OCLC 1176281612.
Buell, Paul D. (1979). „Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara”. Journal of Asian History. Harrassowitz Verlag. 13 (2): 137—8. JSTOR 41930343.
Markandey Katju. „The truth about Pakistan” (на језику: енглески). The Nation. Архивирано из оригинала 10. 11. 2013. г. Приступљено 29. 1. 2019.
Pernin, Christopher G.; et al. (2008). „Unfolding the Future of the Long War” (PDF). US Army Training and Doctrine Command's Army Capability Integration Center — преко RAND Arroyo.
Cheterian, Vicken (2016). „Denial of violence. Ottoman past, Turkish present, and collective violence against the Armenians 1789–2009, Fatma Müge Göçek, New York, Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 656, US$78.00 (hardback), HC 978-0199334209”. Nationalities Papers. 44 (4): 652—654. doi:10.1080/00905992.2016.1158006. „Yet, irony of history, instead of chasing the Armenians from the eastern provinces to make a new home for the Balkan Muslim refugees, they practically eliminated Armenians and consolidated an ethnic Kurdish presence in eastern Anatolia. Having lost the capacity to practice imperial policies of “divide and rule,” today Turkey finds itself face-to-face with Kurdish nationalism.”
„France: The Roman conquest”. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Приступљено 6. 4. 2015. „"Because of chronic internal rivalries, Gallic resistance was easily broken, though Vercingetorix's Great Rebellion of 52 bce had notable successes."”
„Julius Caesar: The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul”. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Приступљено 15. 2. 2015. „"Indeed, the Gallic cavalry was probably superior to the Roman, horseman for horseman. Rome's military superiority lay in its mastery of strategy, tactics, discipline, and military engineering. In Gaul, Rome also had the advantage of being able to deal separately with dozens of relatively small, independent, and uncooperative states. Caesar conquered these piecemeal, and the concerted attempt made by a number of them in 52 bce to shake off the Roman yoke came too late."”
Edmund Maurice, C. (11. 12. 2019). „The Revolutionary Movement of 1848-9 in Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany: With Some Examination of the Previous Thirty-three Years”.
Magocsi, Paul Robert (18. 6. 2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition. ISBN 9781442698796.
Grob-Fitzgibbon, Benjamin (2011). Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire. Palgrave Macmillan. стр. 285. ISBN 978-0-230-30038-5.
Jordan, Preston Lim (2018). The Evolution of British Counter-Insurgency during the Cyprus Revolt, 1955–1959. Springer. стр. 58. ISBN 9783319916200.
„International Justice: The Case of Cyprus”. Washington, D.C.: The HuffPost. Приступљено 1. 11. 2017.

Спољашње везе

[1] Јовановић, Слободан (1922). О држави - основи једне правне теорије. стр. 259.

[2] Монтескје, Шарл (1989). О духу закона. стр. 175—176.

[Polibius-3] Polibius. (~150 B.C.). The Rise of the Roman Empire. Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (1979). Penguin Classics. London, England.

[4] Quoted in Jan Weerda, Calvin, in Evangelisches Soziallexikon, Third Edition (1960), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 210

[5] Ward, Lee (2014-12-04). Modern Democracy and the Theological-Political Problem in Spinoza, Rousseau, and Jefferson. Recovering Political Philosophy. Palgrave Macmillan (објављено 2014). стр. 25—26. ISBN 9781137475053. „Calvin's republican sympathies derived from his view of human nature as deeply flawed. Compound or mixed governments reflect the reality that human frailty justifies and necessitates institutional checks and balances to the magistrate's presumed propensity to abuse power. It was this commitment to checks and balances that became the basis of Calvin's resistance theory, according to which inferior magistrates have a duty to resist or restrain a tyrannical sovereign.”

[6] Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), History of Religion in the United States, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 9–10

[7] Fennell, Christopher. „Plymouth Colony Legal Structure”. Histarch.uiuc.edu.

[8] Hanover Historical Texts Project Архивирано 12 јануар 2013 на сајту Wayback Machine

[9] Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 69–76, 99–105, 114–16

[10] Otto Heinrich von der Gablentz, Gewalt, Gewaltenteilung, In Evangelisches Soziallexikon, col. 420

[11] Galdia, Marcus (2009). Legal Linguistics. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. стр. 249. ISBN 9783631594636. „[...] in the absence of a written constitution in England it may at times be difficult to determine whether a particular text belongs to the constitutional law, i.e. forms the corpus of legal constitutional acts of England [...].”

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{short description|Подела државне владе на огранке}}
+{{Облици држава}}
 '''Подјела власти''' је назив за начин организације државне власти у коме свака од грана власти има своје органе који власт врше независно од органа других грана власти. То значи да се ниједна грана власти не може мијешати у рад других грана власти у мјери у којој би то мијешање прерасло у доминацију једне власти над другом.
@@ Ред 6: / Ред 9: @@
 Данас је најчешћа подјела на законодавну, извршну и судску власт. Једна од првих модерних држава која је спровела овај модел су [[Сједињене Америчке Државе]], гдје свака од три гране власти ограничава друге двије помоћу тзв. система „кочница и равнотежа“ ({{Јез-енгл|Checks and balances}}).
+== Историја ==
+{{рут}}
+=== Антика ===
+[[Aristotle]] first mentioned the idea of a "mixed government" or hybrid government in his work [[Politics (Aristotle)|''Politics'']], where he drew upon many of the constitutional forms in the [[Polis|city-states of Ancient Greece]]. In the [[Roman Republic]], the [[Roman Senate]], [[Roman consul|Consuls]] and the [[Roman assemblies|Assemblies]] showed an example of a [[mixed government]] according to [[Polybius]] (''Histories'', Book 6, 11–13). It was Polybius who described and explained the system of checks and balances in detail, crediting [[Lycurgus of Sparta]] with the first government of this kind.<ref name="Polibius">Polibius. (~150 B.C.). The Rise of the Roman Empire. Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (1979). Penguin Classics. London, England.</ref>
+=== Рано модерна мешовита влада у Енглеској и њеним колонијама ===
+[[John Calvin]] (1509–1564) favoured a system of government that divided political power between [[democracy]] and [[aristocracy]] ([[mixed government]]). Calvin appreciated the advantages of [[democracy]], stating: "It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its own government and magistrates."<ref>Quoted in Jan Weerda, ''Calvin'', in ''Evangelisches Soziallexikon'', Third Edition (1960), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 210</ref> In order to reduce the danger of misuse of political power, Calvin suggested setting up several political institutions that should complement and control each other in a system of [[#Checks and balances|checks and balances]].<ref>
+{{cite book |last1 = Ward |first1 = Lee |author-link1 = Lee Ward |title = Modern Democracy and the Theological-Political Problem in Spinoza, Rousseau, and Jefferson |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YuUaBgAAQBAJ | series = Recovering Political Philosophy |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan |publication-date = 2014 |pages = 25–26 |isbn = 9781137475053|quote = Calvin's republican sympathies derived from his view of human nature as deeply flawed. Compound or mixed governments reflect the reality that human frailty justifies and necessitates institutional checks and balances to the magistrate's presumed propensity to abuse power. It was this commitment to checks and balances that became the basis of Calvin's resistance theory, according to which inferior magistrates have a duty to resist or restrain a tyrannical sovereign.|date = 2014-12-04}}</ref>
+In this way, Calvin and his followers resisted [[autocracy|political absolutism]] and furthered the growth of democracy. Calvin aimed to protect the rights and the well-being of ordinary people.<ref>Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), ''History of Religion in the United States'', Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 9–10</ref> In 1620 a group of English separatist [[Congregationalists]] and [[Anglicans]] (later known as the [[Pilgrim Fathers]]) founded [[Plymouth Colony]] in North America. Enjoying self-rule, they established a bipartite democratic system of government. The [[Freeman (Colonial)|"freemen"]] elected the [[Plymouth General Court|General Court]], which functioned as legislature and judiciary and which in turn elected a governor, who together with his seven "assistants" served in the functional role of providing executive power.<ref>{{cite web | first= Christopher | last= Fennell | title= Plymouth Colony Legal Structure | url= http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/plymouth/ccflaw.html | publisher= Histarch.uiuc.edu}}</ref> [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (founded 1628), [[Rhode Island]] (1636), [[Connecticut]] (1636), [[New Jersey]], and [[Pennsylvania]] had similar constitutions – they all separated political powers. (Except for Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony, these English outposts added [[religious freedom]] to their democratic systems, an important step towards the development of [[human rights]].<ref>[http://www.history.hanover.edu/texts/masslib.html Hanover Historical Texts Project] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130112050540/http://history.hanover.edu/texts/masslib.html |date= 12 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>Clifton E. Olmstead, ''History of Religion in the United States'', pp. 69–76, 99–105, 114–16</ref>)
+Books like [[William Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor)|William Bradford]]'s ''[[Of Plymouth Plantation]]'' (written between 1630 and 1651) were widely read in England. So the form of government in the colonies was well known in the mother country, including to the philosopher [[John Locke]] (1632–1704). He deduced from a study of the English constitutional system the advantages of dividing political power into the legislative (which should be distributed among several bodies, for example, the [[House of Lords]] and the [[House of Commons]]), on the one hand, and the executive and federative power, responsible for the protection of the country and prerogative of the monarch, on the other hand, as the [[Kingdom of England]] had no written constitution.<ref>Otto Heinrich von der Gablentz, ''Gewalt, Gewaltenteilung'', In ''Evangelisches Soziallexikon'', col. 420</ref><ref>
+{{cite book
+ | last1 = Galdia
+ | first1 = Marcus
+ | title = Legal Linguistics
+ | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wVVXqe0cvYEC
+ | location = Frankfurt am Main
+ | publisher = Peter Lang
+ | date = 2009
+ | page = 249
+ | isbn = 9783631594636
+ | quote = [...] in the absence of a written constitution in England it may at times be difficult to determine whether a particular text belongs to the constitutional law, i.e. forms the corpus of legal constitutional acts of England [...].
+}}
+</ref>
 == Види још ==
@@ Ред 16: / Ред 46: @@
 == Литература ==
+{{Refbegin|30em}}
 * {{Cite book |ref= harv|last= Монтескје| first=Шарл |title= О духу закона|year= 1989| publisher= | location= | id= |pages= 175-176}}
 * {{Cite book |ref= harv|last= Јовановић| first=Слободан |title=О држави - основи једне правне теорије |year= 1922| publisher= | location= | id= |pages= 259}}
+* Peter Barenboim, ''[http://www.florentine-society.ru/pdf/Biblical_Roots_of_Separation_of_Powers.pdf Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers]'', Moscow, Letny Sad, 2005. {{ISBN|5-94381-123-0}}, Permalink: [http://lccn.loc.gov/2006400578 LC Catalog - Item Information (Full Record)]
+* Biancamaria Fontana (ed.), ''[http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521033764 The Invention of the Modern Republic]'' (2007) {{ISBN|978-0-521-03376-3}}
+* W. B. Gwyn, ''The Meaning of the Separation of Powers'' (1965) (no ISBN)
+* Bernard Manin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GhAJ2x2coEoC Principles of Representative Government]'' (1995; English version 1997) {{ISBN|0-521-45258-9}} (hbk), {{ISBN|0-521-45891-9}} (pbk)
+* José María Maravall and [[Adam Przeworski]] (eds), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EMB-F6Forx8C Democracy and the Rule of Law]'' (2003) {{ISBN|0-521-82559-8}} (hbk), {{ISBN|0-521-53266-3}} (pbk)
+* Paul A. Rahe, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145832/http://www.hillsdalesites.org/personal/prahe/logicofliberty.html ''Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty''] (2009) {{ISBN|978-0-300-14125-2}} (hbk), {{ISBN|978-0-300-16808-2}} (pbk)
+*  Iain Stewart, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319161702/http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/law_journals/macquarie_law_journal/ "Men of Class:  Aristotle, Montesquieu and Dicey on 'Separation of Powers' and 'the Rule of Law'"] 4 ''Macquarie Law Journal'' 187 (2004)
+* Iain Stewart, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110408194916/http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/montesquieu.shtml "Montesquieu in England: his 'Notes on England', with Commentary and Translation"] (2002)
+* [[Alec Stone Sweet]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=61AzsGk7EW0C Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe]'' (2000) {{ISBN|978-0-19-829730-7}}
+* Reinhold Zippelius, ''Allgemeine Staatslehre/Politikwissenschaft (= Political Science)'', 16th edition, § 31, C.H. Beck, Munich, 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-406-60342-6}}
+* Evan C. Zoldan, ''[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3106780 Is the Federal Judiciary Independent of Congress?]'', 70 Stan. L. Rev. Online 135 (2018).
+* {{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=J.+BJ+1.159 |title=Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, Book I, section 159 |publisher=[[Perseus Project]] |access-date=2011-08-27}}
+* {{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+8.7.1 |title=Strabo, Geography, Book 8, chapter 7, section 1 |publisher=[[Perseus Project]] |access-date=2011-08-27}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch17s22.html |title=Constitutional Government: James Madison to Thomas Jefferson |publisher=Press-pubs.uchicago.edu |access-date=2011-08-27}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa10.htm|title=The Federalist #10|work=constitution.org}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/kant/append1.htm |title=Immanuel Kant: Perpetual Peace: Appendix I |publisher=Constitution.org |access-date=2011-08-27}}
+* {{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/03017605.2016.1199629 |title = Divide et Impera: Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of British Imperialism|journal = Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory|volume = 44|issue = 3|pages = 221–231|year = 2016|last1 = Xypolia|first1 = Ilia|hdl = 2164/9956|s2cid = 148118309|hdl-access=free| url=https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2164/9956/Xypolia_Divide_et_Impera_Vertical_and_Horizontal_imperialism.pdf}} p. 221
+* {{Cite web|title=Narcissistic Mothers Divide and Conquer {{!}} The Narcissist In Your Life|url=https://thenarcissistinyourlife.com/narcissistic-mothers-divide-and-conquer-2/|access-date=2021-01-26|language=en-US}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Brown, Nina W. |title=Children of the self-absorbed: a grown-up's guide to getting over narcissistic parents |isbn=978-1-57224-561-7 |edition=2nd |location=Oakland, CA |oclc=191758324}}
+* {{Cite book|last=McBride|first=Karyl|title=Will I ever be good enough?: healing the daughters of narcissistic mothers|date=2008|publisher=Free Press|year=|isbn=978-1-4165-5132-4|edition=1st Free Press hbk|location=New York|pages=|oclc=180755960|author-link=Karyl McBride}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Covert, Theresa J. |title=Gaslighting The Narcissist's Favorite Tool Of Manipulation How To Avoid The Gaslight Effect and Recover from Emotional and Narcissistic Abuse |isbn=978-1-0824-3937-7 |oclc=1176281612}}
+* {{cite journal|jstor=41930343|journal=Journal of Asian History|volume= 13|number=2|date=1979|pages=137–8|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|title=Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara|last1=Buell|first1=Paul D.}}
+* {{cite web |author1=Markandey Katju |url=http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/02-Mar-2013/the-truth-about-pakistan |publisher=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |title=The truth about Pakistan|access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110103720/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/02-Mar-2013/the-truth-about-pakistan |archive-date=10 November 2013 |language=en|author1-link=Markandey Katju }}
+* {{Cite journal|last= Pernin|first=Christopher G.|display-authors=et al|date=2008|title=Unfolding the Future of the Long War|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG738.pdf|journal=US Army Training and Doctrine Command's Army Capability Integration Center|via=RAND Arroyo}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Cheterian |first1=Vicken |title=Denial of violence. Ottoman past, Turkish present, and collective violence against the Armenians 1789–2009, Fatma Müge Göçek, New York, Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 656, US$78.00 (hardback), HC 978-0199334209 |journal=Nationalities Papers |date=2016 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=652–654 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2016.1158006 |quote=Yet, irony of history, instead of chasing the Armenians from the eastern provinces to make a new home for the Balkan Muslim refugees, they practically eliminated Armenians and consolidated an ethnic Kurdish presence in eastern Anatolia. Having lost the capacity to practice imperial policies of “divide and rule,” today Turkey finds itself face-to-face with Kurdish nationalism.}}
+* {{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/41196/The-press |title=France: The Roman conquest |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica (company)|Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=April 6, 2015 |quote="Because of chronic internal rivalries, Gallic resistance was easily broken, though Vercingetorix's Great Rebellion of 52 bce had notable successes."}}
+* {{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/88114/Julius-Caesar/9735/The-first-triumvirate-and-the-conquest-of-Gaul |title=Julius Caesar: The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica (company)|Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=February 15, 2015 |quote="Indeed, the Gallic cavalry was probably superior to the Roman, horseman for horseman. Rome's military superiority lay in its mastery of strategy, tactics, discipline, and military engineering. In Gaul, Rome also had the advantage of being able to deal separately with dozens of relatively small, independent, and uncooperative states. Caesar conquered these piecemeal, and the concerted attempt made by a number of them in 52 bce to shake off the Roman yoke came too late."}}
+* {{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSHEDwAAQBAJ&q=divide+et+impera | title=The Revolutionary Movement of 1848-9 in Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany: With Some Examination of the Previous Thirty-three Years| last1=Edmund Maurice| first1=C.| date=11 December 2019}}
+* {{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC&q=1848+%22divide+et+impera%22&pg=PA435 |title = A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition|isbn = 9781442698796|last1 = Magocsi|first1 = Paul Robert|date = 18 June 2010}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Grob-Fitzgibbon|first1=Benjamin|title=Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-30038-5|page=285}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Jordan|first1=Preston Lim|title=The Evolution of British Counter-Insurgency during the Cyprus Revolt, 1955–1959|date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319916200|page=58}}
+* {{cite web|title=International Justice: The Case of Cyprus|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/constantine-tzanos/international-justice-the_b_9934090.html|publisher=The [[HuffPost]]|access-date=1 November 2017|location=Washington, D.C.}}
+{{refend}}
+== Спољашње везе ==
+{{Commons category|Separation of powers}}
+* [http://www.mlloyd.org/mdl-indx/polybius/intro.htm Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers]
+* [http://www.bartleby.com/43/9.html Arbitrary Government Described and the Government of the Massachusetts Vindicated from that Aspersion (1644)]
+{{Authority control}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Подела власти}}
 [[Категорија:Држава]]

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