Гавран (сазвежђе) — разлика између измена

С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
Интерактиван преглед историје
← Старија изменаНовија измена →
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
ВизуелноВикитекст
.
ознака: везе до вишезначних одредница
Ред 1: Ред 1:
{{short description|Сазвежђе на јужној небеској хемисфери}}
{{Кутијица за сазвежђе
{{Кутијица за сазвежђе
| име = Гавран
| име = Гавран
Ред 23: Ред 24:
По легенди, [[Аполон]] је гаврану дао врч и послао га да му донесе воду. Гавран је уз пут угледао дрво чије воће само што није сазрело. Сачекао је пар дана да воће сазри, појео га, а да би се оправдао, Аполону је донео водену змију и оптужио је да је блокирала прилаз извору. Аполон је прозрео лаж, а на небо поставио гаврана, врч ([[пехар (сазвежђе)|сазвежђе Пехар]]) и змију ([[хидра (сазвежђе)|сазвежђе Хидра]]), и осудио гаврана да буде вечито жедан а поред њега пехар пун воде. По легенди, гаврани имају крештав глас управо јер су увек жедни.
По легенди, [[Аполон]] је гаврану дао врч и послао га да му донесе воду. Гавран је уз пут угледао дрво чије воће само што није сазрело. Сачекао је пар дана да воће сазри, појео га, а да би се оправдао, Аполону је донео водену змију и оптужио је да је блокирала прилаз извору. Аполон је прозрео лаж, а на небо поставио гаврана, врч ([[пехар (сазвежђе)|сазвежђе Пехар]]) и змију ([[хидра (сазвежђе)|сазвежђе Хидра]]), и осудио гаврана да буде вечито жедан а поред њега пехар пун воде. По легенди, гаврани имају крештав глас управо јер су увек жедни.


== Историја и митологија ==
⚫
== Спољашње везе ==
[[File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Noctua, Corvus, Crater, Sextans Uraniæ, Hydra, Felis, Lupus, Centaurus, Antlia Pneumatica, Argo Navis, and Pyxis Nautica.jpg|left|thumb|Corvus, [[Crater (constellation)|Crater]], and other constellations seen around [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]] in ''[[Urania's Mirror]]'' (1825)]]
⚫
{{портал|Астрономија}}
{{рут}}
{{Commonscat|Corvus (constellation)}}
In the [[Babylonian star catalogues]] dating from at least 1100 BCE, what later became known as Corvus was called the Raven (MUL.UGA.MUSHEN). As with more familiar [[Ancient Greek astronomy|Classical astronomy]], it was placed sitting on the tail of the Serpent (Greek [[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]]). The Babylonian constellation was sacred to [[Adad]], the god of rain and storm; in the second Millennium it would have risen just before the autumnal rainy season. John H. Rogers observed that Hydra signified [[Ningishzida]], the god of the [[underworld]] in the Babylonian compendium [[MUL.APIN]]. He proposed that Corvus and Crater (along with Hydra) were death symbols and marked the gate to the underworld.<ref name=rogers1>{{cite journal|author=Rogers, John H.|title=Origins of the Ancient Constellations: I. The Mesopotamian Traditions|journal=[[Journal of the British Astronomical Association]]|volume=108|date=1998|pages=9–28|bibcode=1998JBAA..108....9R}}</ref><!-- cites previous 5 sentences --> These two constellations, along with the eagle [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]] and the fish [[Piscis Austrinus]], were introduced to the Greeks around 500 BCE; they marked the [[winter solstice|winter]] and [[summer solstice]]s respectively. Furthermore, Hydra had been a landmark as it had straddled the [[celestial equator]] in antiquity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Frank|first=Roslyn M.|title=Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|location=New York City|date=2015|pages=147–63|chapter=10: Origins of the "Western" Constellations|bibcode=2015hae..book.....R|url=https://www.academia.edu/15305615}}</ref><!-- cites previous 2 sentences --> Corvus and Crater also featured in the iconography of [[Mithraism]], which is thought to have been of middle-eastern origin before spreading into Ancient Greece and Rome.<ref name=RogersII>{{cite journal|author=Rogers, John H.|title=Origins of the Ancient Constellations: II. The Mediterranean traditions|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|volume=108|date=1998|pages=79–89|bibcode=1998JBAA..108...79R}}</ref>
[[File:43-Corvus-Constellation.PNG|thumb|right|Corvus as depicted on The [[Abu al-Fath Manuchihr Khan|Manuchihr]] Globe made in [[Mashhad]] 1632-33 AD. Adilnor Collection, Sweden.]]


Corvus is associated with the myth of [[Apollo]] and his lover [[Coronis (lover of Apollo)|Coronis]] the [[Lapiths|Lapith]]. Coronis had been unfaithful to Apollo; when he learned this information from a pure white crow, he turned its feathers black in a fit of rage.{{sfn|Ridpath|Tirion|2001|pp=128–130}} Another legend associated with Corvus is that a crow stopped on his way to fetch water for Apollo, to eat [[Common fig|fig]]s. Instead of telling the truth to Apollo, he lied and said that a snake, [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]], kept him from the water, while holding a snake in his talons as proof. Apollo, realizing this was a lie, flung the crow (Corvus), cup ([[Crater (constellation)|Crater]]), and snake (Hydra) into the sky. He further punished the wayward bird by ensuring it would forever be thirsty, both in real life and in the heavens, where the Cup is just out of reach.{{sfn|Ridpath|Tirion|2001|pp=128–130}}
{{клица-астрономија}}

=== У другим културама ===
In [[Chinese astronomy]], the stars of Corvus are located within the [[Vermilion Bird (Chinese constellation)|Vermilion Bird of the South]] (南方朱雀, ''Nán Fāng Zhū Què'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0607/ap060722.html|title=AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網|date=2006|access-date=20 February 2017|publisher=[[National Museum of Natural Science]]|location=Taichung, Taiwan|language=zh}}</ref> The four main stars depict a chariot, ''Zhen'', which is the 28th and final [[lunar mansion]]; Alpha and Eta mark the linchpins for the wheels, and Zeta is ''Changsha'', a coffin.<ref name=ridpathCr>{{cite web|url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ucorvusandcrater.htm#chinese|title=Corvus and Crater|last1=Ridpath|first1=Ian|publisher=self-published|author-link=Ian Ridpath|work=Star Tales|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> In [[Indian astronomy]], the five main stars of Corvus represent a hand or fist corresponding to the ''Hasta'', the 13th ''[[nakshatra]]'' or lunar mansion.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Nakshastras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16KCUhgCQHMC&pg=PA51|author=Harness, Dennis M.|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=2004|isbn=978-81-208-2068-5}}</ref>

Corvus was recognized as a constellation by several [[Polynesia]]n cultures. In the [[Marquesas Islands]], it was called ''Mee''; in [[Pukapuka]], it was called ''Te Manu'', and in the [[Society Islands]], it was called ''Metua-ai-papa''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Makemson|first=Maud Worcester|year=1941|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|title=The Morning Star Rises: an account of Polynesian astronomy|bibcode=1941msra.book.....M}}</ref> To [[Torres Strait Islanders]], Corvus was the right hand (holding ''kupa'' fruit) of the huge constellation Tagai, a man fishing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits: Volume 4 of Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits|year=1912|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|author=Haddon, Alfred Cort|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uto8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA219}}</ref>

The [[Bororo (Brazil)|Bororo people]] of [[Mato Grosso]] in central Brazil regarded the constellation as a land tortoise ''Geriguigui'',<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ethnoastronomy of the Eastern Bororo Indians of Mato Grosso, Brazil|author=Fabian, Stephen M.|journal=[[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]]|volume=385|issue=1|pages=283–301|year=1982|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb34270.x|bibcode=1982NYASA.385..283F|s2cid=84633613}}</ref> while the [[Tucano people]] of the northwestern Amazon region saw it as an [[egret]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Constellations and Time Keeping used by Indigenous Communities in the Northwestern Amazonian Region|journal=Journal of Astronomy in Culture|volume=1|issue=1|author=Cardoso, Walmir|year=2016|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qn7t90d}}</ref> To the [[Tupi people]] of [[São Luís Island]] in Brazil, Corvus might have been seen as a grill or barbecue—''seychouioura'', on which fish were grilled. The depiction could have also referred to the [[Great Square of Pegasus]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Magana, Edmundo|journal=Ibero-amerikanisches Archiv|date=1984|volume=10|issue=2|pages=189–221|title=Some Tupi Constellations|jstor=43392390}}</ref>

== Карактеристике ==

Covering 184 [[square degree]]s and hence 0.446% of the sky, Corvus ranks 70th of the [[88 modern constellations|88 constellations]] in area.<ref name=tirionconst>{{cite web|url=http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.htm|title=Constellations: Andromeda–Indus|work=Star Tales|first1=Ian|last1=Ridpath|publisher=self-published|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> It is bordered by [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]] to the north and east, Hydra to the south, and Crater to the west. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the [[International Astronomical Union]] in 1922, is "Crv".<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal|last=Russell|first=Henry Norris|author-link=Henry Norris Russell|title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations|journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]]|volume=30|page=469|bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R|year=1922}}</ref> The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer [[Eugène Joseph Delporte|Eugène Delporte]] in 1930,{{efn|1=Delporte had proposed standardizing the constellation boundaries to the International Astronomical Union, who had agreed and gave him the lead role.<ref name=tirionconstbnd>{{cite web|url=http://www.ianridpath.com/boundaries.htm|title=Constellation boundaries: How the modern constellation outlines came to be|work=Star Tales|author=Ridpath, Ian|publisher=self-published|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>}} are defined by a polygon of six segments (''illustrated in infobox''). In the [[equatorial coordinate system]], the [[right ascension]] coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|11|56|22}} and {{RA|12|56|40}}, while the [[declination]] coordinates are between −11.68° and −25.20°.<ref name="boundary">{{cite journal|title=Corvus, Constellation Boundary|journal=The Constellations|publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]]|url=http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/#crv|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> Its position in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of [[65th parallel north|65°N]].<ref name=tirionconst/>{{efn|1=While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the 65°N and [[78th parallel north|78°N]], stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.<ref name=tirionconst/>}}

== Својства ==
[[File:CorvusCC.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Сазвежђе Гавран како се може видети голим оком]]

=== Звезде ===

The German cartographer [[Johann Bayer]] used the Greek letters [[Alpha]] through [[Eta]] to label the most prominent stars in the constellation. [[John Flamsteed]] gave nine stars [[Flamsteed designation]]s, while one star he designated in the neighbouring constellation Crater—[[31 Crateris]]—lay within Corvus once the constellation boundaries were established in 1930.<ref name=wagman>{{cite book|last=Wagman|first=Morton|date=2003|title=Lost Stars: Lost, Missing and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others|publisher=The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company|location=Blacksburg, Virginia|isbn=978-0-939923-78-6|pages=119, 387, 390–91, 506}}</ref> Within the constellation's borders, there are 29 stars brighter than or equal to [[apparent magnitude]]&nbsp;6.5.{{efn|1=Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban-rural transition night skies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html?page=1&c=y|title=The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale|last=Bortle|first=John E.|date=February 2001|work=[[Sky & Telescope]]|publisher=Sky Publishing Corporation|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref>}}<ref name=tirionconst/>

Four principal stars, [[Delta Corvi|Delta]], [[Gamma Corvi|Gamma]], [[Epsilon Corvi|Epsilon]], and [[Beta Corvi]], form a quadrilateral [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] known as "the "[[Spica]]'s [[Spanker (sail)|Spanker]]"<ref>{{cite book|author=Nickel, James|year=1999|title=Lift Up Your Eyes on High: Understanding the Stars|publisher=Christian Liberty Press|location=Arlington Heights, Illinois|page=53|isbn=978-1-930367-37-1}}</ref> or "the Sail".<ref>{{cite book|author=Bakich, Michael E.|year=1995|title=The Cambridge Guide to the Constellations|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto00baki|url-access=registration|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto00baki/page/21 21–22]|isbn=978-0-521-46520-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mullaney, James|year=2007|title=The Herschel objects and how to observe them|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|location=New York City|page=39|isbn=978-0-387-68124-5}}</ref> Although none of the stars are particularly bright, they lie in a dim area of the sky, rendering the asterism easy to distinguish in the night sky.<ref name=arnold>{{cite book|author1=Arnold, H.J.P |author2=Doherty, Paul |author3=Moore, Patrick |title=The Photographic Atlas of the Stars|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|location=Boca Raton, Florida|date=1999|page=140|isbn=978-0-7503-0654-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjcvJUfnWBAC&pg=PA140}}</ref> Gamma and Delta serve as pointers toward Spica. Also called Gienah, Gamma is the brightest star in Corvus at magnitude 2.59.<ref name=kalergamma>{{cite web|last1=Kaler|first1=James B. (Jim)|date=2004|url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/gienah.html|title=Gienah Corvi|work=Stars|publisher=University of Illinois|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Its traditional name means "wing",<ref name=kalergamma/> the star marking the left wing in Bayer's ''[[Uranometria]]''.<ref name=wagman/> 154±1 [[light-year]]s from Earth,<ref name="vanLeeuwen2007">{{cite journal|first=F.|last=van Leeuwen|title=Validation of the New Hipparcos Reduction|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]|volume=474|issue=2|pages=653–64|date=2007|bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357|arxiv=0708.1752|s2cid=18759600}}</ref> it is a blue-white hued [[giant star]] of [[Stellar classification#Spectral types|spectral type]] B8III that is {{val|4.2|+0.4|-0.3}} times as massive,<ref name=apj736_2_89/> and 355 times as [[solar luminosity|luminous as the Sun]].<ref name=kalergamma/> Around {{val|160|+40|-30}} million years old,<ref name=apj736_2_89>{{cite journal|last1=Janson|first1=Markus |last2=Bonavita|first2=Mariangela |last3=Klahr|first3=Hubert |last4=Lafrenière|first4=David|last5=Jayawardhana|first5=Ray|last6=Zinnecker|first6=Hans|title=High-contrast Imaging Search for Planets and Brown Dwarfs around the Most Massive Stars in the Solar Neighborhood|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=736|issue=2|page=89|date=2011|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/89|bibcode=2011ApJ...736...89J|arxiv=1105.2577|s2cid=119217803}}</ref> it has largely [[Stellar evolution#Mature stars|exhausted its core hydrogen]] and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the [[main sequence]].<ref name=kalergamma/> A [[binary star]], it has a companion orange or [[red dwarf]] star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0.8 times as massive as the Sun.<ref name=aj133_2_545>{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Lewis C. Jr.|last2=Turner|first2=Nils H.|last3=ten Brummelaar|first3=Theo A.|title=Adaptive Optics Photometry and Astrometry of Binary Stars. II. A Multiplicity Survey of B Stars|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=133|issue=2|pages=545–552|date=February 2007|doi=10.1086/510335|bibcode=2007AJ....133..545R|citeseerx=10.1.1.549.4623}}</ref> Around 50 [[astronomical unit]]s{{efn|1=The distance between the Earth and the Sun is one astronomical unit.}} distant from Gamma Corvi A, it is estimated to complete an orbit in 158 years.<ref name=apj736_2_89/> Delta Corvi, traditionally called Algorab, is a [[double star]] divisible in small amateur telescopes. The primary is a blue-white star of magnitude 2.9, around 87 light-years from Earth.<ref name="vanLeeuwen2007"/> An enigmatic star around 2.7 times as massive as the Sun, it is more luminous (65–70 times that of the Sun) than its should be for its surface temperature of 10,400 K, and hence is either a 3.2 million year-old very young pre-main sequence star that has not settled down to a stable main sequence life stage, or a 260-million-year-old star that has begun to exhaust its core hydrogen and expand, cool and shine more brightly as it moves away from the main sequence. Its spectral type is given as A0IV, corresponding with the latter scenario.<ref name=aaa495_3_901>{{cite journal|last1=Montesinos|first1=B. |last2=Eiroa|first2=C. |last3=Mora|first3=A. |last4=Merín|first4=B.|title=Parameters of Herbig Ae/Be and Vega-type stars|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=495|issue=3|pages=901–17|date=2009|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810623|bibcode=2009A&A...495..901M|arxiv=0811.3557|s2cid=14972955}}</ref> Warm [[circumstellar dust]]—by definition part of its inner stellar system—has been detected around Delta Corvi A.<ref name=Ertel>{{cite journal|date=2014|last1=Ertel|first1=S. |last2=Absil|first2=O. |last3=Defrère|first3=D.|last4=Le Bouquin|first4=J.-B.|last5=Augereau|first5=J.-C.|last6=Marion|first6=L. |last7=Blind|first7=N.|last8=Bonsor|first8=A. |last9=Bryden|first9=G.|last10=Lebreton|first10=J.|last11=Milli|first11=J.|title=A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris-disk stars. IV. An unbiased sample of 92 southern stars observed in H band with VLTI/PIONIER|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=570|pages=20|id=A128|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201424438|bibcode=2014A&A...570A.128E|arxiv=1409.6143|s2cid=9594917}}</ref> Delta Corvi B is an orange dwarf star of magnitude 8.51 and spectral class K, also surrounded by circumstellar dust. A post T-tauri star, it is at least 650 AU distant from its brighter companion and takes at least 9400 years to complete an orbit.<ref name=kalerdelta>{{cite web|last1=Kaler|first1=James B. (Jim)|date=2000|url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/algorab.html|title=Algorab|work=Stars|publisher=University of Illinois|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Delta Corvi's common name means "the raven".{{sfn|Ridpath|Tirion|2001|pp=128–130}} It is one of two stars marking the right wing.<ref name=wagman/> Located 4.5 degrees northeast of Delta Corvi is [[Struve 1669]], a binary star that is divisible into two stars 5.4" apart by small amateur telescopes,<ref name=Bakich2010>{{cite book|title=1,001 Celestial Wonders to See Before You Die: The Best Sky Objects for Star Gazers|series=The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series|pages=135–36|first1=Michael E.|last1=Bakich|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|location=New York City|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4419-1777-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEhpS7d5ZdAC&pg=PA135}}</ref> 280 light-years from Earth. The pair, both white stars, is visible to the naked eye at magnitude 5.2; the primary is of magnitude 5.9 and the secondary is of magnitude 6.0.{{sfn|Ridpath|Tirion|2001|pp=128–130}}

== Напомене ==
{{notelist}}

== Референце ==
{{reflist|}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|}}
* {{cite book |title=Stars and Planets Guide |last1=Ridpath |first1=Ian |last2=Tirion |first2=Wil |year=2001 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-08913-2}}

{{refend}}

⚫
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commons and category|Corvus (constellation)|Corvus (constellation)}}
* [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/crater/ The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Corvus]
* [http://astrojan.eu5.org/corvus.htm The clickable Corvus]
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=9&cat_2=71&cat_3=32&cat_4=1317&cat_5=997 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (medieval and early modern images of Corvus)]


{{сазвежђа}}
{{сазвежђа}}
{{нормативна контрола}}
{{нормативна контрола}}
⚫
{{портал bar|Астрономија}}


[[Категорија:Сазвежђе Гавран|*]]
[[Категорија:Сазвежђе Гавран|*]]

Верзија на датум 30. јануар 2022. у 22:26

Гавран
Сазвежђе
Гавран
Списак звезда у сазвежђу Гавран
Латинско имеCorvus
СкраћеницаCrv
ГенитивCorvi
Симболизујегаврана
Ректасцензија12
Деклинација-20
Површина184 sq. deg. (70)
Најсјајнија звездаГама Гаврана (2,59m)
Метеорски ројевинема
Суседна
сазвежђа		Девица
Пехар
Хидра
Видљиво у распону +60° и −90°.
У најбољем положају за посматрање у 21:00 час у мају.

Гавран је јужно сазвежђе и једно од 48 оригиналних Птолемејевих сазвежђа. Свега 11 звезда у Гаврану је видљиво голим оком (односно сјајније од магнитуде 5,5).

По легенди, Аполон је гаврану дао врч и послао га да му донесе воду. Гавран је уз пут угледао дрво чије воће само што није сазрело. Сачекао је пар дана да воће сазри, појео га, а да би се оправдао, Аполону је донео водену змију и оптужио је да је блокирала прилаз извору. Аполон је прозрео лаж, а на небо поставио гаврана, врч (сазвежђе Пехар) и змију (сазвежђе Хидра), и осудио гаврана да буде вечито жедан а поред њега пехар пун воде. По легенди, гаврани имају крештав глас управо јер су увек жедни.

Историја и митологија

Corvus, Crater, and other constellations seen around Hydra in Urania's Mirror (1825)

In the Babylonian star catalogues dating from at least 1100 BCE, what later became known as Corvus was called the Raven (MUL.UGA.MUSHEN). As with more familiar Classical astronomy, it was placed sitting on the tail of the Serpent (Greek Hydra). The Babylonian constellation was sacred to Adad, the god of rain and storm; in the second Millennium it would have risen just before the autumnal rainy season. John H. Rogers observed that Hydra signified Ningishzida, the god of the underworld in the Babylonian compendium MUL.APIN. He proposed that Corvus and Crater (along with Hydra) were death symbols and marked the gate to the underworld.[1] These two constellations, along with the eagle Aquila and the fish Piscis Austrinus, were introduced to the Greeks around 500 BCE; they marked the winter and summer solstices respectively. Furthermore, Hydra had been a landmark as it had straddled the celestial equator in antiquity.[2] Corvus and Crater also featured in the iconography of Mithraism, which is thought to have been of middle-eastern origin before spreading into Ancient Greece and Rome.[3]

Corvus as depicted on The Manuchihr Globe made in Mashhad 1632-33 AD. Adilnor Collection, Sweden.

Corvus is associated with the myth of Apollo and his lover Coronis the Lapith. Coronis had been unfaithful to Apollo; when he learned this information from a pure white crow, he turned its feathers black in a fit of rage.[4] Another legend associated with Corvus is that a crow stopped on his way to fetch water for Apollo, to eat figs. Instead of telling the truth to Apollo, he lied and said that a snake, Hydra, kept him from the water, while holding a snake in his talons as proof. Apollo, realizing this was a lie, flung the crow (Corvus), cup (Crater), and snake (Hydra) into the sky. He further punished the wayward bird by ensuring it would forever be thirsty, both in real life and in the heavens, where the Cup is just out of reach.[4]

У другим културама

In Chinese astronomy, the stars of Corvus are located within the Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, Nán Fāng Zhū Què).[5] The four main stars depict a chariot, Zhen, which is the 28th and final lunar mansion; Alpha and Eta mark the linchpins for the wheels, and Zeta is Changsha, a coffin.[6] In Indian astronomy, the five main stars of Corvus represent a hand or fist corresponding to the Hasta, the 13th nakshatra or lunar mansion.[7]

Corvus was recognized as a constellation by several Polynesian cultures. In the Marquesas Islands, it was called Mee; in Pukapuka, it was called Te Manu, and in the Society Islands, it was called Metua-ai-papa.[8] To Torres Strait Islanders, Corvus was the right hand (holding kupa fruit) of the huge constellation Tagai, a man fishing.[9]

The Bororo people of Mato Grosso in central Brazil regarded the constellation as a land tortoise Geriguigui,[10] while the Tucano people of the northwestern Amazon region saw it as an egret.[11] To the Tupi people of São Luís Island in Brazil, Corvus might have been seen as a grill or barbecue—seychouioura, on which fish were grilled. The depiction could have also referred to the Great Square of Pegasus.[12]

Карактеристике

Covering 184 square degrees and hence 0.446% of the sky, Corvus ranks 70th of the 88 constellations in area.[13] It is bordered by Virgo to the north and east, Hydra to the south, and Crater to the west. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Crv".[14] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930,[а] are defined by a polygon of six segments (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 11h 56m 22s and 12h 56m 40s, while the declination coordinates are between −11.68° and −25.20°.[16] Its position in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere means that the whole constellation is visible to observers south of 65°N.[13][б]

Својства

Сазвежђе Гавран како се може видети голим оком

Звезде

The German cartographer Johann Bayer used the Greek letters Alpha through Eta to label the most prominent stars in the constellation. John Flamsteed gave nine stars Flamsteed designations, while one star he designated in the neighbouring constellation Crater—31 Crateris—lay within Corvus once the constellation boundaries were established in 1930.[17] Within the constellation's borders, there are 29 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5.[в][13]

Four principal stars, Delta, Gamma, Epsilon, and Beta Corvi, form a quadrilateral asterism known as "the "Spica's Spanker"[19] or "the Sail".[20][21] Although none of the stars are particularly bright, they lie in a dim area of the sky, rendering the asterism easy to distinguish in the night sky.[22] Gamma and Delta serve as pointers toward Spica. Also called Gienah, Gamma is the brightest star in Corvus at magnitude 2.59.[23] Its traditional name means "wing",[23] the star marking the left wing in Bayer's Uranometria.[17] 154±1 light-years from Earth,[24] it is a blue-white hued giant star of spectral type B8III that is 4,2+0,4
−0,3 times as massive,[25] and 355 times as luminous as the Sun.[23] Around 160+40
−30 million years old,[25] it has largely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the main sequence.[23] A binary star, it has a companion orange or red dwarf star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0.8 times as massive as the Sun.[26] Around 50 astronomical units[г] distant from Gamma Corvi A, it is estimated to complete an orbit in 158 years.[25] Delta Corvi, traditionally called Algorab, is a double star divisible in small amateur telescopes. The primary is a blue-white star of magnitude 2.9, around 87 light-years from Earth.[24] An enigmatic star around 2.7 times as massive as the Sun, it is more luminous (65–70 times that of the Sun) than its should be for its surface temperature of 10,400 K, and hence is either a 3.2 million year-old very young pre-main sequence star that has not settled down to a stable main sequence life stage, or a 260-million-year-old star that has begun to exhaust its core hydrogen and expand, cool and shine more brightly as it moves away from the main sequence. Its spectral type is given as A0IV, corresponding with the latter scenario.[27] Warm circumstellar dust—by definition part of its inner stellar system—has been detected around Delta Corvi A.[28] Delta Corvi B is an orange dwarf star of magnitude 8.51 and spectral class K, also surrounded by circumstellar dust. A post T-tauri star, it is at least 650 AU distant from its brighter companion and takes at least 9400 years to complete an orbit.[29] Delta Corvi's common name means "the raven".[4] It is one of two stars marking the right wing.[17] Located 4.5 degrees northeast of Delta Corvi is Struve 1669, a binary star that is divisible into two stars 5.4" apart by small amateur telescopes,[30] 280 light-years from Earth. The pair, both white stars, is visible to the naked eye at magnitude 5.2; the primary is of magnitude 5.9 and the secondary is of magnitude 6.0.[4]

Напомене

  1. ^ Delporte had proposed standardizing the constellation boundaries to the International Astronomical Union, who had agreed and gave him the lead role.[15]
  2. ^ While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the 65°N and 78°N, stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.[13]
  3. ^ Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban-rural transition night skies.[18]
  4. ^ The distance between the Earth and the Sun is one astronomical unit.

Референце

  1. ^ Rogers, John H. (1998). „Origins of the Ancient Constellations: I. The Mesopotamian Traditions”. Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 108: 9—28. Bibcode:1998JBAA..108....9R. 
  2. ^ Frank, Roslyn M. (2015). „10: Origins of the "Western" Constellations”. Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. New York City: Springer. стр. 147—63. Bibcode:2015hae..book.....R. 
  3. ^ Rogers, John H. (1998). „Origins of the Ancient Constellations: II. The Mediterranean traditions”. Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 108: 79—89. Bibcode:1998JBAA..108...79R. 
  4. ^ а б в г Ridpath & Tirion 2001, стр. 128–130.
  5. ^ „AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網” (на језику: кинески). Taichung, Taiwan: National Museum of Natural Science. 2006. Приступљено 20. 2. 2017. 
  6. ^ Ridpath, Ian. „Corvus and Crater”. Star Tales. self-published. Приступљено 6. 6. 2015. 
  7. ^ Harness, Dennis M. (2004). The Nakshastras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology. Motilal Banarsidass. стр. 51. ISBN 978-81-208-2068-5. 
  8. ^ Makemson, Maud Worcester (1941). The Morning Star Rises: an account of Polynesian astronomy. Yale University Press. Bibcode:1941msra.book.....M. 
  9. ^ Haddon, Alfred Cort (1912). Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits: Volume 4 of Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Cambridge University Press. стр. 219. 
  10. ^ Fabian, Stephen M. (1982). „Ethnoastronomy of the Eastern Bororo Indians of Mato Grosso, Brazil”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 385 (1): 283—301. Bibcode:1982NYASA.385..283F. S2CID 84633613. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb34270.x. 
  11. ^ Cardoso, Walmir (2016). „Constellations and Time Keeping used by Indigenous Communities in the Northwestern Amazonian Region”. Journal of Astronomy in Culture. 1 (1). 
  12. ^ Magana, Edmundo (1984). „Some Tupi Constellations”. Ibero-amerikanisches Archiv. 10 (2): 189—221. JSTOR 43392390. 
  13. ^ а б в г Ridpath, Ian. „Constellations: Andromeda–Indus”. Star Tales. self-published. Приступљено 9. 9. 2014. 
  14. ^ Russell, Henry Norris (1922). „The New International Symbols for the Constellations”. Popular Astronomy. 30: 469. Bibcode:1922PA.....30..469R. 
  15. ^ Ridpath, Ian. „Constellation boundaries: How the modern constellation outlines came to be”. Star Tales. self-published. Приступљено 1. 6. 2016. 
  16. ^ „Corvus, Constellation Boundary”. The Constellations. International Astronomical Union. Приступљено 12. 11. 2014. 
  17. ^ а б в Wagman, Morton (2003). Lost Stars: Lost, Missing and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others. Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. стр. 119, 387, 390—91, 506. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6. 
  18. ^ Bortle, John E. (фебруар 2001). „The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale”. Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation. Приступљено 6. 6. 2015. 
  19. ^ Nickel, James (1999). Lift Up Your Eyes on High: Understanding the Stars. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Christian Liberty Press. стр. 53. ISBN 978-1-930367-37-1. 
  20. ^ Bakich, Michael E. (1995). The Cambridge Guide to the ConstellationsНеопходна слободна регистрација. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. стр. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-521-46520-5. 
  21. ^ Mullaney, James (2007). The Herschel objects and how to observe them. New York City: Springer Science+Business Media. стр. 39. ISBN 978-0-387-68124-5. 
  22. ^ Arnold, H.J.P; Doherty, Paul; Moore, Patrick (1999). The Photographic Atlas of the Stars. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. стр. 140. ISBN 978-0-7503-0654-6. 
  23. ^ а б в г Kaler, James B. (Jim) (2004). „Gienah Corvi”. Stars. University of Illinois. Приступљено 18. 3. 2015. 
  24. ^ а б van Leeuwen, F. (2007). „Validation of the New Hipparcos Reduction”. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653—64. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. S2CID 18759600. arXiv:0708.1752 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. 
  25. ^ а б в Janson, Markus; Bonavita, Mariangela; Klahr, Hubert; Lafrenière, David; Jayawardhana, Ray; Zinnecker, Hans (2011). „High-contrast Imaging Search for Planets and Brown Dwarfs around the Most Massive Stars in the Solar Neighborhood”. The Astrophysical Journal. 736 (2): 89. Bibcode:2011ApJ...736...89J. S2CID 119217803. arXiv:1105.2577 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/89. 
  26. ^ Roberts, Lewis C. Jr.; Turner, Nils H.; ten Brummelaar, Theo A. (фебруар 2007). „Adaptive Optics Photometry and Astrometry of Binary Stars. II. A Multiplicity Survey of B Stars”. The Astronomical Journal. 133 (2): 545—552. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..545R. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.549.4623 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1086/510335. 
  27. ^ Montesinos, B.; Eiroa, C.; Mora, A.; Merín, B. (2009). „Parameters of Herbig Ae/Be and Vega-type stars”. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 495 (3): 901—17. Bibcode:2009A&A...495..901M. S2CID 14972955. arXiv:0811.3557 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810623. 
  28. ^ Ertel, S.; Absil, O.; Defrère, D.; Le Bouquin, J.-B.; Augereau, J.-C.; Marion, L.; Blind, N.; Bonsor, A.; Bryden, G.; Lebreton, J.; Milli, J. (2014). „A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris-disk stars. IV. An unbiased sample of 92 southern stars observed in H band with VLTI/PIONIER”. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 570: 20. Bibcode:2014A&A...570A.128E. S2CID 9594917. arXiv:1409.6143 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424438. A128. 
  29. ^ Kaler, James B. (Jim) (2000). „Algorab”. Stars. University of Illinois. Приступљено 25. 7. 2015. 
  30. ^ Bakich, Michael E. (2010). 1,001 Celestial Wonders to See Before You Die: The Best Sky Objects for Star Gazers. The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. New York City: Springer Science+Business Media. стр. 135—36. ISBN 978-1-4419-1777-5. 

Литература

Спољашње везе

Викимедијина Остава има датотеке за чланак:
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Гавран_(сазвежђе)&oldid=24345712”