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{{Short description|Финансијска институција која подржава више од 30 земаља}}
{{Инфокутија Организација
{{Infobox company
| име = Европска банка за обнову и развој
| name = Европска банка за обнову и развој
| скраћеница = EBRD
| слика = logo EBRD.jpg
| logo = logo EBRD.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| слика_опис = Лого Европске банке за обнову и развој
| logo_caption = Лого Европске банке за обнову и развој
| лого = EBRD hq in London.jpg
| image = EBRD hq in London.jpg
| лого_опис = Седиште Европске банке за обнову и развој у Лондону
| image_caption = EBRD седиште у Лондону
| лого_ширина = 230п
| тип = међународна финансијска институција
| type = [[International financial institution|Mеђународна финансијска институција]]
| tax_id =
| оснивање = 1991.
| registration_id =
| оснивач = [[Жак Атали]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1991}}
| седиште = Лондон
| location = [[Лондон]], {{postcode|EC|2}}<br />Уједињено Краљевство
| председник = Јурген Ригтеринк (в.д.)
| key_people = {{Ill|Odile Renaud-Basso|fr}} {{small|([[President (corporate title)|председник]])}}<br />[[Jacques Attali|Жак Атали]] {{small|(први [[President (corporate title)|председник]])}}
| веб_страница = {{URL|www.ebrd.com}}
| area_served =
| products =
| services =
| focus =
| net_income = €2,5 милијарди (2021)<ref name="ar-ebrd.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ebrd.com/news/publications/financial-report/financial-report-2021.html|title=EBRD Financial Report 2021|date=11 May 2022|website=ar-ebrd.com}}</ref>
| assets = €69,77 милијарди (2021)<ref name="ar-ebrd.com"/>
| equity = €20,35 милијарди (2021)<ref name="ar-ebrd.com"/>
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees = 3000 (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebrd.com/news/publications/annual-report/annual-report-2016.html|title=EBRD Annual Report 2016|date=10 May 2017|website=ebrd.com}}</ref>
| num_members =
| subsid =
| owner =
| former_name = [[Жак Атали]]
| website = {{url|ebrd.com}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
}}

'''Европска банка за обнову и развој''' ({{јез-енг|European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; EBRD}}) основана је [[15. април]]а [[1991]]. године са седиштем у [[Лондон]]у, у циљу олакшавања транзиције седам централно-планских привреда бивших социјалистичких република ([[Бугарска]], [[Чехословачка]], [[Мађарска]], [[Пољска]], [[Румунија]], [[Савез Совјетских Социјалистичких Република|СССР]] и [[Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија|СФРЈ]]) на тржишну привреду. Највећи део њених средстава усмерава се на зајмове за приватизацију. Услов за њихово коришћење је поштовање „људских права“, развијање вишепартијске „демократије“, изградња правне државе и тржишна оријентација. Чланице EBRD су 62 земље.
'''Европска банка за обнову и развој''' ({{јез-енг|European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; EBRD}}) основана је [[15. април]]а [[1991]]. године са седиштем у [[Лондон]]у, у циљу олакшавања транзиције седам централно-планских привреда бивших социјалистичких република ([[Бугарска]], [[Чехословачка]], [[Мађарска]], [[Пољска]], [[Румунија]], [[Савез Совјетских Социјалистичких Република|СССР]] и [[Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија|СФРЈ]]) на тржишну привреду. Највећи део њених средстава усмерава се на зајмове за приватизацију. Услов за њихово коришћење је поштовање „људских права“, развијање вишепартијске „демократије“, изградња правне државе и тржишна оријентација. Чланице EBRD су 62 земље.

== Историја ==
{{рут}}
Located in London, the EBRD was intended at its beginning to focus on the [[Transition economy|switch from centrally planned economy to market based economy]] in the [[Central and Eastern Europe|Central and Eastern European countries]] by investing in the private sector, mainly banks, industries and businesses, and by promoting policies that would favor them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lessambo |first=Felix I. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919430034 |title=International financial institutions and their challenges : a global guide for future methods |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-137-52270-2 |location=New York City, NY |oclc=919430034}}</ref> It was created as a result of the end of the Cold War because of particular issues regarding the international system in place, the historical and political context at the time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Barria |first1=Lilian A. |last2=Roper |first2=Steven D. |year=2003 |title=Economic Transition in Latin American and Post-Communist Countries: A Comparison of Multilateral Development Banks |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:IJPS.0000031235.74193.a4 |journal=International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=619–638 |doi=10.1023/B:IJPS.0000031235.74193.a4 |s2cid=154390301 |issn=0891-4486}}</ref> Furthermore, its recipient countries had to insure that they would work towards "multi-party democracy and political pluralism"<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Shields |first=Stuart |date=2015 |title=Shields, S. (2015). The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the lessons from Eastern Central Europe for Middle East/North African Transition |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/417244 |journal=Spectrum: Journal of Global Studies}}</ref> in which was considered as one of the main particularity of the EBRD distinguishing the latter from other financial institutions.<ref name=":0" /> Firstly, notably advocated by European political actors such as the French President [[François Mitterrand|Mitterrand]] in 1989, the idea of creating this financial institution involving the European countries started before the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]]. The reception of this proposition was mitigated depending on the country, for instance it received hostility from the British whereas the French were important proponents of the project and influenced the process.<ref name=":1"/> In January 1990, negotiations about the EBRD objectives, its lending policy regarding the public and private sectors, started and involved all the EU countries at the time, as well as various other European countries, non-European countries and representatives from the [[European Union|EU]] and the [[European Investment Bank]]. The [[Soviet Union]] was represented by its own delegation in the process and thus participated in the negotiations as well as the USA. Later on, because of dissensions on the political and economic objectives of the institution, the inclusion of the Soviet Union was threatened. Considered as short negotiations, the agreement (for reasons relating to the situation in Eastern Europe and to a wave of privatization across Europe) leading to its creation was signed on 29 May 1990 by actors such as 40 states as well as two European organizations<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Weber |first=Steven |date=1994 |title=Origins of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020818300000801/type/journal_article |journal=International Organization |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=01–38 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300000801 |s2cid=153997471 |issn=0020-8183}}</ref> and by March 1991 took its first effects as the bank was inaugurated. The creation of the EBRD has led to the financing of various projects in the years following its first operations, for instance there were twenty projects in 1992 in which the EBRD provided financing worth [[European Currency Unit|ECU]] 2.1 billion.<ref name=":3"/>

== Управа ==
Divided between its headquarters located in [[London]], and field offices located elsewhere, the European Bank for reconstruction and development is made of a three-tier structure composed of firstly, the president and the staff, secondly the Board of Governors and finally the [[Board of Directors]]. The bank’s structure has changed over time, because of concerns about competition within the institution. In fact, in the beginning of the 90s, there were two different banking divisions (on one side, the merchant banking related to the private sector and on the other side the development banking side working mostly with the public sector). Consequently, the two divisions came to be merged into a single one, substituting this structure with another one instead dividing the bank with seven policy and country regional sub-divisions.<ref name=":1" />

=== Board of Governors ===
Representatives from each member state compose this board, they have authority power.

=== Board of Directors ===
The Board of Directors consists of 23 members elected by the Board of Governors. These members can not be on the Board of Governors. Its function is to direct the general operations of the bank, notably:<ref name=":0" />

* Approve the budget;
* In accordance with the Board of Governors, establishing policies and making other decisions, loans, investments,...;
* Prepare the work of the Board of Governors;
* Submit yearly for approval the audited accounts to the Board of Governors.

=== President ===
The EBRD is composed of many members with voting powers, from European and non-European states to the membership of other institutions such as the European Investment Bank, however depending on the geographical location of each member, voting rights differ. More precisely, European and other creditor members hold a majority voting power. At its beginning, the EBRD was owned by more than 40 members, in 2015 the number of countries owning it was 61. and as of March 2022, there were 71 countries as owners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EBRD: staff, structure, history |url=https://www.ebrd.com/who-we-are |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=www.ebrd.com |language=en}}</ref>

The following presidents have served the EBRD to date (as of March 2022).

* [[Jacques Attali]]: April 1991 – June 1993
* [[Jacques de Larosière]]: September 1993 – January 1998
* [[Horst Köhler]]: September 1998 – April 2000
* [[Jean Lemierre]]: July 2000 – July 2008
* [[Thomas Mirow]]: July 2008 – July 2012
* [[Suma Chakrabarti]]: July 2012 – July 2020
* {{Ill|Odile Renaud-Basso|fr}}: 2020 – ''present''

=== Membership ===
To become a member of the bank, a country needs to fit the EBRD's Articles of Agreement. These Articles stipulate that a country can only become a Member State if it is a state in Europe or a non-European member of the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]. Institutions like the European Union and the EIB also participate in the bank operations. Since its fondation the EBRD has almost doubled in membership size.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11419}}</ref> The latest accessions to the bank are countries located in Africa.

== Јавно банкарство ==
The EBRD is a public bank, meaning that public institutions such as states are shareholders in those institutions. More precisely, public financial institutions are controlled major predominantly by public authorities (more than 50%) whereas in institutions with public participations, public authorities aren’t majority shareholders.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schmit |first1=Mathias |title=Public Financial Institutions in Europe |last2=Gheeraert |first2=Laurent |last3=Denuit |first3=Thierry |last4=Warny |first4=Cédric |publisher=European Association of Public Banks |year=2011 |location=Bruxelles}}</ref> Public banks were particularly involved in the economic transition of the former Soviet Republics and Central and Eastern European countries as private banks and other sources of financing didn’t want to invest for reasons such as those countries’ macroeconomic difficulties as well as political reasons regarding the country’s stability for instance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hurlock |first=Matthew H |date=1994 |title=New approaches to economic development: the World Bank, the EBRD, and the negative pledge clause |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/hilj35&div=16&g_sent=1&casa_token=q3_v80WXqFkAAAAA:XwXyzOIXJLpCjPHmKSjGr1IFP_gmRSqTL7w-ptwNacOQTVm3LQzotPHqRreGtBiiagd-cpgGyw&collection=journals |journal=Harv. Int'l. LJ |volume=35}}</ref>

=== Relationship with the EIB ===
In the context of the EU’s investment banking, the EBRD and the EIB have been involved in a rivalry regarding the status of the “EU’s premier development bank”. Major criticism about the EBRD in this situation is related to the fact that non-EU countries are also important shareholders whereas the EIB is completely owned by the EU.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-25 |title=Clash intensifies over EU's development banks |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2dbbd944-0f21-11ea-a225-db2f231cfeae |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref> More recently, another source of rivalry was about becoming the new “European Climate and Sustainable Development Bank (ECSDB).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gavas |first=Mikaela |date=February 9, 2021 |title=The End of the Battle of the European Banks? "Status Quo Plus" Emerges as the Winner |url=https://www.cgdev.org/blog/end-battle-european-banks-status-quo-plus-merges-winner |website=Center for Global Development {{!}} Ideas to Action}}</ref>

=== Public Banks and the Covid-19 pandemic ===
More recently, since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, public banks have had their influence and role increased as they have become important actors of the economic recovery response.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bilal |first=Sanoussi |title=The rise of public development banks in the European financial architecture for development |publisher=Elcano Royal Institute |year=2021}}</ref> As for the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, it has committed €21 billion between 2020 and 2021 of activities. More precisely, its own package was established within the scope of the Resilience Framework, the Trade Facilitation Programme and the Vital Infrastructure Support Programme etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The EBRD and the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic |url=https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/coronavirus |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=www.ebrd.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2020 alone, it has invested €11 billion as part of 411 projects which corresponds to a 10% raison compared to 2019. 72% of its investments were received by the private sector. Moreover, because of this specific context, the EBRD focused some of its operations in sectors other than green investment meaning that it only focused 29% of its investment in this domain (compared to 46% in 2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=EBRD reports record 2020 investment in response to Covid-19 |url=https://www.ebrd.com/news/2021/ebrd-reports-record-2020-investment-in-response-to-covid19.html |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=www.ebrd.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Одрживост животне средине ==
The EBRD is unique among development banks for two reasons. First, it was the first multilateral development bank to have an explicit environmental mandate in its charter (since 1995),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ciel.org/reports/the-european-bank-for-reconstruction-and-development-an-environmental-progress-report-executive-summary-a-ciel-critique-of-ebrds-environmental-policies-november-1995-2/|title=The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: An Environmental Progress Report, Executive Summary (A CIEL Critique of EBRD's Environmental Policies) (November, 1995)|website=www.ciel.org|date=November 1995|access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref> and second, in that it will not finance thermal coal mining and coal-fired electricity generation due to their environmental impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7d0814f0-fd6f-11e8-ac00-57a2a826423e|title=Development bank halts coal financing to combat climate change|website=www.ft.com|date=12 December 2018|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ebrd.com/news/2018/ebrd-puts-decarbonisation-at-centre-of-new-energy-sector-strategy.html|title=EBRD puts decarbonisation at centre of new energy sector strategy|website=www.ebrd.com|date=12 December 2018|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/sectors-and-topics/ebrd-energy-strategy-switch-coal.html|title=The EBRD's Energy Strategy and the switch from coal.|website=www.ebrd.com|access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref>

he following table shows the development of investment volume into the Green Economy Transition (GET) approach, in support of the Paris climate goals.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Total investment !! GET investment !! Ratio !! Source
|-
| 2016 || 9.4 billion EUR || 2.9 billion EUR || 31% || <ref name=ebrdAR2016>{{cite web|url=https://www.ebrd.com/documents/comms-and-bis/pdf-annual-report-2016-english.pdf|title=Annual Report 2016|website=www.ebrd.com|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || 9.7 billion EUR || 4.1 billion EUR || 43% || <ref name=ebrdAR2017>{{cite web|url=https://www.ebrd.com/documents/comms-and-bis/pdf-annual-report-2017-english.pdf|title=Annual Review 2017|website=www.ebrd.com|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || 9.5 billion EUR || 3.3 billion EUR || 36% || <ref name=ebrdAR2018>{{cite web|url=https://www.ebrd.com/documents/comms-and-bis/annual-report-2018-english.pdf|title=Annual Review 2018|website=www.ebrd.com|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || 10.1 billion EUR|| 4.6 billion EUR || 46% || <ref name=ebrd2018>{{cite web|url=https://www.ebrd.com/news/2020/ebrd-delivers-record-positive-impact-across-its-regions-in-2019.html|title=EBRD delivers record positive impact across its regions in 2019|website=www.ebrd.com|date=16 January 2020|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
|}

The EBRD had pledged, prior to [[Paris Agreement|2015 Paris Agreement]], to dedicate above 40 per cent of its financing to green investment by 2020. This goal was accomplished for the first time in 2017.<ref>Mahmood, M., & Orazalin, N. (2017). Green governance and sustainability reporting in Kazakhstan's oil, gas, and mining sector: Evidence from a former USSR emerging economy. ''Journal of cleaner Production'', ''164'', 389-397.</ref> With Russia actually being the biggest donor to an NDEP Support Fund for the environments inside the bank, with total contributions amounting to €60 million. €5 million was donated by Russia in the same year of 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia overview |url=https://www.ebrd.com/where-we-are/russia/overview.html |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

== Референце ==
{{Reflist}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{званични веб-сајт|http://de.ebrd.com/pages/homepage.shtml}}
* {{званични веб-сајт|http://de.ebrd.com/pages/homepage.shtml}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111229065356/http://bicusa.org/ Bank Information Center]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070808073720/http://www.buyusa.gov/uk/en/178.html US Commercial Service Liaison office to EBRD]
* [http://www.bankwatch.org Central and Eastern European Bankwatch network of civil society groups monitoring and lobbying on public Bank projects and policies]
* [http://balkanrivers.net/en Balkan Rivers]


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Верзија на датум 30. јул 2022. у 02:22

Европска банка за обнову и развој
ТипMеђународна финансијска институција
СедиштеЛондон, EC2
Уједињено Краљевство
Кључни људиfr (председник)
Жак Атали (први председник)
Нето зарада€2,5 милијарди (2021)[1]
Актива€69,77 милијарди (2021)[1]
Акцијски капитал€20,35 милијарди (2021)[1]
Запослених3000 (2016)[2]
Вебсајтebrd.com

Европска банка за обнову и развој (енгл. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; EBRD) основана је 15. априла 1991. године са седиштем у Лондону, у циљу олакшавања транзиције седам централно-планских привреда бивших социјалистичких република (Бугарска, Чехословачка, Мађарска, Пољска, Румунија, СССР и СФРЈ) на тржишну привреду. Највећи део њених средстава усмерава се на зајмове за приватизацију. Услов за њихово коришћење је поштовање „људских права“, развијање вишепартијске „демократије“, изградња правне државе и тржишна оријентација. Чланице EBRD су 62 земље.

Историја

Located in London, the EBRD was intended at its beginning to focus on the switch from centrally planned economy to market based economy in the Central and Eastern European countries by investing in the private sector, mainly banks, industries and businesses, and by promoting policies that would favor them.[3] It was created as a result of the end of the Cold War because of particular issues regarding the international system in place, the historical and political context at the time.[4] Furthermore, its recipient countries had to insure that they would work towards "multi-party democracy and political pluralism"[5] in which was considered as one of the main particularity of the EBRD distinguishing the latter from other financial institutions.[3] Firstly, notably advocated by European political actors such as the French President Mitterrand in 1989, the idea of creating this financial institution involving the European countries started before the fall of the Berlin Wall. The reception of this proposition was mitigated depending on the country, for instance it received hostility from the British whereas the French were important proponents of the project and influenced the process.[4] In January 1990, negotiations about the EBRD objectives, its lending policy regarding the public and private sectors, started and involved all the EU countries at the time, as well as various other European countries, non-European countries and representatives from the EU and the European Investment Bank. The Soviet Union was represented by its own delegation in the process and thus participated in the negotiations as well as the USA. Later on, because of dissensions on the political and economic objectives of the institution, the inclusion of the Soviet Union was threatened. Considered as short negotiations, the agreement (for reasons relating to the situation in Eastern Europe and to a wave of privatization across Europe) leading to its creation was signed on 29 May 1990 by actors such as 40 states as well as two European organizations[6] and by March 1991 took its first effects as the bank was inaugurated. The creation of the EBRD has led to the financing of various projects in the years following its first operations, for instance there were twenty projects in 1992 in which the EBRD provided financing worth ECU 2.1 billion.[6]

Управа

Divided between its headquarters located in London, and field offices located elsewhere, the European Bank for reconstruction and development is made of a three-tier structure composed of firstly, the president and the staff, secondly the Board of Governors and finally the Board of Directors. The bank’s structure has changed over time, because of concerns about competition within the institution. In fact, in the beginning of the 90s, there were two different banking divisions (on one side, the merchant banking related to the private sector and on the other side the development banking side working mostly with the public sector). Consequently, the two divisions came to be merged into a single one, substituting this structure with another one instead dividing the bank with seven policy and country regional sub-divisions.[4]

Board of Governors

Representatives from each member state compose this board, they have authority power.

Board of Directors

The Board of Directors consists of 23 members elected by the Board of Governors. These members can not be on the Board of Governors. Its function is to direct the general operations of the bank, notably:[3]

  • Approve the budget;
  • In accordance with the Board of Governors, establishing policies and making other decisions, loans, investments,...;
  • Prepare the work of the Board of Governors;
  • Submit yearly for approval the audited accounts to the Board of Governors.

President

The EBRD is composed of many members with voting powers, from European and non-European states to the membership of other institutions such as the European Investment Bank, however depending on the geographical location of each member, voting rights differ. More precisely, European and other creditor members hold a majority voting power. At its beginning, the EBRD was owned by more than 40 members, in 2015 the number of countries owning it was 61. and as of March 2022, there were 71 countries as owners.[7]

The following presidents have served the EBRD to date (as of March 2022).

Membership

To become a member of the bank, a country needs to fit the EBRD's Articles of Agreement. These Articles stipulate that a country can only become a Member State if it is a state in Europe or a non-European member of the IMF. Institutions like the European Union and the EIB also participate in the bank operations. Since its fondation the EBRD has almost doubled in membership size.[8] The latest accessions to the bank are countries located in Africa.

Јавно банкарство

The EBRD is a public bank, meaning that public institutions such as states are shareholders in those institutions. More precisely, public financial institutions are controlled major predominantly by public authorities (more than 50%) whereas in institutions with public participations, public authorities aren’t majority shareholders.[9] Public banks were particularly involved in the economic transition of the former Soviet Republics and Central and Eastern European countries as private banks and other sources of financing didn’t want to invest for reasons such as those countries’ macroeconomic difficulties as well as political reasons regarding the country’s stability for instance.[10]

Relationship with the EIB

In the context of the EU’s investment banking, the EBRD and the EIB have been involved in a rivalry regarding the status of the “EU’s premier development bank”. Major criticism about the EBRD in this situation is related to the fact that non-EU countries are also important shareholders whereas the EIB is completely owned by the EU.[11] More recently, another source of rivalry was about becoming the new “European Climate and Sustainable Development Bank (ECSDB).[12]

Public Banks and the Covid-19 pandemic

More recently, since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, public banks have had their influence and role increased as they have become important actors of the economic recovery response.[13] As for the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, it has committed €21 billion between 2020 and 2021 of activities. More precisely, its own package was established within the scope of the Resilience Framework, the Trade Facilitation Programme and the Vital Infrastructure Support Programme etc.[14] In 2020 alone, it has invested €11 billion as part of 411 projects which corresponds to a 10% raison compared to 2019. 72% of its investments were received by the private sector. Moreover, because of this specific context, the EBRD focused some of its operations in sectors other than green investment meaning that it only focused 29% of its investment in this domain (compared to 46% in 2019).[15]

Одрживост животне средине

The EBRD is unique among development banks for two reasons. First, it was the first multilateral development bank to have an explicit environmental mandate in its charter (since 1995),[16] and second, in that it will not finance thermal coal mining and coal-fired electricity generation due to their environmental impact.[17][18][19]

he following table shows the development of investment volume into the Green Economy Transition (GET) approach, in support of the Paris climate goals.

Year Total investment GET investment Ratio Source
2016 9.4 billion EUR 2.9 billion EUR 31% [20]
2017 9.7 billion EUR 4.1 billion EUR 43% [21]
2018 9.5 billion EUR 3.3 billion EUR 36% [22]
2019 10.1 billion EUR 4.6 billion EUR 46% [23]

The EBRD had pledged, prior to 2015 Paris Agreement, to dedicate above 40 per cent of its financing to green investment by 2020. This goal was accomplished for the first time in 2017.[24] With Russia actually being the biggest donor to an NDEP Support Fund for the environments inside the bank, with total contributions amounting to €60 million. €5 million was donated by Russia in the same year of 2015.[25]

Референце

  1. ^ а б в „EBRD Financial Report 2021”. ar-ebrd.com. 11. 5. 2022. 
  2. ^ „EBRD Annual Report 2016”. ebrd.com. 10. 5. 2017. 
  3. ^ а б в Lessambo, Felix I. (2015). International financial institutions and their challenges : a global guide for future methods. New York City, NY. ISBN 978-1-137-52270-2. OCLC 919430034. 
  4. ^ а б в Barria, Lilian A.; Roper, Steven D. (2003). „Economic Transition in Latin American and Post-Communist Countries: A Comparison of Multilateral Development Banks”. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society (на језику: енглески). 17 (4): 619—638. ISSN 0891-4486. S2CID 154390301. doi:10.1023/B:IJPS.0000031235.74193.a4. 
  5. ^ Shields, Stuart (2015). „Shields, S. (2015). The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the lessons from Eastern Central Europe for Middle East/North African Transition”. Spectrum: Journal of Global Studies. 
  6. ^ а б Weber, Steven (1994). „Origins of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development”. International Organization (на језику: енглески). 48 (1): 01—38. ISSN 0020-8183. S2CID 153997471. doi:10.1017/S0020818300000801. 
  7. ^ „EBRD: staff, structure, history”. www.ebrd.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-03-29. 
  8. ^ „European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)”. 30. 1. 2020. 
  9. ^ Schmit, Mathias; Gheeraert, Laurent; Denuit, Thierry; Warny, Cédric (2011). Public Financial Institutions in Europe. Bruxelles: European Association of Public Banks. 
  10. ^ Hurlock, Matthew H (1994). „New approaches to economic development: the World Bank, the EBRD, and the negative pledge clause”. Harv. Int'l. LJ. 35. 
  11. ^ „Clash intensifies over EU's development banks”. Financial Times. 2019-11-25. Приступљено 2022-05-20. 
  12. ^ Gavas, Mikaela (9. 2. 2021). „The End of the Battle of the European Banks? "Status Quo Plus" Emerges as the Winner”. Center for Global Development | Ideas to Action. 
  13. ^ Bilal, Sanoussi (2021). The rise of public development banks in the European financial architecture for development. Elcano Royal Institute. 
  14. ^ „The EBRD and the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic”. www.ebrd.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-05-20. 
  15. ^ „EBRD reports record 2020 investment in response to Covid-19”. www.ebrd.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-05-20. 
  16. ^ „The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: An Environmental Progress Report, Executive Summary (A CIEL Critique of EBRD's Environmental Policies) (November, 1995)”. www.ciel.org. новембар 1995. Приступљено 20. 2. 2020. 
  17. ^ „Development bank halts coal financing to combat climate change”. www.ft.com. 12. 12. 2018. Приступљено 19. 2. 2020. 
  18. ^ „EBRD puts decarbonisation at centre of new energy sector strategy”. www.ebrd.com. 12. 12. 2018. Приступљено 19. 2. 2020. 
  19. ^ „The EBRD's Energy Strategy and the switch from coal.”. www.ebrd.com. Приступљено 1. 10. 2018. 
  20. ^ „Annual Report 2016” (PDF). www.ebrd.com. Приступљено 19. 2. 2020. 
  21. ^ „Annual Review 2017” (PDF). www.ebrd.com. Приступљено 19. 2. 2020. 
  22. ^ „Annual Review 2018” (PDF). www.ebrd.com. Приступљено 19. 2. 2020. 
  23. ^ „EBRD delivers record positive impact across its regions in 2019”. www.ebrd.com. 16. 1. 2020. Приступљено 19. 2. 2020. 
  24. ^ Mahmood, M., & Orazalin, N. (2017). Green governance and sustainability reporting in Kazakhstan's oil, gas, and mining sector: Evidence from a former USSR emerging economy. Journal of cleaner Production, 164, 389-397.
  25. ^ „Russia overview”. Приступљено 20. 4. 2020. 

Спољашње везе

Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Европска_банка_за_обнову_и_развој&oldid=25128742”