Istorija Mjanmara

Burma je u svojoj ranoj istoriji zbog geografskog sklopa bila podeljena na izolovane kraljevine i kneževine. Nastanila su je plemena koja su naišla sa severa visoravni Tibeta. Svaki talas je potiskivao prethodno pleme, dok se najzad Čini, Moni, Arkani, Šani i Kareni nisu nastanili u ravnicama i u brežuljcima juga. Ekspanzija Indijaca i 2. veku dovela je Burmu i dodir sa indijskom civilizacijom. Primorje i južna Burma primili su indijsku kulturu, umetnost i budizam.

Rana istorija (do 9. veka)

Praistorija

Najraniji arheološki dokazi ukazuju na to da su kulture u Burmi postojale već 11.000 godina pre nove ere. Većina naznaka ranog naseljavanja pronađena je u centralnoj sušnoj zoni, gde se raštrkana mesta pojavljuju u neposrednoj blizini reke Iravadi. Anjatijan, kameno doba Burme, postojalo je u vreme za koje se smatralo da paralelno prati donji i srednji paleolit u Evropi. Neolitsko ili novo kameno doba, kada su biljke i životinje prvi put pripitomljene i kada se pojavilo uglačano kameno oruđe, u Burmi je svjedočeno u tri pećine smeštene u blizini Taungija na rubu visoravni Šan, nalazi iz kojih su datirani na period od 10000 do 6000 godina pre nove ere.

Oko 1500. godine p. n. e., ljudi u regionu su pretvarali bakar u bronzu, uzgajali pirinač i pripitomljavali kokoške i svinje. Oni su bili među prvim ljudima na svetu koji su to učinili. Do 500. godine pre nove ere, naselja u kojima se kovalo gvožđe nastala su u oblasti južno od današnjeg Mandaleja. Bronzom ukrašeni kovčezi i grobna mesta ispunjena ostacima zemljanog posuđa su eskavirani. Arheološki dokazi u dolini Samon južno od Mandalaja ukazuju na naselja u kojima je uzgajan pirinač i koja su trgovala sa Kinom između 500. godine p. n. e. i 200. godine. Tokom gvozdenog doba, arheološki dokazi takođe iz doline Samon otkrivaju promene u načinu sahranjivanja na koje je Indija imala veliki uticaj. Ove promene uključuju sahranjivanje odojčadi u posudama u kojima njihova veličina prikazuje njihov porodični status.

Burma u doba Amavrahta

Amavrahta (1044—1077) je unekoliko navrata ujedinio male plemenske kneževine. Unapredio je budizam, osvojio Arakan i Taton, centar monske civilizacije. Pagan (danas Bagan), prestonica Burme, izrastao je u veliki grad s mnogo pagoda. Amavraht je osnivač dinastije koja je Burmu uvela u „zlatno doba“.

Mongolska osvajanja Burme

Burmu je osvojio Kublaj Kan, mongolsi car. Kublaj je držao Pagan četrnaest godina (1287—1301). Dolaskom šanskih prinčeva Mongoli su napustili Burmu.

Kraljevine — Ava, Tangu i Pegu

Nakon odlaska Mongola, na području Burme, stvorile su se nove kraljevine — Ava, Tangu i Pegu.

Tangu

Početkom 15. veka Tangu je postao glavna burmanska država. Njen kralj Tabinšvehti (1531—1550) bio je hrabar i vešt vojskovođa. Osvojio je Batejn, Mjaungmja i Pegu. Zatim je na severu osvojio Pagan. Njegov naslednik Bajnaung (1550—1581) nastavio je ekspanziju i uspostavio svoju vlast nad celom ravnicom, šanskim državama Tenaserimom Pokorio je Sijam. Dobro je upravljao, ali za održavanje vlasti nad ovolikom teritorijom bilo je potrebno ratovati svake godine. Poljoprivreda je propadala i ljudska snaga se iscrpljivala. Kada je umro, ostavio je veliku, ali slabu državu bez jedinstvene uprave. Sijamci su 1600. oslobodili svoju zemlju i deo Tenaserima i zajedno sa Arkancima upali u deltu i opljačkali Pegu. Kralj Talun (1629—1648) je konsolidovao državu i prestonicu je premestio iz Pegua u Avu gde je bila van dodira sa spoljašnjim svetom.

Literatura

• Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2005). The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated izd.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0824828860. 
• Brown, Ian. Burma’s Economy in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge University Press, 2013) 229 pp. online review at http://eh.net/book-reviews
• Callahan, Mary (2003). Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 
• Cameron, Ewan. "The State of Myanmar," History Today (May 2020), 70#4 pp. 90–93.
• Charney, Michael W. (2009). A History of Modern Burma. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61758-1. 
• Charney, Michael W. (2006). Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. 
• Cooler, Richard M. (2002). „The Art and Culture of Burma”. Northern Illinois University. 
• Dai, Yingcong (2004). „A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty”. Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 38: 145—189. doi:10.1017/s0026749x04001040. 
• Fernquest, Jon (jesen 2005). „Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524–27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486–1539”. SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 3 (2). ISSN 1479-8484. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Hall, D. G. E. (1960). Burma (3rd izd.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1-4067-3503-1. 
• Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 
• Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.  online free to borrow
• Hudson, Bob (mart 2005), „A Pyu Homeland in the Samon Valley: a new theory of the origins of Myanmar's early urban system” (PDF), Myanmar Historical Commission Golden Jubilee International Conference, Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 26. 11. 2013. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Kyaw Thet (1962). History of Burma (na jeziku: burmanski). Yangon: Yangon University Press. 
• Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7. 
• Luce, G. H.; et al. (1939). „Burma through the fall of Pagan: an outline, part 1” (PDF). Journal of the Burma Research Society. 29: 264—282. 
• Mark, Karl (1853). War in Burma—The Russian Question—Curious Diplomatic Correspondence. Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. 12. Clemens Dutt (trans.) (1979 izd.). New York: International Publishers. 
• Moore, Elizabeth H. (2007). Early Landscapes of Myanmar. Bangkok: River Books. ISBN 978-974-9863-31-2. 
• Myint-U, Thant (2001). The Making of Modern Burma. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79914-7. 
• Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6. 
• Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 izd.). London: Susil Gupta. 
• Selth, Andrew (2012). Burma (Myanmar) Since the 1988 Uprising: A Select Bibliography. Australia: Griffith University. 
• Smith, Martin John (1991). Burma: insurgency and the politics of ethnicity (Illustrated izd.). Zed Books. ISBN 0-86232-868-3. 
• Steinberg, David I. (2009). Burma/Myanmar: what everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539068-1. 
• Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand: A Short History (2 izd.). str. 125. ISBN 978-0-300-08475-7. 
• Englehart, Neil A. "Liberal Leviathan or Imperial Outpost? J. S. Furnivall on Colonial Rule in Burma", Modern Asian Studies (2011) 45#4 pp. 759–790.
• „Anyathian complex”, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011 
• Aung Thaw (1969). „The 'neolithic' culture of the Padah-Lin Caves” (PDF). The Journal of Burma Research Society. The Burma Research Society. 52 (1): 15. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 5. 3. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 2. 2. 2011. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Cooler, Richard M. (2002). „Prehistoric and Animist Periods”. Northern Illinois University. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 05. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 11. 1. 2011. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd izd.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1-4067-3503-1. 
• Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 
• Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. 
• Hudson, Bob (mart 2005), „A Pyu Homeland in the Samon Valley: a new theory of the origins of Myanmar's early urban system” (PDF), Myanmar Historical Commission Golden Jubilee International Conference, Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 26. 11. 2013. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7. 
• Moore, Elizabeth H. (2007). Early Landscapes of Myanmar. Bangkok: River Books. ISBN 978-974-9863-31-2. 
• Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6. 
• Aung-Thwin, Michael (1996). „Kingdom of Pagan”. Ur.: Gillian Cribbs. Myanmar Land of the Spirits. Guernsey: Co & Bear Productions. ISBN 978-0-9527665-0-6. 
• Stargardt, Janice (1990). The Ancient Pyu of Burma: Early Pyu cities in a man-made landscape (illustrated izd.). PACSEA. ISBN 9781873178003. 
• Thein, Cherry (14. 11. 2011). „Pyu burial site discovered at Sri Ksetra”. The Myanmar Times. Arhivirano iz originala 3. 2. 2012. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

Spoljašnje veze

• Webproject in English and Myanmar about the history of Burma/Myanmar, by historian Thant Myint-U and webdesigners in Myanmar
• Factfile: Burma's history of repression
• University of Washington Library papers by Burmese historians Than Tun, Yi Yi, U Pe Maung Tin, Ba Shin Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (16. februar 2009)
• SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research articles on Burma's history Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (8. januar 2010)
• The Origins of Pagan by Bob Hudson
• The Changing Nature of Conflict Between Burma and Siam as seen from the Growth and Development of Burmese States from the 16th to the 19th Centuries Pamaree Surakiat, Asia Research Institute, Singapore, March 2006
• Online Burma/Myanmar Library a veritable mine of information
• The Bloodstrewn Path:Burma's Early Journey to Independence BBC Burmese, 30 September 2005, Retrieved 2006-10-28
• The Nu-Attlee Treaty and Let Ya-Freeman Agreement, 1947 Online Burma/Myanmar Library
• Federalism in Burma Online Burma/Myanmar Library
• Burma Communist Party's Conspiracy to take over State Power and related information Online Burma/Myanmar Library
• Burma (Myanmar) since the 1988 uprising: a select bibliography, by Andrew Selth
• Understanding Burma's SPDC Generals Mizzima, Retrieved 2006-10-31
• Strangers in a Changed Land Thalia Isaak, The Irrawaddy, March–April 2001, Retrieved 2006-10-29
• Behold a New Empire Aung Zaw,The Irrawaddy, October 2006, Retrieved 2006-10-19
• Daewoo — A Serial Suitor of the Burmese Regime Clive Parker, The Irrawaddy, 7 December 2006, Retrieved on 2006-12-08
• Heroes and Villains The Irrawaddy, March 2007
• Lion City Lament Kyaw Zwa Moe, The Irrawaddy, March 2007
• Pyu Homeland in Samon Valley Bob Hudson 2005
• The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877. The Packard Humanities Institute, Persian Texts in Translation.
• Was the uprising of 1988 worth it?