Moskovsko-litvanski ratovi

Moskovsko-litvanski ratovi, poznati i kao Rusko-litvanski ratovi, bili su niz ratova između Velike kneževine Litvanije (u savezu sa Kraljevinom Poljskom) i Velike moskovske kneževine, koja će kasnije postati Rusko carstvo. Nakon nekoliko poraza od Ivana III i Vasilija III, Litvanci su se sve više oslanjali na poljsku pomoć, koja je s vremenom postala važan faktor u stvaranju Državne zajednice Poljske i Litvanije. Pre prve serije ratova u 15. veku, Velika kneževina Litvanija preuzela je kontrolu nad mnogim teritorijama Istočne Evrope, od Kijeva do Možajska, nakon propasti Kijevske Rusije zbog mongolskih invazija. Tokom ratova, posebno u 16. veku, Moskovljani su uspeli da se prošire prema zapadu, preuzevši kontrolu nad mnogim kneževinama.

Istorijska pozadina

14. vek: Litvanska ekspanzija

Glavni članak: Litvansko-moskovski rat (1368–1372)

Širenje litvanske države od 13. do 15. veka

Velike kneževine Moskve i Litvanije su imale niz sukoba još od vladavine Gedimina, koji je u bici na reci Irpin pobedio koaliciju rutenskih kneževa i zauzeo Kijev, bivšu prestonicu Kijevske Rusije. Do sredine 14. veka, Litvanija koja se širila obuhvatala je Černigov i Severiju. Algirdas, naslednik Gedimina, sklopio je savez sa Velikim Tverskim vojvodstvom i preduzeo tri ekspedicije protiv Moskve, pokušavajući da iskoristi nedoraslost Velikog kneza Moskve, Dmitrija Ivanoviča, koji je ipak uspeo da odbije ove napade.

Prvi upadi litvanskih trupa u Moskovsku kneževinu dogodili su se 1363. Godine 1368, Algirdas je izveo prvu veliku ekspediciju protiv Moskve. Opustošivši moskvsku pograničnu teritoriju, litvanski princ je porazio trupe kneza Starodouba Simeona Dmitrijeviča Krapiva i kneza Obolenskog Konstantina Jurijeviča. Dana 21. novembra Algirdas je porazio moskovske stražarske trupe na reci Trosna. Međutim, nije mogao da zauzme Moskovski kremlj. Algirdasove trupe su opustošile oblast oko grada i porobile značajan deo moskovskog stanovništva. Godine 1370, Algirdas je preduzeo još jednu ekspediciju protiv Moskve. Uništio je područje oko Voloka Lamskog. Dana 6. decembra opkolio je Moskvu i počeo da pustoši okolno područje. Dobivši poruku da knez Vladimir Andrejevič dolazi u pomoć Moskvi, Algirdas se vratio u Litvaniju. Godine 1372, Algirdas je ponovo napao Moskvu i stigao do Ljubutska. Međutim, veliki knez Moskve Dmitrij Ivanovič porazio je stražarske trupe Algirdasa, i Litvanci su sklopili primirje sa Moskvom. Godine 1375, Algirdas je opustošio Smolensku kneževinu.

Neki elementi u Moskovskoj kneževini su želeli da uspostave kontrolu nad svim teritorijama koje su nekada bile u sastavu Kijevske Rusije, od kojih su mnoge u to vreme bile deo Velikog vojvodstva Litvanije (uključujući današnje teritorije Belorusije i Ukrajine). Nadalje, Moskva je želela da proširi svoj pristup Baltičkom moru, sve važnijem trgovačkom putu. Stoga je sukob između Litvanije i Moskve tek počinjao.

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