Agronomija

Uzimanje uzoraka.

Agronomija (od grčke reči ἀγρός — polje i νόμος — zakon) je nauka i tehnologija o obradi zemlje radi proizvodnje ljudske i stočne hrane, goriva, kao i niza drugih proizvoda. Agronomija obuhvata aktivnosti u oblastima biljne genetike, biljne fiziologije, meteorologije, i nauke o zemljištu. Agronomija je primena kombinacije nauka, među kojima su biologija, hemija, ekonomija, ekologija, nauke o Zemlji, i genetika. Agronomija se pored proizvodnje hrane bavi razvojem zdravije hrane, i upravljanjem utjecaja poljoprivrede na okolinu.

Agronomija se može podeliti na više specijalizovanih oblasti: rotacija useva, irigacija i drenaža, oplemenjivanje bilja, fiziologija biljaka, plodnost i klasifikacija zemljišta, kontrola korova, kontrola insekata i štetočina.

Oplemenjivanje biljaka

Glavni članak: Oplemenjivanje biljaka

Agronom, uzorkuje probnu parcelu lana.

Ova oblast agronomije uključuje selektivno oplemenjivanje biljaka za proizvodnju najboljih useva za različite uslove. Oplemenjivanje biljaka je povećalo prinose useva i poboljšalo hranljivu vrednost brojnih useva, uključujući kukuruz, soju i pšenicu. To je takođe rezultiralo razvojem novih vrsta biljaka. Na primer, hibridno zrno po imenu tritikal proizvedeno je ukrštanjem raži i pšenice. Tritikal sadrži više upotrebljivih proteina nego raž ili pšenica. Agronomija je takođe bila ključna za istraživanje proizvodnje voća i povrća. Pored toga, za razvoj travnjaka, korišćenje oplemenjivanja biljaka rezultiralo je smanjenjem potrebe za unosom đubriva i vode (zahtevima), kao i vrstama travnjaka koji pokazuju povećanu otpornost na bolesti.

Biotehnologija

An agronomist mapping a plant genome.

Agronomists use biotechnology to extend and expedite the development of desired characteristics. Biotechnology is often a laboratory activity requiring field testing of new crop varieties that are developed.

In addition to increasing crop yields agronomic biotechnology is being applied increasingly for novel uses other than food. For example, oilseed is at present used mainly for margarine and other food oils, but it can be modified to produce fatty acids for detergents, substitute fuels and petrochemicals.

Nauka o zemljištu

Главни чланак: Poljoprivredna nauka o zemljištu

Agronomists study sustainable ways to make soils more productive and profitable. They classify soils and analyze them to determine whether they contain nutrients vital for plant growth. Common macronutrients analyzed include compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Soil is also assessed for several micronutrients, like zinc and boron. The percentage of organic matter, soil pH, and nutrient holding capacity (cation exchange capacity) are tested in a regional laboratory. Agronomists will interpret these laboratory reports and make recommendations to modify soil nutrients for optimal plant growth.

Soil conservation

Additionally, agronomists develop methods to preserve soil and decrease the effects of [erosion] by wind and water. For example, a technique known as contour plowing may be used to prevent soil erosion and conserve rainfall. Researchers of agronomy also seek ways to use the soil more effectively for solving other problems. Such problems include the disposal of human and animal manure, water pollution, and pesticide accumulation in the soil, as well as preserving the soil for future generations such as the burning of paddocks after crop production. Pasture management techniques include no-till farming, planting of soil-binding grasses along contours on steep slopes, and using contour drains of depths as much as 1 metre.

Agroekologija

Agroecology is the management of agricultural systems with an emphasis on ecological and environmental applications. This topic is associated closely with work for sustainable agriculture, organic farming, and alternative food systems and the development of alternative cropping systems.

Teoretsko modelovanje

Theoretical production ecology is the quantitative study of the growth of crops. The plant is treated as a kind of biological factory, which processes light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients into harvestable products. The main parameters considered are temperature, sunlight, standing crop biomass, plant production distribution, and nutrient and water supply.

Vidi još

• Ratarstvo
• Povrtarstvo

Literatura

• Wendy B. Murphy, Watts (1984). The Future World of Agriculture. Grolier. ISBN 978-0-7172-8142-8. 
• Storia delle scienze agrarie by Antonio Saltini, 4 vols, Bologna 1984-89. ISBN 978-88-206-2412-5. ISBN 978-88-206-2413-2. ISBN 978-88-206-2414-9.. ISBN 88-206-2414-X.
• J. Benton Jones Jr (2002). Agronomic Handbook: Management of Crops, Soils and Their Fertility (1. изд.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0897-0. 
• McCouch, S. (2004). „Diversifying Selection in Plant Breeding”. PLOS Biol. 2 (10): e347. PMC 521731 . PMID 15486582. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020347. 
• Briggs, F.N. and Knowles, P.F. 1967. Introduction to Plant Breeding. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.
• Curry, Helen Anne. Evolution Made to Order: Plant Breeding and Technological Innovation in Twentieth-Century America (U of Chicago Press, 2016). x, 285 pp.
• Gepts, P. (2002). „A Comparison between Crop Domestication, Classical Plant Breeding, and Genetic Engineering”. Crop Science. 42 (6): 1780—1790. doi:10.2135/cropsci2002.1780. 
• The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication – The Harlan Symposium
• Schlegel, Rolf (2009) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding 2nd ed. (ISBN 9781439802427), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 584
• Schlegel, Rolf (2007) Concise Encyclopedia of Crop Improvement: Institutions, Persons, Theories, Methods, and Histories (ISBN 9781560221463), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 423
• Schlegel, Rolf (2014) Dictionary of Plant Breeding, 2nd ed., (ISBN 978-1439802427), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Taylor & Francis Group, Inc., New York, USA, pp 584
• Schouten, Henk J.; Krens, Frans A.; Jacobsen, Evert (2006). „Do cisgenic plants warrant less stringent oversight?”. Nature Biotechnology. 24 (7): 753. PMID 16841052. S2CID 8087798. doi:10.1038/nbt0706-753 . 
• Schouten, Henk J.; Krens, Frans A.; Jacobsen, Evert (2006). „Cisgenic plants are similar to traditionally bred plants”. EMBO Reports. 7 (8): 750—753. PMC 1525145 . PMID 16880817. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400769. 
• Sun. „From indica and japonica splitting in common wild rice DNA to the origin and evolution of Asian cultivated rice”. Agricultural Archaeology. 1998: 21—29. 
• Thro, A.M.; Spillane, C. (1999) Biotechnology assisted participatory plant breeding: Complement or contradiction? CGIAR Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis, Working Document No.4, CIAT: Cali. 150pp.
• Deppe, Carol (2000). Breed Your Own Vegetable Varieties. Chelsea Green Publishing. 
• Vaschetto, Luis M., ур. (2020). Cereal Genomics. Methods in Molecular Biology (на језику: енглески). 2072. ISBN 978-1-4939-9864-7. ISSN 1064-3745. S2CID 82398463. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9865-4. 
• Baveye, P.; Jacobson, A.R.; Allaire, S.E.; Tandarich, J.P.; Bryant, R.B. (2006). „Whither Goes Soil Science in the United States and Canada?”. Soil Science. 171 (7): 501—518. S2CID 97046751. doi:10.1097/01.ss.0000228032.26905.a9. 
• FAO-AGL, 2006, Soil Biodiversity Portal: Conservation and Management of Soil Biodiversity and its role in Sustainable Agriculture Url last accessed 2006-04-16
• Kellog, C.E., 1961, A challenge to American soil scientists: On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Soil Science Society of America. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 25(6):419-423, 1961.
• Professional Profiles - Agricultural and Food Scientists (Soil Scientists) Url last accessed 2006-04-16
• USDA-NRCS Careers in Soil Science Url last accessed 2006-04-16
• Professional Profiles - Agricultural and Food Scientists (Soil Scientists) Url last accessed 2006-04-16

Spoljašnje veze

• Evropsko agronomsko društvo
• Američko agronomsko društvo
• Plant Breeding and Genomics eXtension Community of Practice – education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals
• Plant Breeding Updates
• Hybridization of Crop Plants – large practical reference on plant hybridization
• Infography about the History of Plant Breeding
• Glossary of plant breeding terminology by the Open Plant Breeding Foundation
• National Association of Plant Breeders (NAPB)
• The Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building – GIPB
• FAO/IAEA Programme Mutant Variety Database
• FDA Statement of Policy – Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties
• A Breed Apart: The Plant Breeder's Guide to Preventing Patents through Defensive Publication by Cydnee V. Bence & Emily J. Speigel, 2019