Keopsova piramida
Keopsova piramida | |
---|---|
Keops | |
Koordinate | 29° 58′ 45″ S; 31° 08′ 02″ I / 29.979167° S; 31.133889° I |
Visina | 138,75 m (prvobitna 146,6) |
Baza | 225m x 225m |
Zapremina | 2.583.283 m³ |
Nagib | 51°50′ |
Graditelj | Kufu |
Keopsova piramida (egipatsko ime: Ahet Kufu - „Keopsov horizont“, starogrč. ἡ μεγάλη Πύραμις τοῦ Хέοπος, lat. Magna Pyramis Cheopis) je najveća i najstarija od tri piramide kod Gize i ujedno najveća piramida na svetu. Često je nazivaju jednostavno: „Velika piramida“. Piramida je izgrađena kao grobnica egipatskog faraona četvrte egipatske dinastije Keopsa (Kufua) u XXVI veku p. n. e.[1] Zajedno sa Kefrenovom i Mikerinovom piramidom predstavlja jedino očuvano antičko svetsko čudo.
Visoka je 138,75 m, dužine 225 m i obuhvata površinu od 5,3 hektara.[2] Na njoj je radilo 100.000 ljudi, dvadeset godina po tri meseca godišnje, i to u vreme poplave Nila, kada se nije mogla obrađivati zemlja. Radili su robovi i seljaci. U Keopsovu piramidu ugrađeno je oko 2,5 miliona blokova, isklesanih u kamenolomu na desnoj obali Nila. Blokovi su od krečnjaka, bazalta i granita. Kameni blokovi su bili teški od dve do četiri tone (u proseku 2,5, maksimalno 7,5).[3] Veliki granitni neotesani blokovi sa kojima je građen plafon za kraljevski salon, težili su preko pedeset tona. Prema pisanju Herodota, pripreme za gradnju Keopsove piramide trajale su više od dvadeset godina. Glavni nadzornik radova na Keopsovoj piramidi bio je verovatno Hemiunu, Keopsov nećak.
Keopsova piramida je jedina piramida koja ima i uzlazne i silazne hodnike. U njoj postoje tri do sada otkrivene odaje. Sve se one nalaze u centru piramide na njenoj vertikalnoj osi. Od ulaza, hodnik dug 18 m vodi nadole i račva se u dva pravca. Jedan krak vodi nadole do nedovršene prostorije koja je isklesana u steni na kojoj počiva piramida. To je najveća prostorija u Keopsovoj piramidi, ali potpuno nedovršena. Drugi krak vodi do velike galerije (49 m x 3 m x 11 m), gde se ponovo račva. Jedan tunel vodi do „Kraljičine odaje“ (ovo ime ne odgovara stvarnosti, jer kraljice nisu sahranjivane u glavnoj piramidi), dok drugi krivuda dok se ne sretne sa hodnikom koji se spušta. Malo predsoblje vodi iz Velike galerije do kraljeve zagrobne odaje.
Razmere piramide posle nastanka:
- visina — 146,64 m
- zapremina — 2,58 miliona m³
- masa 6,25 miliona tona
- dužina stranica:
- zapadni — 230,357 m
- istočni — 230,391 m
- severni — 230,251 m
- južni — 230,454 m
Radovi na piramidi su okončani 2580. p. n. e. Razlika u dužinama njenih stranica je po izgradnji bila manja od jednog promila. Kefrenova piramida (srednja od tri piramide) izgleda viša, međutim ona je izgrađena na steni koja je viša za 10 m, a po samoj visini građevine je za tri metra niža.
Istočno od piramide su tri sporedne piramide namenjene kraljicama (G1a—G1c).
- G1a je grobnica kraljice majke Heteferes
- G1b je grobnica kraljice Meritites
- G1c je (verovatno) grobnica kraljice Henutsen
Mala kultna piramida na jugoistoku (G1d) je otkrivena tek pre nekoliko godina.
Pred ovim zdanjem svojevremeno je zastao Aleksandar Makedonski da se nagleda genijalnosti rada svojih predaka. Keopsova piramida je 4000. godina bila najviša na svetu, sve do 14. veka kada ju je nadmašila Katedrala u Linkolnu.
Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Tallet 2017.
- ^ Lehner & Hawass 2017, str. 143, 530–531.
- ^ Lehner, Mark (2002). „The Fabric of a Pyramid: Ground Truth” (PDF). Aeragram. 5_2: 4—5. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 11. 08. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 22. 10. 2022.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Beinlich, Horst (2010). Mit Richard Lepsius auf die Cheops-Pyramide. Dettelbach: Röll. ISBN 978-3-89754-375-1.
- Goyon, Georges (1990). Die Cheopspyramide. Geheimnis und Geschichte. Augsburg: Weltbild. ISBN 978-3-89350-080-2.
- Haase, Michael (2003). Das Vermächtnis des Cheops. Die Geschichte der Großen Pyramide. München: Herbig. ISBN 978-3-7766-2346-8.
- Haase, Michael (2004). Eine Stätte für die Ewigkeit. Der Pyramidenkomplex des Cheops aus baulicher, architektonischer und kulturhistorischer Sicht. von Zabern, Mainz. ISBN 978-3-8053-3105-0.
- Zahi Hawass: Die Schätze der Pyramiden. Weltbild, Augsburg. 2003. ISBN 978-3-8289-0809-3. str. 122-129..
- Christian Hölzl (Hrsg.) (2004). Die Pyramiden Ägyptens. Wien: Brandstätter. ISBN 978-3-85498-360-6.
- Jánosi, Peter (2004). Die Pyramiden. München: Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-50831-8.
- Vito Maragioglio, Celeste Rinaldi: L´Architettura Delle Piramidi Menfite Parte IV La Grande Piramide di Cheope (2 Bände) (= L'architettura delle piramidi menfite. Nr. 4). Torino 1965 (English Translation by Jennifer Anne Jellis Zanini, Norah Keefe and Vito Maragioglio). (Online: Testo Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (29. januar 2013) (PDF; 19,9 MB), Tavole Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (29. јануар 2013); PDF; 33,4 MB).
- Romer, John (2007). The Great Pyramid. Ancient Egypt Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87166-2.
- Torsten Sasse und Michael Haase (2000). Im Schatten der Pyramiden. Spurensuche im alten Ägypten. München: Econ. ISBN 978-3-612-26681-1.
- Rainer Stadelmann: Die ägyptischen Pyramiden: Vom Ziegelbau zum Weltwunder. 2. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage., von Zabern, Mainz. 1991. ISBN 978-3-8053-1142-7., insb. str. 105-127. (online Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (29. januar 2013); PDF; 66,7 MB).
- Verner, Miroslav (1999). Die Pyramiden. Hamburg: Rowohlt. ISBN 978-3-499-60890-2.
- Frank Müller-Römer: Pyramidenbau mit Rampen und Seilwinden: Ein Beitrag zur Bautechnik im Alten Reich. Dissertation, LMU, München 2008. Online Version.
- Arnold, Dieter (2005). Temples of Ancient Egypt. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-945-5.
- Arnold, Dieter; Strudwick, Nigel; Strudwick, Helen (2002). The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-465-8.
- Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-41879-9.
- Brier, Bob; Hobbs, A. Hoyt (1999). Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30313-5.
- Burton, Anne (1972). Diodorus Siculus: Book I, A Commentary. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 9004035141.
- Cole, J.H. (1925). Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Cairo: Government Press. Survey of Egypt Paper No. 39.
- Cooperson, Michael (2010). „al-Ma'mun, the Pyramids, and the Hieroglyphs”. Ur.: Nawas, John. Occasional Papers of the School of 'Abbasid Studies Leuven 28 June – 1 July 2004. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. 177. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters. str. 165—190. OCLC 788203355.
- Clarke, Somers; Engelbach, Reginal (1991). Ancient Egyptian construction and architecture. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-26485-1.
- Collins, Dana M. (2001). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
- Colavito, Jason (2015). Foundations of Atlantis, Ancient Astronauts and Other Alternative Pasts: 148 Documents Cited by Writers of Fringe History, Translated with Annotations. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9645-7.
- Cremin, Aedeen (2007). Archaeologica: The World's Most Significant Sites and Cultural Treasures. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2822-1.
- Diodorus Siculus (1933). Library of History: Books 1-2.34. 1. Prevod: C. H. Oldfather. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Dormion, Gilles (2004). La chambre de Chéops: Analyse architecturale. ISBN 978-2213622293.
- Edgar, John; Edgar, Morton (1910). The Great Pyramid Passages and Chambers. 1.
- Edwards, I.E.S. (1986) [1962]. The Pyramids of Egypt. Max Parrish.
- El Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium : Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings (na jeziku: engleski). Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84472-063-7. Pristupljeno 27. 3. 2021.
- Greaves, John (1752) [1646]. Pyramidographia: or, a Description of the pyramids in Egypt (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 7. 4. 2021.
- Haase, Michael (2004a). Eine Stätte für die Ewigkeit: Der Pyramidenkomplex des Cheops aus baulicher, architektonischer und kulturgeschichtlicher Sicht. ISBN 3805331053.
- Haase, Michael (2004b). „Der Serviceschacht der Cheops-Pyramide. Bemerkungen zur Konstruktion des Verbindungsschachtes zwischen Großer Galerie und absteigendem Korridor.”. Sokar. 9: 12—17. ISSN 1438-7956.
- Hassan, Selim (1960). The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols. I–X of the Excavations at Giza. Ministry of Culture and National Orientation, Antiquities Department of Egypt.
- Hawass, Zahi; Senussi, Ashraf (2008). Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza. Supreme Council of Antiquities. ISBN 978-977-305-986-6.
- Ibn al-Nadim (1970). The Fihrist of al-Nadim: a tenth-century survey of muslim culture. Bayard Dodge (trans.). New York City: Columbia University Press.
- Jackson, K.; Stamp, J. (2002). Pyramid : Beyond Imagination. Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza. BBC Worldwide Ltd. ISBN 978-0-563-48803-3.
- Kingsland, William (1932). The Great pyramid in fact and in theory. London: Rider. ISBN 978-0-7873-0497-3.
- Lawton, Ian; Ogilvie-Herald, Chris (2000). Giza: The Truth : the People, Politics and History Behind the World's Most Famous Archaeological Site (na jeziku: engleski). Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0412-3. Pristupljeno 27. 3. 2021.
- Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
- Lehner, Mark; Hawass, Zahi (2017). Giza and the Pyramids: The Definitive History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-42569-6.
- Maragioglio, Vito; Rinaldi, Celeste (1965a). L'Architettura delle Piramidi Menfite 4. Le Grande Piramide di Cheope (Text – English/Italian). Tipografia Canessa.
- Maragioglio, Vito; Rinaldi, Celeste (1965b). L'Architettura delle Piramidi Menfite 4. Le Grande Piramide di Cheope (Plates). Tipografia Canessa.
- Maspero, Gaston (1903). Sayce, A. H., ur. History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria. 2. Prevod: McClure, M. L. The Grolier Society.
- Perring, John Shae (1839). The pyramids of Gizeh: from actual survey and admeasurement: The great pyramid. 1. doi:10.11588/DIGLIT.3557.
- Petrie, William Matthew Flinders (1883). The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. Field & Tuer. ISBN 0-7103-0709-8.
- Petrie, William Matthew Flinders (1892). Ten Years' Digging in Egypt, 1881–1891. London: Religious Tract Society.
- Petrie, William Matthew Flinders (1940). Wisdom of the Egyptians. British school of archaeology in Egypt and B. Quaritch Limited.
- Pliny the Elder (1855). The Natural History. Prevod: Bostock, John; Riley, H. T. London: Taylor and Francis. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2021.
- Riggs, Christina (2017). Egypt: Lost Civilizations. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-774-9.
- Rossi, Corinna (2007). Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69053-9.
- Schironi, Francesca (2009). From Alexandria to Babylon: Near Eastern Languages and Hellenistic Erudition in the Oxyrhynchus Glossary (P.Oxy. 1802 + 4812). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-021540-3.
- Shaw, Ian (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
- Shaw, Ian; Bloxam, Elizabeth, ur. (2021). The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199271870.
- Smith, Philip (1873). A History of the Ancient World. 1 (4 izd.). London: John Murray.
- Stocks, Denys Allen (2003). Experiments in Egyptian archaeology: stoneworking technology in ancient Egypt. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-30664-5.
- Tallet, Pierre (2017). Les Papyrus de la Mer Rouge I: Le Journal de Merer. ISBN 978-2724707069.
- Tompkins, Peter (1971). Secrets of the Great Pyramid. New York City: Harper & Row.
- Tyldesley, Joyce (2007). Egypt: How a lost civilization was rediscovered. BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-52257-7.
- Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-1703-1.
- Verner, Miroslav (2003). The Pyramids: Their Archaeology and History. Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-171-8.
- Vyse, H. (1840a). Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837: With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt, and an Appendix. I. London: J. Fraser. Pristupljeno 15. 9. 2014.
- Vyse, H. (1840b). Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837: With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt, and an Appendix. II. London: J. Fraser. Pristupljeno 26. 2. 2021.
- Clayton, Peter A. (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05074-0.
- Cooper, Roscoe; Cooper, Vicki Teague; Croll, Carolyn; Patch, Diana Craig; Tehon, Atha (1997). The Great Pyramid: An Interactive Book. London: British Museum Press.
- Der Manuelian, Peter (2017). Digital Giza: Visualizing the Pyramids. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Hawass, Zahi A. (2006). Mountains of the Pharaohs: The Untold Story of the Pyramid Builders. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
- Hawass, Zahi (2015). Magic of the Pyramids: My adventures in Archeology. Harmakis Edizioni. ISBN 978-88-98301-33-1. Pristupljeno 27. 3. 2021.
- Levy, Janey (2005). The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Area, Volume, and Angles. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 1-4042-6059-5.
- Lepre, J.P. (1990). The Egyptian Pyramids: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Reference. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-89950-461-2.
- Lightbody, David I (2008). Egyptian Tomb Architecture: The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism. British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852. ISBN 978-1-4073-0339-0.
- Nell, Erin; Ruggles, Clive (2014). „The Orientations of the Giza Pyramids and Associated Structures”. Journal for the History of Astronomy. 45 (3): 304—360. Bibcode:2014JHA....45..304N. S2CID 119224474. arXiv:1302.5622 . doi:10.1177/0021828614533065.
- Oakes, Lorana; Lucia Gahlin (2002). Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs. Hermes House. ISBN 1-84309-429-0.
- Rossi, Corinna; Accomazzo, Laura (2005). The Pyramids and the Sphinx (English izd.). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
- Scarre, Chris (1999). The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World. Thames & Hudson, London. ISBN 978-0-500-05096-5.
- Siliotti, Alberto (1997). Guide to the pyramids of Egypt; preface by Zahi Hawass.. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-0763-4.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/explore/khufuenter.html Pyramids—The Inside Story] from Public Broadcasting Service' Nova (TV series)
- Belless, Stephen. „The Upuaut Project Homepage”. Upuaut Project. Pristupljeno 1. 4. 2008.
- Building the Khufu Pyramid
- „The Giza Mapping Project”. Oriental Institute, Chicago. Arhivirano iz originala 11. 03. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 1. 4. 2008.
- Hawass, Dr. Zahi. „How Old are the Pyramids?”. Ancient Egypt Research Associates. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 3. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 1. 4. 2008.
- Johnson, Andrew (8. 8. 2010). „Robot to explore mysterious tunnels in Great Pyramid”. The Independent. UK. Pristupljeno 9. 8. 2010.
- „Khufu – Cheops”. Egyptology Courses & Contests – Ancient Egypt History. 29. 5. 2010. Arhivirano iz originala 31. 8. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 20. 9. 2010.